ISN pg 140140 title: Latin American Latin American RevolutionsRevolutions

–How did the Scientific Revolution How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?lead to the Enlightenment?

–How did the Enlightenment lead How did the Enlightenment lead to the French Revolution?to the French Revolution?

–How do you think the American How do you think the American Revolution & French Revolution Revolution & French Revolution are going to lead to revolutions are going to lead to revolutions in Latin America?in Latin America?

Latin American Independence

Overview of Latin AmericaFor 300 years, Spain used its

colonies in Latin America for 3 reasons:

–GoldGold: to increase their wealth (cash crops, gold, silver)

–GloryGlory: to increase their power

–GodGod: to convert Native Americans to Catholicism

Mercantilism!

Today, 90% of Latin America is Roman Catholic

Spanish Colonies in Latin America

Treasures from the Americas!Treasures from the Americas!

The Colonial Class SystemPeninsularesPeninsulares—

governors sent by the king to rule

the colonies

CreolesCreoles—European settlers who moved to the

colonies to live

MestizosMestizos—Natives of mixed

European & Indian blood

MulattosMulattos—Natives of mixed

European & African blood

Native AmericansNative Americans Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Growing DiscontentBUT…in the early 1800s, many

Latin Americans became inspired by the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions & began to demand their independence from European colonizers

In the 1800s, Latin Americans began to challenge for their independence

Who led the revolutions in Latin America?

PeninsularesPeninsulares

CreolesCreoles

MestizosMestizos MulattosMulattos

Native AmericansNative Americans Black SlavesBlack Slaves

The CreolesCreoles played the largest role because they were wealthy, well-

educated in the Enlightenment but they were controlled by the Peninsulares

Why did the CreolesCreoles lead the Latin American wars for independence?

Independence in Haiti

Uprising in Haiti The 1st Latin American uprising took

place in the French colony of Haiti90% of Haitians were slaves who

worked fields to provide Europe with sugar & coffee (French were usually cruel slave masters)

In the 1790s, François Toussaint-Louverture (a former slave) led a revolt but was captured by Napoleon’s army in 1802

Uprising in Haiti Haitians took advantage of the

French soldiers’ sickness due to malaria & defeated the French

In 1804, Haiti became Latin America’s 1st independent former colony

Independence in Mexico

Independence in MexicoMexico was under Spanish rule,

but by 1810 an independence had begun led Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo a Catholic priest; Hidalgo

was captured

& killed

Independence in MexicoIn 1821, a revolution in Spain

allowed creoles to declare their independence; military general Agustín de IturbideAgustín de Iturbide named himself emperor of Mexico

In 1823, Iterbide was overthrown & Mexico became a democratic republic

South American Colonies

VenezuelaColumbia

Panama

Bolivia

Ecuador

Chile

Peru

Independence in South AmericaInspired by revolutionary

movements, the people of South America revolted

Simón BolívarSimón Bolívar—led revolt against Spanish; Won freedom for Northern Latin America (Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador)

Independence in South AmericaJosé de San MartínJosé de San Martín—freed

Southern Latin America (Chile & Peru)

By 1826, all of South America was liberated

Common Problems in Latin America

Common ProblemsLatin Americans created

democratic republics in their newly independent nations, just like the USA & France

But, because Latin Americans were not given the chance to vote or hold office when they were colonized, they did not know how to rule themselves well

Common Problems

Almost all Latin American nations were run by a caudillocaudillo, who claimed to be a president but ruled as a dictator

After independence, there was little change for common people; creoles & caudillos took power from the peninsulares but did not help the lower class native people

These caudillos wanted power, not improvements for the citizens

Common ProblemsThe new nations in Latin America

–had little manufacturing so they became dependent upon the United States for trade

–had weak armies so they were vulnerable to conquest by stronger European countries

Common ProblemsThe USA wanted to protect Latin

America (and its “economic interests” in Latin America); US President James Monroe issued the Monroe Monroe DoctrineDoctrine in 1823— “Latin America is off limits! The US will protect it”

Questions to PonderWhat purpose did Latin American

colonies serve for European nations?

Describe the class structure in Latin America during the 1800s.

Are Latin American nations better off independent than they were as European colonies?

ISN pg 140 or 141—Compare & ISN pg 140 or 141—Compare & contrast the French & Latin American contrast the French & Latin American Revolutions by creating a Venn Revolutions by creating a Venn Diagram:Diagram:

Latin Latin AmericanAmerican

FrenchFrench