120665669 Valorificarea Deşeurilor Din Mase Plastice (1)

8/18/2019 120665669 Valorificarea Deşeurilor Din Mase Plastice (1)

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TEMA PROIECTULUI:

VALORIFICAREA DEŞEURILOR DIN MASE PLASTICE


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3/28

Capitolul 1. Argumet

A+&) )a" !"(e e ' *&$- e a(", ?O@N ESLEB @BATT, +& !re/e$ e "(/e("e (r.

1:33 "( 12 ""e 17 a p&* p"a$ra e 5&(a"e a "(&*$r"e" e )a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e,

rea#"( pr") )a$er"a# p#a*$"+ +e#'".

De(&)"rea e NAILON a 5'*$ "(""a# )ar+a 5"r)e" DU PONT. Pr'/e("e(a (&)e#&"

(& e*$e ea+$ +&('*+&$-. D&p- ' re#a$are "($ere*a($-, e(&)"rea ar apar"(e "(/e($a$'r&"

N#'(&", .@. CAROT@ERS +are ar 5" re+&('*+&$ +- pr'pr"e$-"#e e+ep"'(a#e a#e

5"!re#'r e p'#"a)"- ar p&$ea a)e("(a )'('p'# )-$-*"" 0ap'(ee. D"( "(""a#e#e

epre*"e" N'H, '& #'&* '# ("pp'(e*e *Jar 5" '!"(&$ +&/($ NBLON.

Pr"( pr'pr"e$a"#e #'r *pe+"5"+e 9( *pe+"a# )e+a("+e, $e8("+e, e#e+$r"+e, +8")"+e )a*e#e

p#a*$"+e *Ja& ")p&*, 9(#'+&"( +& *&++e* )e$a# "( "(&*$r"a +'(*$r&+""#'r e )a%"(", e

a&$')'!"#e, e#e+$r'$e8("+-, pre+&) %" 9( *e+$'r ar$"+'#e#'r e & +a*("+.

K( pr'&+"a e )a*e p#a*$"+e, pe pr") #'+ 9( #&)e *e a5#- SUA, &r)a$- e

Ger)a("a, ?ap'("a, Fra(a %" Marea =r"$a("e.

C'(*&) e )a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e +re%$e 9( $'a$- #&)ea, +&('*+(&J*e e+" e $"p&r" e

)a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e. D"($re a+e*$ea, %a*e $"p&r" *&($ &$"#"a$e #a 5a!r"+area a)!a#a0e#'r, pe*$e2 e $"p&r" #a 5a!r"+area a#$'r !&(&r" e #arg +'(*&), 9( "(&*$r"a a&$')'!"#e#'r, 9(

+'(*$r&+"", "(&*$r"a +'(*$r&+$'are e )a%"(", e$+. *e e*$")ea&- +- a(&a# 9( 9($reaga #&)e

e*$e pr'&*- ' +a($"$a$e e pe*$e 1 )"#"'a(e $'(e e )a$er"a# p#a*$"+. Re+&perarea

)a$er"a#e#'r p#a*$"+e "( e*e&r"#e p'*$ +'(*&) p'a$e +'(&+e #a e+'(')"*"rea e "e",

)a$er"a pr")- e !a- %" a &(e" p-r" "( e(erg"a &$"#"a$- 9( pr'+e*e#e e 5a!r"+a"e.

T'$&%", a+e*$ #&+r& (& e*$e a$$ e *")p#&. Larga /ar"e$a$e a p'#")er"#'r &$"#"a" 9(

pree($ +'(*$"$&"e &( '!*$a+'# )a0'r 9( +eea +e pr"/e%$e re+"+#area )a$er"a#&" p#a*$"+.

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CAPITOLUL !DATE "ENERALE# CLASIFICARE# PROPRIET$%I

Ma*e#e p#a*$"+e *&($ a+e#e *&!*$a(e +8")"+e 5'r)a$e "( )a+r')'#e+e *a&

p'#")er" e pr'/e("e(- (a$&ra#- 'r" '!"(&" pe +a#e ar$"5"+"a#-, pr"( *"($e- "( pe$r'#,

gae (a$&ra#e, +-r!&(e.

Fig.1. Ma&e pla&ti'e

P#a*$"+ e*$e &%'r, e%" +'*$&r"#e *&($ )ar", *e +'(*&)- +a($"$-" )"+" e e(erg"e

pe($r& a 5" 5a!r"+a$e "( )a$er"" pr")e %" a& ' /a#'are )a" )"+- a$&(+" +( *&($ +'#e+$a$e

9( /eerea re+"+#-r"". P#a*$"+ are a+eea%" p&$ere +a#'r"+a pre+&) %" +-r!&(e#e, e+", a+-

e*$e "(+"(era$ p'a$e pr'&+e +a($"$-" )ar" e e(erg"e ar e)"*""#e "'"(e %" +a)"& *&($

('+"/e %", a+- (& *&($ +'($r'#a$e per)a(e($ p'$ a5e+$a *-(-$a$ea +e#'r +are )&(+e*+ #a

"(+"(era$'are ar %" a +e$-e("#'r +are #'+&"e*+ 9( /e+"(-$a$ea #'r.

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D"( +a&a "/er*"$-"" )a*e#'r p#a*$"+e, e#e (e+e*"$- ' +#a*"5"+are &p- +r"$er"" !"(e

*$a!"#"$e

1. D&p- +')p'r$area #a e5'r)are P#a*$')er" p'$ *&5er" e5'r)a"" per)a(e($e %" +are "*p&( e pr'pr"e$-"

)e+a("+e ")p'r$a($e +a &r"$a$e, re"*$e(- #a $e(*"&(e %" re"*$e(- #a

+')pre*"&(e.

E#a*$')er" "*p&( e ' e#a*$"+"$a$e apre+"a!"#- p&$( *&p'r$a e5'r)a""

$e)p'rare )ar", 9( *pe+"a# a#&(g"r" *pe+"5"+e )ar".

2. D&p- +')p'r$area #a $e)pera$&r-

Ter)'p#a*$e *e "()'a"e #a $e)pera$&r" r""+a$e %" 9" )e("( 9( +'($"(&are %"#a re+e 5'r)a +-p-$a$- #a +a# p'#"e$"#e(a, p'#"*$"re(, p'#"+#'r&ra e /"("#.

Ter)'r"g"e *e "()'a"e #a +a# p&$(&J#"J*e a "/er*e 5'r)e pr"( pre*are.

D&p- pre*are %" r-+"re, p"e*e#e (& )a" p'$ *&p'r$a repe$area +"+#&"

5e('p#a*$e#e, a)"('p#a*$e#e.

3. D&p- gra e re+"+#a!"#"$a$e

Re+"+#a!"#e.

Nere+"+#a!"#e.

4. D&p- gra e !"'egra!"#"$a$e

="'egraa!"#e.

Neegraa!"#e.

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!.1. Degra(a)ilitatea (e*eurilor(i ma&e pla&ti'e

Degraarea *e pr'&+e 9( 5&(+"e e #'+ 9( +are a+e*$ea *e g-*e*+, *&! a+"&(ea

"(epe(e($- *a& +'(+')"$e($- a &r)-$'r"#'r 5a+$'r"

Fig.!. De*euri (i ma&e pla&ti'e &upu&e (egra(+rii 'u a,utorul lumiii

a. LUMINA, pr'&+e #a e%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e ' egraare 5'$'+8")"+- a$'r"$-

a+"&("#'r rae#'r U6 %" IR, +are 5""( a!*'r!"$e pr'/'a+- rea+"" e '"are %" re&+ere.

Degraarea 5'$'+8")"+- +'(*$- 9( rea+"" e r&pere a #eg-$&r"" +8")"+e +& ' ('&-

reara(0are a a$')"#'r 9( )'#e+e, pr'+e*e 9(*'"$e e )'"5"+area gra&" e

p'#")er"are, e apar""a #eg-$&r"#'r (e*a$&ra$e %" &(e'r" *+8")!area +')p'""e" )a*e" p#a*$"+e.

Fe(')e(e#e /""!"#e +are *e pr'&+ 9( &r)a e*+')p&(er"" 5'$'+8")"+e *&($

*+8")!area a*pe+$&", )a$"*area, 5"*&rarea, +r-parea, r&perea, 5-r)"area.


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Da$'r"$- a+"&("" #&)"("", e%e&r"#e "( p'#"e$"#e(- PE *e "*$r&g 9( 2 3 a(", pe

+(9( 9($&(er"+ %" #a $e)pera$&r" '!"%(&"$e (& *&5er- ("+" ' )'"5"+are.

Rae#e U6 #a pe*$e 1:'C e$er)"(- 5'$'#"a +a&+"&+&" (a$&ra# +& ega0are e

"'pre(. 6"$ea a+e*$e" egra-r" +ree%$e )$ 9( pree(a '"ge(&" a$)'*5er"+. L&)"(a +& #&(g")" e &(- +&pr"(*e 9($re 23 41 e , e$er)"(- #a +a&+"&+ '

+re%$ere a r"g""$-"" %" ' )"+%'rare a *'#&!"#"$-"", "ar 9( &r)a r&per"" #eg-$&r"#'r C C %" C

@ *e ega0- 8"r'ge( %" 8"r'+ar!&r".

C&('a%$erea 5e(')e(&" e egraare 5'$'+8")"+- are ' )are ")p'r$a(- e'are+e

e%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e e +e#e )a" )$e 'r" /"( 9( +'($a+$ +& #&)"(a 9( $")p

ep'"$-r"".

Fig. -. De*euri (i ma&e pla&ti'e &upu&e (egra(+rii 'u a,utorul apei

!. UMIDITATEA apa p'a$e pr'&+e e5e+$e e egraare #a e%e&r"#e "( )a*e

p#a*$"+e a+"'((

C8")"+ pr"( pr'/'+area 8"r'#"e" p'#"a+e$a"#'r, p'#"e*$er"#'r, +are +'(*$- 9(r&perea #eg-$&r"#'r a+e$a#"+e, a)""+e %" e*$er"+e.

F""+ pr"( "'#/area )a$er"a#&"

+. TEMPERATURA pr'/'a+- egraarea $er)"+- a+"'(( 9( *e(*+- ' +re%$ere a

a+e*$e"a a++e#erea- pr'&+erea rea+""#'r e '"are, 8"r'#"-. P6C , p'#"+#'r&ra e

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/"("#e(, 9(+-#"$- #a pe*$e 13'C e#")"(- @C#. La p'#"a+r"#'("$r"# 9(+-#"rea pe*$e 2'C

e$er)"(- *+8")!area +'r"" 9( (egr&. P'#"a)"e#e, #a $e)pera$&r" )a" )ar" e 1 'C 9%"

)"+%'rea- )a*a )'#e+ar-, +( ega0- )e$a( %" e$a(.

. AERUL, pr"( pree(a '"ge(&" %" a ''(&" *e pr'&+e #a )a*e#e p#a*$"+eegraarea '"a$"/- +are e*$e 5a/'r"a$- e #&)"(-, +-#&r-, ra"a"" "'("a($e, &)""$a$e.

Pr"( egraare '"a$"/- *e p'a$e )"+%'ra gra e p'#")er"are %" 9%" *+8")!-

+')p'""a +8")"+-.

e. MICROCLIMATUL =IOLOGIC, e%" p'#")er"" *"($e$"+" *&($ 9( ge(era# re"*$e(" #a

a$a+ )"+r'!"'#'g"+ 5""( pra+$"+ "(e*$r&+$"!"#", p'a$e pr'/'+a egraarea +')p'"$e#'r

p'#")er"+e pr"( a$a+area p#a*$"5"a("#'r.

S a +'(*$a$a$ +- a$a+ )"+r'!"a( 9# *&5er- +& )a" )$- &%&r"(- +')p'"$e#e p'#")er"+e +& )a*- )'#e+ar- re&*-.

Ca &r)are a egra-r"" e%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e 9%" )'"5"+- ")p'r$a($e

+ara+$er"*$"+" "( +are #")"$a e a#&(g"re #a r&pere, )'&" e e#a*$"+"$a$e, re"*$e(a #a

%'+, re"*$e(a #a "'#a"e, +apa+"$a$ea e re5#e"e, r"g""$a$ea "e#e+$r"+-, +are *+a, 9( $")p

+e p"erer"#e "e#e+$r"+e %" a!*'r!"e #a "(5rar'%& +re*+.

!.!. Calit+ile ma&elor pla&ti'e *i a/ata,ele lor Pe(e$rarea p'#")er"#'r pra+$"+ 9( $'a$e ')e(""#e e a+$"/"$a$e *e a$'rea- &('r

+a#"$-" %" a/a($a0e par$"+are 9( rap'r$ +& +e#e#a#$e )a$er"a#e. A+e*$ea *&($ &r)-$'are#e

J p'#")er"" pre"($- ' )are /ar"e$a$e *'r$")e($a#- %" +'(*e+"(-

a+e*$e"a, ' )are "/er*"$a$e a +ara+$er"*$"+"#'r )e+a("+e %" +8")"+e. Ma$er"a#e#e e

*"($e- p'*e- pr'pr"e$-" +e (& +'"(+" +& +e#e a#e )a$er"a#e#'r (a$&ra#e, "ar

p#a*$"+"$a$ea #'r per)"$e '!"(erea &('r 5'r)e a#$-a$- ")p'*"!"#e

J )a*e#e p#a*$"+e *e +ara+$er"eapr"( 5a+"#"$area %" "/er*"$a$ea pr'+eee#'r e

pre#&+rare p&(ere 9( 5'r)-, 9( +'("""#e &(e" pr'&+$"/"$-" r""+a$e 9( rap'r$ +&

)a$er"a#e#e $ra""'(a#e. Ma*e#e p#a*$"+e per)"$ '!"(erea 9( *er"" )ar" e 5a!r"+a"e

a p"e*e#'r e "5er"$e ")e(*"&(", r"g"e *a& 5#e"!"#e, +& pere" gr'%" *a& *&!"r",

+'#'ra$e *a& $ra(*pare($e. A*$5e#, pe($r& 5a!r"+area &(e" !&$e#"" e ap- )"(era#- "(


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PET *e '!"( pr'pr"e$-" e 1. !&$e#"" Q 'r- 9( rap'r$ +& : !&$e#"" Q 'r- +(

a+e*$ea *e rea#"ea- "( *$"+#-

J )a*e#e p#a*$"+e *e +ara+$er"eapr"( +'*$ e(erge$"+ re&* a# *"($ee" %"

$ra(*5'r)-r"" #'r 9( pr'&*e $a!e# 2. Tabelul 2

1 g e )a$er"a# C'*$ e(erge$"+ HQ8

a#&)"("& 74

'$e# 14

*$"+#a

8r$"e 7

p'#")er" :

Pe($r& rea#"area a 1 ) e ea/- a/( 1 )) "a)e$r& *e +'(*&)- 'ar 3

TEP $'(e e+8"/a#e($ pe$r'# a+- *e rea#"ea- "( P6C, 5a- e 2 TEP 9( +a

rea#"-r"" e" "( 5'($-.

J p'#")er"", 9( )a0'r"$a$ea #'r, a& e(*"$-" re&*e, 9( 0&r /a#'r"" e 1, 9( +')ara"e +&

)a$er"a#e#e $ra""'(a#e 7, pe($r& 'e#, 2,7 pe($r& a#&)"("& %" 2,:4 pe($r& *$"+#-, +eea

+e a*"g&r- pr'&*e &%'are +& +a#"$-" *a$"*5-+-$'are )a" a#e* 9( ')e(" !&(&r"#'r e

#arg +'(*&). La +a#"$-"#e e/"e($e, )a" *&* re)ar+a$e, (& rare'r" *e aa&g- %"

a/a($a0e#e +'(5er"$e e a*pe+$ %" +'#'r"$ p#-+&$ *a& e re"*$e(a #a +'r'"&(e.

A+"&(ea +'(0&ga$- a a/a($a0e#'r e )a" *&* e$er)"(- e*e'r" &$"#"area pre5ere("a#-

a )a*e#'r p#a*$"+e. Fig. -. 'apa'e (e 'alitate o)iute (i materiale pla&ti'e

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!.-. I'o/eietele utili0+rii ma&elor pla&ti'e

U$"#"area )a*e#'r p#a*$"+e (& e*$e 9(*'"$- (&)a" e a/a($a0e. Ar 5" gre%"$ *-

+ree) +-, a$'r"$- e/'#$-r"" a++e#era$e a +erer"" %" pr'&+"e" e pr'&*e "( )a$er"a#e

p#a*$"+e, a+e*$ea ar p&$ea *&!*$"$&", +8"ar %" par"a#, pr'&*e#e rea#"a$e "( )a$er"a#e$ra""'(a#e 'e#, +era)"+-, *$"+#-, #e)(, e$+.. E"*$- ' *er"e e "(+'(/e("e($e +are

#")"$ea- ')e(" e ap#"+are a pr'&*e#'r "( )a*e p#a*$"+e, a+e*$e "(+'(/e("e($e 5""(

pree($a$e 9( +e#e +e &r)ea- 9( 'r"(ea ")p'r$a(e" #'r

J )a*e#e p#a*$"+e, +& p&"(e e+ep"", pre"($- pr'pr"e$-" e re"*$e(e )e+a("+e

re#a$"/ )'e*$e +eea +e e+#&e &$"#"area #'r pe($r& p"e*e #a +are *'#"+"$-r"#e )e+a("+e

*&($ ")p'r$a($e. K( $a!e# 3 *&($ rea$e pr"(+"pa#e#e +ara+$er"*$"+" )e+a("+e a#e

"5er"$e#'r )a$er"a#e )e$a#"+e, a('rga("+e %" p'#")er"+e. T'$&%", a+- *e "a& 9(+'(*"erare pr'pr"e$-"#e )e+a("+e rap'r$a$e #a gre&$a$ea #'r %" (& #a /'#&), +')para"a

(& )a" e*$e a$$ e e5a/'ra!"#- p'#")er"#'r

J )a*e#e p#a*$"+e, +'($rar )a$er"a#e#'r $ra""'(a#e, (& *&($ a&$' *a& !"'egraa!"#e.

Per*"*$e(a p'#")er"#'r e*$e a$r"!&"$- #&(g")"" #a(&r"#'r )a+r')'#e+are +are re"*$-

5'ar$e !"(e #a a+"&(ea 5a+$'r"#'r (a$&ra#" e egraare !a+$er"", e(")e, +#")-, e$+..

a+ea*$a *$a!"#"$a$e re)ar+a!"#- +'re#a$- +& 5ap$ +- )$e pr'&*e "( p#a*$"+ *&($

5a!r"+a$e 9( *er"" )ar", pe($r& #arg +'(*&) a)!a#a0e, 5'#"", p'$ +'(&+e #a *er"'a*e

pr'!#e)e e p'#&are a )e"&". S'#&"a a+e*$e" pr'!#e)e e*$e '5er"$- e rea#"area

p#a*$"+e#'r 5'$'egraa!"#e *a& 8"r'egraa!"#e, ar pe($r& )')e($ pre a+e*$'ra

e*$e 9(+- r""+a$.

J )a*e#e p#a*$"+e p'$ ega0a pr'&*e $'"+e 9( $")p arer"" #'r. Ca %" #e)( %" 8r$"a,

)a$er"a#e#e p#a*$"+e *e apr"( %" ar re#a$"/ &%'r. K( )' *pe+"a# e*$e per"+'a*-

p'#"+#'r&ra e /"("# +are ega0- 9( $")p arer"" gae $'"+e +&) *&($ +#'r %" 5'*ge(.K( +'(""" e &)""$a$e *e 5'r)ea- /ap'r" e a+" +#'r8"r"+ pr"( arerea &(&" g e

P6C *e p'$ ega0a +"r+a 4 #"$r" e @C#. P'#"&re$a(, ega0- #a arere a+" +"a(8"r"+.

C'(*"ere($e#e #ega$e e p'#&are %" $'"+"$a$e ")p&( ' )'era"e %" &( +'($r'# 9( e+"""#e

1


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#&a$e pr"/"( &$"#"area )a$er"a#e#'r p#a*$"+e 9( "5er"$e *+'p&r".

Tabelul 3

Ma$er"a#QPr'pr"e$-" g Q )3 E Gpa V Mpa

'e# 7,7 212 :a#&)"("& 2,7 71 27

$"$a( 4,:1 12 22*$"+#- 2,:4 72 34

p'#"e*$er 1,4 1,2 :: p'#"e$"#e(- ,;3 ,2 1:

(#'( 1,14 2,; p'#"*$"re( 1,: 3,4 :

p'#"!&$a"e(- ,;1 ,2

Ne+e*"$-"#e &(e" *'+"e$-" )'er(e, +are a *$")a$ e/'#$area "($e(*"/- a pr'&+"e"

e )a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e &p- a( 1;:, a e$er)"(a$ +'(*a+rarea &('r a+$"/"$-" "re+$ *a&

"("re+$ #ega$e e pr'&+erea, $ra(*5'r)area %" ge*$"'(area a+e*$'ra. SJa& e/'#$a$

pr'+eee ('" e e#a!'rare %" 5a!r"+a"e, ar %" a+$"/"$-" e +er+e$are %" *er/"+"" +are *"Ja&

e$er)"(a$ pr'pr"a "(5ra*$r&+$&r-. K( pree($ *e 5'#'*e*$e "( +e 9( +e )a" )$ $er)e(

e PLASTURGIE 9( *e(* ge(era#, e# +&pr"(( a$$ e#a!'rarea, +$ %" $ra(*5'r)area

)a$er"a#e#'r p#a*$"+e 9( *e(* )a" re*$r(*, e# 5""( $'$ )a" e* a*'+"a$ a(*a)!#&"

pr'+eee#'r e $ra(*5'r)are pre#&+rare 9( 5'r)- a )a$er"a#e#'r p#a*$"+e 9( pr'&*e

5"("$e.

CAPITOLUL -

PRINCIPALELE TIPURI DE DEŞEURIDIN MASE PLASTICE

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-.1. Meto(e (e i(etii'are *i aali0+ a (e*eurilor (i ma&e pla&ti'e

Da$- 5""( #arga /ar"e$a$e a e%e&r"#'r "( )a*e p#a*$"+e, pre+&) %" +a($"$-"#e "( +e

9( +e )a" )ar" a#e a+e*$'ra, 9( $") $")p +'#e+$area, re+"+#area %" pr'+e*area a+e*$'ra a

e/e("$ ' pr'!#e)a a+&$-. A*$5e#, )ar" +a($"$-" e e%e&r" '+&p- 9(*e)(a$e *&pra5ee e

$ere(&r", "ar re*pe+$"/e#e e%e&r" pre"($- ' )are re"*$e(- 5a- e 5a+$'r"" (a$&ra#" e

egraare.

Fig.2. Poluare 'u ma&e pla&ti'e

U(a "( +'("""#e e !a- ")p&*e, e*$e a+eea e a *e 5a+e ' *e#e+"e r"g&r'a*- 9(+- e

#a *&r*e#e ge(era$'are g'*p'-r""#e +e$-e(e%$", &("$-" e+'(')"+e.

D"( +a&a /ar"e$-"", p#a*$"+ re+"+#a!"# e*$e gre& e re+&('*+&$. De a+eea *e 5'#'*e*+

+$e/a )e$'e e "e($"5"+are.

C')p'r$area #a arerea 9( 5#a+-r-

Se '!*er/- )-r")ea %" +'area 5#-+-r"", 5&) %" )"r'* ega0a$. Ie($"5"+area *e

5a+e &p- $a!e# e )a" 0'* $a!e# 4

Tabelul 4

Ma$ p#a*$"+ F#a+-ra M"r'* F&)

C')p'r$area#a 5#a+-r-

U%&r"(aapr"(er""

6"$ea earere O!*er/a""

12


13/28

PVC6ere

A+r&@C#

JSe 9()'a"e %"+ar!'("ea-

F gre& Le($-P&"(

+')!&*$"!"#

PP Albas –

$r-

D+eag J G'(5#ea- %" p"+&r- U%'r Le($- J

PCTFEF-r-

5#a+-r-@F

5 $'"+6ap'r"$'"+"

Se e5'r)eaJ- %" e*+')J p&(e

N& *eapr"(e

N- J

PTFE

F-r-5#a+-r-

@F5 $'"+

6ap'r"$'"+"

Se e5'r)eaJ- %" e*+')J

p&(e N& *e apr"(e N- J

PE

ga#!e(Ja#!a*

$r&"Para5"(- J

Se $'pe%$e %" p"+&r-

U%'r F'ar$e#e($-

P"+&r-,are

PS GalbenAr')a$ Negr& Se 9()'a"e U%'r Le($- Rămâne

#"p"+"'a*-

-.!. Tipuri u0uale (e (e*euri (i ma&e pla&ti'e

-.!.1. Polietilea. Copolimeri ai etileei

P'#"e$"#e(a *e '!"(e "(&*$r"a# pr"( p'#")er"area e$"#e(e" #a pre*"&(e r""+a$-.

T'a$e $"p&r"#e e p'#"e$"#e(- *e +ara+$er"eapr"( pr'pr"e$-" e#e+$r"+e *&per"'are,

p'#")er 5""( +'(*"era$ &( e#e+$r'"'#a($ "ea#. P'#"e$"#e(a *e 5'#'*e%$e pe($r& "'#area +'(&+$'r"#'r e $e(*"&(e 9(a#$- 9(

e#e+$r'$e8("+- %" e#e+$r'("+-. F"#)e#e %" 5'#""#e *&($ 5'#'*"$e pe($r& a)!a#a0e %" 9(

agr"+$&r-. Ţe/"#e e p'#"e$"#e(- *e 5'#'*e*+ pe($r& /e8"+area ape" e'are+e (& *e

+'(*$a$- ep&(er" e +a#+ar pe pere"" "($er"'r" %" p"erer"#e e e(erg"e pr"( 5re+are *&($

)a" )"+" e+$ 9( +a +'(&+$e#'r )e$a#"+e.

Pr"( "(0e+$are *e '!"( +e#e )a" /ar"a$e '!"e+$e e & +a*("+, 0&+-r"", &*$e(*"#e e

#a!'ra$'r *a& repere pe($r& "5er"$e $"p&r" e )a%"(". A+'per"rea 8r$"e", )e$a#e#'r *a& a

a#$'r )a$er"a#e +& 5"#)e e p'#"$"#e(- pr'$e0ea- *&pra5aa a+e*$'ra 9)p'$r"/a "5er""#'r

age(" e egraare.

13


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Fig.3. Polietilea

-.!.!. Polipropilea

K( pree($, ea *e 5'#'*e%$e 9( )a0'r"$a$ea *e+$'are#'r "(&*$r"a#e. Se re)ar+-

&$"#"area +a 5"#)e, 5"!re, )'('5"#a)e($e %" p"e*e "(0e+$a$e. Ca($"$-" 9(*e)(a$e e

p'#"pr'p"#e(- *e 9($re!&"(ea- *&! 5'r)- e )a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e ar)a$e +& 5"!re e *$"+#-,

5"!re e a!e*$ *a& *&! 5'r)- e +')p'&(&r" +& "/er%" a"$"/".

Fig.4. Materiale (i polipropile+

-.!.-. Poli'lorura (e /iil

D"( p'#"+#'r&ra e /"("# *e '!"( '&- $"p&r" par$"+are e )a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e %"

a(&)e &re %" p#a*$"5"a$e.

14


15/28

Pr'&*e#e p#a*$"5"a$e *e 9()'a"e #a $e)pera$&r" )a" 0'a*e %" +'("( p#a*$"5"a(",

*$a!"#"a$'r", p"g)e(", #&!r"5"a(" %" )a$er"a#e e &)p#&$&r-, e$+.

Se p'$ pre#&+ra &%'r '!"((&J*e $&!&r", 5'#"", "'#a"" pe($r& +a!#&r" e#e+$r"+e, 5&r$&(&r"

*a& a#$e pr'&*e 5#e"!"#e. D"( p'#")er (ep#a*$"5"a$, +are are 9( +')p'""e *$a!"#"a$'r",#&!r"5"a(", p"g)e(" %" a#" a"$"/", *e '!"( e/" , $&!&r", p"e*e pe($r& +'(*$r&+"", p#-+",

pa('&r" '(a$e, e$+.

Fig.5. O)ie'te (i poli'lorura (e /iil

-.!.2. Polia'etatul (e /iil P'#"a+e$a$ e /"("# e*$e "(+'#'r %" $ra(*pare(a pr'&*&" ep-%e%$e pe +ea a *$"+#e".

P'#")er"area 9( *'#&"e +'(&+e #a '!"(erea #a+&r"#'r, +are *e 5'#'*e*+ +a a$are *a&

+& aa'* e ("$r'+e#'- %" p#a*$"5"a(". A+e*$ea *e 5'#'*e*+ 9( "(&*$r"a +8")"+-,

a#")e($ar- *a& a 9(+-#-)"($e". P'#")er"area 9( *&*pe(*"e per)"$e '!"(erea &(&" pr'&*

+are *e &$"#"ea- #a *"($ea a#+''#&" p'#"/"("#"+ *a& *&! 5'r)- e *'#&"e, +a ae"/.

Ca #"a($ %" ae"/ *e 5'#'*e%$e 9( "(&*$r"a #e)(&", p'#"gra5"e, #a 9(+8"erea

a)!a#a0e#'r, 9( "(&*$r"a $e$"#- %" p"e#-r"e

1:


16/28

Fig.5. Polia'etatul (e /iil

-.!.3. Poli&tireul

D"( p&(+$ e /eere a# &$"#"-r"" *e e'*e!e*+ )a" )$e $"p&r"

a p'#"*$"re( e & ge(era#, +are *e '!"(e pr"( *")p#a p'#")er"are a *$"re(&" %" e

+e#e )a" )$e 'r" *e rea#"ea- +')p'""" 9( a)e*$e+ +& #&!r"5"a(", p#a*$"5"a("

%" +'#'ra(". A+e*$ pr'&* *e &$"#"ea- 9( ra"'$e8("+-, e#e+$r'$e8("+-, p'#"gra5"e,

#a +'(5e+"'(area /a*e#'r pe($r& p-*$rarea a+""#'r, a +'(&+$e#'r pe($r& a+"" *a&a a)!a#a0e#'r "( "(&*$r"a a#")e($ar-

! p'#"*$"re( epa(a$ +are *e '!"(e "( gra(e epa(a!"#e e p'#"*$"re( 9(

*&*pe(*"e 9)!"!a$e +& age(" e gae"5"+are %" a(&)e, !&$a( *a& pe($a(.

Pr'&* e*$e *&5"+"e($ e e#a*$"+, are e(*"$a$e )"+- ,1: 3 gQ+)3 %" *e

&$"#"ea- *&! 5'r)- e p#-+" +a )a$er"a# $er)' %" 5'('"'#a($

+ p'#"*$"re( re"*$e($ #a %'+ PAS, +are e*$e &( a#"a0 a# p'#"*$"re(&" +& &(

e#a*$')er. Pr'&* are ' re"*$e(- #a %'+ *p'r"$- 5a- e p'#"*$"re( e &ge(era#, e*$e )a" "e5$"( e+$ a+e*$a, p'*e- &( #&+"& !&(, ar (& e*$e

$ra(*pare($. P'#"*$"re( re"*$e($ #a %'+ *e pre#&+rea- pr"( "(0e+$are *a& pre*are.

1


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CAPITOLUL2RECICLAREA ŞI VALORIFICAREA DEŞEURILOR

DIN MASE PLASTICE

De%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e *e p'$ /a#'r"5"+a %" re+"+#a pr"( "5er"$e )"0#'a+e %"

pr'+eee $e8('#'g"+e +&) ar 5" "(+"(erarea, re+"+#area 8"r'$er)"+-, pre#&+rarea pr"(

"(0e+$are, e$r&are, +a#a(rare 9( /eerea '!"(er"" &('r repere *a& *e)"5a!r"+a$e.

2.1. I'ierarea (e*eurilor (i ma&e pla&ti'e

Fig.6. I'ierator ma&e pla&ti'e

Se+$'r pr'&+"e" %" &$"#"-r"" )a$er"a#e#'r p#a*$"+e are ' ")p'r$a(- "( +e 9( +e )a"

)are 9( +eea +e pr"/e%$e e!ara*area e re*$&r"#e pr'&*e#'r &$"#"a$e %" 9( par$"+ar, +e#e

pr'/e("$e e #a a)!a#a0e. De%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e p'$ 5" ae*ea +a&e e p'#&are a

aer&" %" *'#&".

K( pr"/"(a e#")"(-r"" e%e&r"#'r "( )a*e p#a*$"+e *&($ e re)ar+a$ &r)-$'r"" 5a+$'r"

J p'#")er"" *&($ 9( )are par$e "(e*$r&+$"!"#" 9( +'(""" a)!"a($e, a*$5e# +- (& *e

p'$ "($egra 9( e+8"#"!r e+'#'g"+ a# Terre"

J rap"a e/'#$are a a+e*$&" *e+$'r e+'(')"+ +reea- reer/e e('r)e e

)a$er"a#e &a$e

J rap'r$ r""+a$ e /'#&) Q gre&$a$e a p"e*e#'r "( )a*e p#a*$"+e

17


18/28

J "5er"$e $"p&r" e )a*e p#a*$"+e, +are $re!"&e *'r$a$e +'(*&) )are e )a*e

p#a*$"+e *e p'a$e "/"a apr'")a$"/ 9( 5e# &r)-$'r 2 W PE, 2 W P6C, 1

W PS, : W a#$e )a*e p#a*$"+e. U(e'r" re*$&r"#e e )a*e p#a*$"+e *&($

a)e*$e+a$e +& "5er"$e *&!*$a(e pre+&) )e$a#e, ("*"p, #e)(J gae %" )"r'*&r" *pe+"5"+e +are *e ega0- #a arerea *a& "*$r&gerea #'r

J "*p'("!"#"$a$ea +& pre )"+.

K( '(e#e e +'(+e($rare &r!a(- )are, "(+"(erarea are ' ")p'r$a(- e'*e!"$-,

9($r&+$ re&+e )"r'* %" /'#&) e*e&r"#'r.

2.!. Re'i'larea 7i(rotermi'+ a (e*eurilor (i ma&e pla&ti'e 8 rea'toare 'u

pat lui(i0at K( 5"g&ra 3 *e ara$- e$ape#e pr'+e*e#'r e re+"+#are 8"r'$er)"+- a e%e&r"#'r

"( P6C

F"g. ;. E$ape#e pr'+e*&" e re+"+#are 8"r'$er)"+-A e%e&r"#'r "( P6C

K( e$apa e $ra$are 8"r'$er)"+- *e 5'#'*e%$e &( rea+$'r +& pa$ 5#&""a$. A+e*$ $"p e

rea+$'r e*$e +ara+$er"a$ pr"($rJ&( !&( $ra(*5er e )a*- %" +-#&r-, ' $e)pera$&r- +'(*$a($-

9( "($er"'r rea+$'r&". A#$e a/a($a0e a#e &$"#"-r"" a+e*$&" rea+$'r *&($ a!*e(a

par$"+e#'r )"%+-$'are 9( '(a +a#- %" ' &%'ar- *eparare a ")p&r"$-"#'r pe($r&

1

P6Ce%e&

6ap'r "a -

Tra$are8"r'$er)"+

e+a($a

De%e&r"*'#"e

Re+&perare

Apere"&a#

Re+&peraree(erg"e

e(erg"e

@C#


19/28

rege(erare. Pa$ 5#&""a$ e /ap'r"" e ap- par"a# '!"(&" pr"( re+"r+area e5#&e($&"

e #a re+&perarea @C#.

CAPITOLUL 3IMPACTUL ASUPRA MEDIULUI# NOI PESPECTIVE

DE "ESTIONARE ŞI VALORIFICARE

A DEŞEURILOR DIN MATERIALE PLASTICE

Pr"( @G (r. :Q22 pe($r& Evidenţa gestiunii deşeurilor şi pentru aprobarea listei

cuprin!nd deşeurile" inclusiv deşeurile periculoase *e *$a!"#e%$e '!#"ga$"/"$a$ea pe($r&

age("" e+'(')"+" %" pe($r& 'r"+e a#" ge(era$'r" e e%e&r", per*'a(e 5""+e *a& 0&r""+e,

e a "(e e/"e(a ge*$"&("" e%e&r"#'r.

Ea)"(( #"*$a "( @G :Q22, *e +'(*$a$- +- (& apar e%e&r" per"+'a*e.

De%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e $re!&"e +'#e+$a$e *e#e+$"/ 9( p&!e#e, +'($a"(ere ep'"$a$e

9( *pa"" *pe+"a# a)e(a0a$e %" e/a+&a$e per"'"+.

Fig.19. Cole'tarea pre&ele'tat+ a (e*eurilor (i materiale pla&ti'e

1;


20/28

Ca($"$-"#e e e%e&r" p'$ 5" apre+"a$e, g#'!a#, &p- #"*$e#e +a($"$-"#'r e #&+r-r".

U$"#a0e#e %" )"0#'a+e#e e $ra(*p'r$ /'r 5" a&*e #a p&(+$e#e e ep'"$are, +'#e+$are a

e%e&r"#'r "( )a*e p#a*$"+e 9( *$are ('r)a#- e 5&(+"'(are a/( e5e+$&a$e re/"""#e

$e8("+e %" *+8")!&r"#e e e" 9( a$e#"ere *pe+"a#"a$e. K( $")p )a("p-r"" %" ep'"$-r"" a+e*$'r e%e&r" p'$ *- apar- a(&)"$e pr'!#e)e

'pera$'r"" $re!&"e *- re*pe+$e ('r)e#e *pe+"5"+e e #&+r& %" e pr'$e+"a )&(+"" pe($r&

e*5-%&rarea 9( *"g&ra(- ep#"(- a 'pera""#'r re*pe+$"/e.

M-*&r"#e e pr'$e+"e a 5#'re" %" 5a&(e" pe($r& per"'aa e ee+&"e a *pa""#'r e

ep'"$are a e%e&r"#'r *e "a& "( 5aa e pr'"e+$ere %" 'rga("are a #&+r-r"#'r, a*$5e#

- a)p#a*a)e($ !ae#'r e pr'&+"e %" $ra*e r&)&r"#'r e a++e* *&($ a*$5e#

*$a!"#"$e 9(+$ *- a&+- pr0&"+"" )"(")e )e"&" (a$&ra# - *&pra5aa e $ere( '+&pa$- $re!&"e #")"$a$- 0&"+"'* #a *$r"+$ (e+e*ar

- $ra5"+ %" 5&(+"'(area &$"#a0e#'r *e /a #")"$a #a $ra*ee#e %" pr'gra) e #&+r&

*pe+"5"+a$

- *e /a e/"$a ep'"$area (e+'($r'#a$- a e%e&r"#'r +e re$- 9( &r)a #&+r-r"#'r

re*pe+$(&J*e +& *$r"+$ee ep'"$area 9( #'+&r"#e *$a!"#"$e

- re5e+erea e+'#'g"+- %" re/ege$area '(e#'r a5e+$a$e.

Tre!&"e a/&$ 9( /eere +a, 9( &r)a e/'#$ar"" e+'(')"+' "(&*$r"a#e, e"*$- '$e("(- e +re%$ere a +a($"$-"#'r e e%e&r" "( )a*e p#a*$"+e. De )$e 'r", a+e*$ea (&

*&($ *e#e+$a$e pe +a$eg'r"", +eea +e 5a+e *a +rea*+- pre ge*$"'(-r"" %" /a#'r"5"+-r""

a+e*$'ra. De )$e 'r" a+e*$e e%e&r" *&($ 9(*'"$e e )a$er"a#e "5er"$e #e)(, )e$a#e,

*$"+#- e$+., +eea +e +')p#"+- *"$&a"a. E*$e e pre5era$ ' pre*e#e+"e a a+e*$'r e%e&r" 9(+-

e #a *&r*e#e ge(era$'are.

O a#$- pr'!#e)- )a0'r- e*$e +ea repree($a$- e *&pra5ee#e "( +e 9( +e )a" )ar" e

$ere(&r" '+&pa$e e e%e&r".

O !&(- par$e "( e%e&r"#e "( )a*e p#a*$"+e *&($ 9( pree($ +'"(+"(era$e 9(

+&p$'are#e 5a!r"+"#'r e +")e($.

Pe p#a( )'("a#, 9( $") $")p *Ja& 5-+&$ pr'gre*e re)ar+a!"#e pe a+e*$ *eg)e($.

A*$5e# *Ja& rea#"a$ "(*$a#a"" e pr'+e*are

2


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$er)"+- pr"( )"+r'&(e a e%e&r"#'r "( )a*e p#a*$"+e, 9( &r)a a+e*$'r pr'+e*e re$(

+ar!'( p&r. Dea/a($a0 )a0'r +'(*$- 9( +'(*&) )are e(erge$"+.

CAPITOLUL 4NORME DE PROTEC%IA MUNCII

LA PROCESAREA DEŞEURILOR DIN MASE PLASTICE

M-*&r"#e e pr'$e+"a )&(+"" #&a$e 9( a(*a)!#& *&($, 9( ge(era#, a+e#ea" pe($r& $'a$e

'pera""#e e pre#&+rare a )a$er"a#e#'r p#a*$"+e.

Aer +'(""'(a$ %" #&)"(a !&(- $re!&"e a*"g&ra$e 9(+- e #a "(*$a#area *e+"e".

A$&(+" +( ega0area /ap'r"#'r e p#a*$"5"a(" e*$e p&$er("+- *a& #(g- &$"#a0e #e e

pre#&+rare *e a5#- agrega$e e a)e*$e+are, +'(""'(area aer&" e*$e a0&$a$- e 8'$e

"(*$a#a$e ea*&pra apara$&" re*pe+$"/.

D"( (e+e*"$-" $e8("+' e+'(')"+e ")per"'a*e, a(&)"$e re+ep$&r" +'("( *&!*$a(e

$'"+e. D"( a+e*$ea 5a+ par$e ' *er"e e p#a*$"5"a(" +a +re*"# "5e("# 5'*5a$, )e$"#

a+e$"# r"+"('#ea$, e$+., *$a!"#"a$'r" +a +')p&%" ep'""+", 5e('#", +re'#", e$+.

A-&g( a(&)"$e *&!*$a(e $'"+e +a &)p#&$&r" *pe+"a#e +'($ra )&+ega"&r"#'r, a

r'-$'are#'r, e$+., )'(')er (erea+"'(a$ *$"re(, +#'r&r- e /"("# *a& pr'&*e e

e*+')p&(ere, *e p'a$e +'(*$a$a ")p'r$a(a pe +are ' a& 9( a+e*$ #'+ )-*&r"#e e

pr'$e+"e, 9(+ep( 9(+- e #a "(*$r&"rea "("/"&a#-.

K( 9(+-per"#e e #&+r& 9( +are *e pre#&+rea- a+e*$e r-%"(" *&($ (e+e*are "(*$a#a"" e

/e($"#a"e. A+e*$ea a& r'# , (& (&)a" e a a!*'r!" /ap'r"" %" p!er"#e ar %" e a

"($r'&+e aer pr'a*p-$. Aer& pr'a*p-$ $re!&"e "*$r"!&"$ 5-r- +&re(", %", 9( a('$")p&r"#e

re+", e# $re!&"e pre9(+-#"$. Te)pera$&r"#e 9( 8a#e#e e #&+r& (& $re!&"e *- /ar"ee 9( #")"$e

)a" #arg" e 3'C, e'are+e a+e*$e *+8")!-r" e $e)pera$&r- per"+#"$ea- *-(-$a$ea

)&(+"$'r"#'r. I(*$a#a""#e e /e($"#a"e $re!&"e a*$5e# +'(+ep&$e 9(+$ *- a!*'ar!- )a" )$

aer /"+"a$ e+$ +a($"$a$ea e aer pr'a*p-$ "($r'&*-. K( 5e# a+e*$a *e )e("(e 9( 9(+-per"

' )"+- *&!pre*"&(e, +are 5a+e +a /ap'r"" ('+"/" *- (& a0&(g- 9( a+e*$e 9(+-per". L'+&r"#e

21


22/28

e *'r!"e /'r 5" *"$&a$e (& (&)a" *&! $a/a(, ar %" ea*&pra p#a(%e&", ' *er"e e /ap'r"

%" p!er"#e 5""( )a" gre#e e+$ aer.

@a#e#e )'er(e pre*&p&( +'(*$r&+"" +& *&pra5ee 5'ar$e )ar" e "#&)"(are 5ere*$re,

#&)"(a$'are, 9(*- +& $")p a+e*$e *&pra5ee *e a+'per- +& pra5, +are 5"#$rea- #&)"(a.I#&)"(a$ e#e+$r"+ $re!&"e a*$5e# "*$r"!&"$, 9(+$ per*'(a# e e*er/"re *- p'a$- #&+ra 9(

+'(""" !&(e, 5-r- aJ%" ep&(e /eerea #a 5#&&r" p&$er("+e e #&)"(-.

Pe #(g- a+e*$ea, *e *$&"a- p'*"!"#"$a$ea e a$e(&are a g')'$e#'r pr"($rJ' "'#are

a+&*$"+- e5"+a+e 9($re *e+"", "ar a+'#' &(e e*$e p'*"!"#, +8"ar "'#area a+&*$"+- a )a%"("#'r

pr"( )'($area &('r +ar+a*e ae+/a$e *a& pr"( *+8")!area )a$er"a#&" "( +are *&($

+'(*$r&"$e e#e)e($e#e 9( )"%+are, p"("'a(e, a(gre(a0e e $e$'#"$, e$+.

T'a$e +'($a+$e#e %" +'(&+$'r"" e#e+$r"+" $re!&"e "'#a", "ar apara$e#e re*pe+$"/e *- 5"e#ega$e #a p-)($.

Ma("parea )a$er"a#&" +a# *e /a 5a+e +& )-(&%" e pr'$e+"e, ep"er)a a/( e

*&5er"$ "( +a&a +-#&r"".

D&p- 5'#'*"re, *+e#e &$"#"a$e /'r 5" +&r-a$e %" a%ea$e #a #'+ #'r 9( pa('&r" *a&

ap&r".

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(epre#&+ra$X, a e+#ara$ Mar Gra($8a)

De #a Tr&*$ =r"$a("+ e Or("$'#'g"e.........................................................................

S$&"erea +aa/re#'r a e 5)ar" F)ar&* g#a+"a#"* a *+'* #a "/ea#- +- ;: #a

*&$- "($re p-*-r" a/ea& p#a*$"+ 9( *$')a+&r", 9( 0&r e 4 e !&+-" e p#a*$"+ per pa*-re.

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"($re 5)ar" a& 5'*$ g-*"$e 1. e !&+-" e p#a*$"+.......................................................

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ara$a +-, "( 13 )"#"'a(e e $'(e e a)!a#a0e e p#a*$"+ ge(era$e, 'ar 3 )"#"'a(e a& 5'*$

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e%e&r"#e e $"p PET repre"($- +"r+a 3W "( +a($"$a$ea e e%e&r" e a)!a#a0e. C'(5'r)

a$e#'r A*'+"a$e" Pr'&+-$'r"#'r e P#a*$"+ "( E&r'pa, #a 5"e+are 'r-, pe !-$r(+'($"(e($ *e re+"+#ea- 1.2;. !&$e#"" PET.

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:I:LIO"RAFIE

1. FETECĂU P. Pre#&+rarea )a*e#'r p#a*$"+e. E. Te8("+-, 1;;

2. IONESCU MUSCEL M. Pr'"e+$area )a$r"e#'r pe($r& "(0e+$a$ )a*e p#a*$"+e. E. Te8("+-, =&+&re%$", 1;7

3. MASCA A., DALACU N. Te8("+a ga#/a('p#a*$"+-. =&+&re%$", E

Te8("+- 1;74

4. NUŢĂ M, NUŢĂ D. A)!a#a0e "( )a$er"a#e p#a*$"+e. E Te8("+-, 1;2.

:. SIMION @ORUM, Me)'ra$'r e )a*e p#a*$"+e. E. Te8("+a, 1;73

. N'r)e e pr'$e+"a )&(+"" 9( "(&*$r"a e pre#&+rare a )a*e#'r p#a*$"+e

7. HHH.g''g#e.r'

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P'#&are +& )a*e p#a*$"+e

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