11.1 Design Education & Practice [Design Knowledge & Authority]

Model of the Library at Alexandria

TODAY’S CLASS

1. Warm-Up Exercise

1. History of Environmental DesignEducation + Practice

3. Nine Approaches to Design (in relation to the existing hierarchy)

ANNOUNCEMENTS

1. Paper 2 Final Draft Due in Lecture 11/16

2. Final Project Reviews Next Week

3. Project Paper Due in Lecture 11/30

4. Paper 3 Issued on Thursday, Due 12/12

5. Course Portfolio Due 12/12

Professional Knowledge

Model of the Library at Alexandria (note papyrus scrolls)

WARM-UP EXERCISE 11.1PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE(15 minutes)

In groups please discuss professional knowledge. Think of all the different things that might be meant by "design knowledge”.

(5 Minutes- groups)1.List all the kinds of knowledge that are needed to design an environment.

(5-10 Minutes- All Class)3. Create a shared list on white board

Types of Knowing

Explicit (consciously learned, knowledge identified as such)

Tacit or Implicit (embedded in action, learned by doing)-example- skills

Handout: The Relation Between Professional Role, Education & Knowledge

Ancient Egyptian muralsshowing construction

methods & supervisionof labor

Egypt; 1600-1100 BC- Architect as Construction Manager

Funerary Complex & Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,1520 BC, Saqqara, Architect, Imhotep

Architect Imhotep

Religion-based Government: priest-administratorsHierarchical class structure with slaves

Ancient Greece: 1200-750 BC-Leaders of Workmen

Theater of Dionysus,Athens, 500 BC [330BC] Hoisting Equipment Device for moving stone

Parthenon, Athens, 447-442 BC-Architects: Ictinus & Callicrates

Arkhi= chiefTekton= craftsman, builder

School at this time in Sparta

Roman Empire: 700 BC- 15th C- Architect as knowledgeable professional

Baths or Thermae of Caracalla, Rome 211-17 AD

Pantheon, Rome, 25 BC

Vitruvius

3 paths to the professionMiliary EngineeringLiberal arts + ApprenticeshipCivil Service (Route by some former slaves)

Roman Empire: 700 BC- 15th C- Military Engineering Prowess

Organization of a

Appian Way Roman Road

Pont du Garde Aqueduc,t Nimes, France, 14 AD

Roman colonial city in Africa Plan of a Roman military camp

Middle Ages: 5th-15th C- Architect as Master Craftsman

Sienna ItalyPalazzo Publico

1298-1310

Notre Damede Paris, 1163-1250

Guilds

Education through apprenticeshipWritten knowledge controlled by the church

Renaissance: 14th-17thC - Emergence of Architect as Conceptualizer & Scholar

Sculpture of FilippoBrunelleschi in his

Dome for the Cathedral of Florence

Dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore, the Cathedral of Florence

Circa 1420Brunelleschi rediscovers

Perspectival drawing

Merchant class developsUniversities- Secularization of knowledge

Brunelleschi educated in Literature and mathEntered silk merchants’guild and got his first Architectural commission

Separation of design knowledgefrom construction

Renaissance: 14th-17thC -Emergence of Architect as Conceptualizer & Scholar

Sant’ Andrea, Mantua,1470-72& page from Alberti’sDe Re Aedificatoria,1485

Leon Battista Alberti1401-1472 portrait medal Andrea Palladio

The Four Books of Architecture, 1570

Andrea PalladioVilla Capra, 1566-71

Development of printing

France 16th Century- The beginning of professionalism

Sebastiano Serlio & his design for the Chateau D’Ancy

Anthony Blunt. Art and Architecture in France 1500 to 1700. 1981, fig

Publications of Italian Architect, Serlioattracted the attention of Francois the first of France

Appointment of Serlio as royal architect considered the beginning of professionalism of architecture

Establishment of bureaucracy and royal educational institutions1654-Royal Building Adminstration founded1671-Académie Royale d’Architecture- founded 1671

Versailles 1661-1710Le Vau & Le Notre

France 17th & 18th Centuries- Education for Civil Engineering

England 16th & 17th Centuries -the beginning of professionalism

Inigo Jones1573- 1652Portrait by Anthony Van Dyck

Inigo Jones, Whitehall Castle1638(Banquet Hall)

Sir Christopher Wren

1632-1723

Wren,St Paul’s

Cathedral

Chiswick House, 1725-53 Lord Burlington (client), William Kent, Architect, Landscape Architect, Interior Designer

Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle)

England 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs

Osterly Park, 1761-1780 Robert Adams (& James Adams)Architect & Interior DesignerCreated the Adams Style

Photo: Carolyne Roehm

England 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs

United States 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs

Thomas Jefferson Monticello (1678-82

Samuel Macintire, Derby House, Salem, 1762)

England 18th-19th Century- Architect as Businessman & Entrepreneur

Regent’s Park, London 1809-1838

John Nash 1752-1835

Royal Crescent & Circus at BathJohn Wood I & John Wood II1767-1775

France 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution

Ecole des Beaux ArtsJacques-Felix Duban, 1832-62

Henri LaBrouste, Bibliotheque Sainte Genevieve, 1850 Reading Room & Exterior

Ecole des Beaux ArtsClassroom

with Student Work

Ecole des Beaux ArtsExample of Student Work

Ecole des Beaux Arts Students in Atelier

France 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution

United States 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational InstitutionAlso Carpenter Architects

Henry Latrobe18th Century

Richard Morris Hunt19th Century

New York Tribune Building 1873-75,

R M Hunt

House from Andrew Jackson Downing pattern book, Cottage II, 1842

Gothic revival house in Stillwater, MNPhoto by Roger Miller, 2004

United States 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational InstitutionAlso Carpenter Architects

Humphrey Repton, first LandscapeArchitect England, 1860s

Central Park, New York City, 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted & Calvert Vaux

Frederick Law Olmsted & his office

United States 19th Century- Professionalism of Landscape Architecture

H H Richardson

Crane Memorial Library, Massachusetts

Richardson & Assistants in his library c 1886

Boston Public Library, 1887-1895McKim Meade & White,

United States 19th Century- Architects as Businessmen

AIA established 1857

United States Late 19th, Early 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training

Studio Life Class at MIT c. 1907

Late 19th & Earlly 20th Century Education emulated the Ecole des Beaux Arts in terms of subject matter, but dd not include apprenticeship

Early 20th Century - Architect as businessperson, professional, artist

Frank Lloyd Wright establishes a formal educational apprenticeshipTaliesen East & then West

Thomas Church, Landscape Architect

Crown Hall at Illinois Institute of Technology, Mies van der RoheTechnically oriented education

San Simeon, California, 1919Julia Morgan Architect

Dumbarton Oakes, Washington DCBeatrix Ferrand

United States -Late 19th Early 20th Century-Women practice architecture

UK & United States -Late 19th Early 20th Century-Professionalism of Interior Design

Elsie de Wolfe, 1865-1950Colony Club,, NYC

Agnes & Rhoda Garrett first interior design firm

“Art Decoration Business” London, 1875

←

Illustration of a drawing room from their book

House Decoration

First interior design firm in London

Early 20th Century-Women seek formal education

Cambridge SchoolMassachusetts, 1915-1943

Women at MIT, 1909

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010

All Graduates vs Women Graduates University of Minnesota School of Architecture

Roy Wilkins Auditorium, Saint Paul

Clarence Wigington1883-1967

The first African AmericanMunicipal Architect

& first African AmericanArchitect registered in

Minnesota

Drawing for the Saint PaulWinter Carnival Ice Palace, 1940

Early-Mid 20th Century-African-Americans enter the architectural profession

United States Early 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training

Originally Ecole de Beaux Arts Influenced, but in the 1930’s , influcenced by the new European ideas from the Bauhaus (1919-1933)

During WW!!, wo prominent educators went to the US

Walter Gropius taught at Harvard

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe taught at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)

Interest in:• Industrial systems• (mass production, modular design, etc)• Innovation rather than historic precedent• Using new materials and processes• Social issues (housing for everyone)• Combining design disciplines• New ideas about structure light and

ventilation (science)• Hands on design

United States Late 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural TrainingPruitt-Igoe- 1970s• Addition of courses on social issues• Questioning Modernism• Post-Occupancy Evaluation & Arch Programming• Participatory Design

Energy Crises (1970s, 1980-)• Research on Environmental Performance• LEED• Ecology/ Global Warming• Research & Continuing Education

Post-ModernismHistoric Preservation & Heritage Preservation

Consumerism/ Participatory Design

Changing ideas about the design process- Design loop• research informing design• environment as built, operated and demolished• need for long-term analysis of costs & benefits

New Technology• Air travel normalized- internationalization• CAD/ GIS – environmental design practice• Internet /Smart Phones- globalized communication

LATE 20TH CENTURYNINE DIFFERENT APPROACHES/ ATTITUDES TO DESIGN (oversimplified for the sake of clarity)

Julia Robinson, Arch 3401, Fall 2005 version FIT EXISTING HIERARCHY CHALLENGED EXISTING HIERARCHY

Approach Key Issues Attitude to Client

Attitude to User

Attitude to Cost

Aesthetics Systems/Materials

Regulations Design Personnel

ARTIST InnovationAestheticsArt object

Patron Will adapt Secondary concern

Avant-garde /Self expression

Medium for art Necessary evil Serve vision

BUSINESSPERSON ProfitProductMarket

Consumer Interpeted by client

Prime concern Relevance depends on clients

Cost effective-ness

Economic constraint

Economic contributer

PROFESSIONAL ServiceClient satisfaction

Client Part of served group

Important contributing factor

Part of service Perfor-mance Part of services Team member

TECHNOLOGIST Building performance

Client Research subject (?)

Cost/benefit

Technology= aesthetics

Experimen-tation

Important considera-tion

Expert contributer

SOCIAL ADVOCATE/COMMUNITY DESIGN

Social change

Partner Partner Important limitation

User’s ideas Necessary requirement

Part of service Team member

THEORETICIAN Advance in form, social ideas or practice

FunderSupporterAudience

Experimental subject

Irrelevant Based in theoretical stance

May be paper arch/Depends on theory

Irrelevant Inconvenient or part of service

Solo effort or Serve vision

RESEARCHER DiscoveryInnovationTestingPrediction

Funder orGeneral Public

Research subject (?)

Limitation Variable to be evaluated

Variable to be evaluated

Variable to be evaluated

Research team

ECOLOGIST Green designMinimal impact

Partner Partner Long term performance

Ecology= aesthetics

Long term performance, greenness

Part of service Expert team Member

PRESERVATIONIST Maintaining existing environments

Partner Varies Consider long term investment

Appreciate historical ideas as well as today’s

Reuse, recycle and rehabilitate existing environments

Part of service Team: researchers, community & designers

RESEARCHERIAN McHARG

Design with Nature1992[1969}, New

York: Wiley

SOCIAL ADVOCATECHRISTOPHER ALEXANDERLinz Café (basec on Pattern Language)

Mid-Late 20th Century: New Types of Practice

TECHNOLOGIST/ ECOLOGISTDanadjieva & Koenig AssociatesWest Point Sewage Treatment Plant, Seattle Washington, 1988-97

THEORETICIANPETER EISENMANHouse IV, Frank Residence, 1977

RESEARCHERMoore & Turnbull Architects

Kresge College, Santa Cruz, CA, 1973

Designed based on research by Sim van der Ryn & Murray

Silverstein

Geology

Plant SpeciesMineral Resources

Soils

ARTISTZaha Hadid, BMW Central BuildingLeipzig, Germany, 2001-5

RESEARCHERPerkins & Will, Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Boston, 2005

SOCIAL ADVOCATEGando Primary School, Burkina Faaso, Francis Kere, 1999-2001

Early 21st Century: National & International Practice

TECHNOLOGIST/ECOLOGISTBiomicry (Janine Beyynus)Design Inc, Council House 2Melbourne, Australia, 2006

PRESERVATIONISTHalvorson Design Partnership,Lakewood Cemetery, Mpls c2010

BUSINESSPERSON/PROFESSIONALKieran Timberlake, Belle Townhomes(developer) San Francisco, 2009

Early 21st Century: National & International Practice

Museum of the American Indian-Washington, DC, 2004GBQC and Douglas Cardinal, Ltd.,Design team included consultants Douglas Cardinal (Blackfoot), JohnpaulJones (Cherokee/Choctaw), Donna House (Diné/Oneida), and Ramona Sakiestewa (Hopi). Following this conceptual design work, the project was further developed by Jones, House, and Sakiestewa, along with the architecture firms Jones & Jones, SmithGroup in collaboration with Lou Weller (Caddo) and the Native American Design Collaborative, and Polshek Partnership Architects.

Early 21st Century: National & International Practice

National Museum of African American History & Culture -Washington, DC, 2016

David Adjaye ArchitectCompetition winner: Freelon Group/AdjayeAssociates/Davis Brody Bond

21st Century: Reframing the design professions?

• Diversity of community and professions• New forms of knowledge• New forms of practice & authority• New media- digital communication, internet• Network rather than hierarchical organization• Research as part of professional practice• Design for the public good• Consumerism & participatory design• Global warming & sustainability• Global practice

METI – Handmade School, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, 2004–06

Off Architecture &Duncan Lewis Scape Ecological-design-hotels-in-venetoDiane Von Furstenberg

21st Century: Reframing the design professions?

How do current practices relate to the professional culture- what changes need to take place?

How will practice change in the future and what changes do we need to make to prepare for that?

METI – Handmade School, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, 2004–06

Off Architecture &Duncan Lewis Scape Ecological-design-hotels-in-venetoDiane Von Furstenberg