RECENT FINDINGS FROM S.R.I STUDIES

 

Iswandi, A., R. Widyastuti, T. R. Hutabarat, D. Nareswari , I. A. Hakim, A. Ningtyas, S. K. Santoso, W. Agusmiati, M. Ulfah and Eka. N. Sari

Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, INDONESIA Email: aiswandi@indo.net.id

Basic principles of System of Rice Intensification (S.R.I)

Main criteria:• Transplant young single rice

seedlings (8-12 days ), carefully and shallow

• Wider transplanting distances (25 cm x 25 cm or even 30 cm x 30 cm);

• Moist soil only, not flooding or submerged condition

How about others:

• Fertilizer: inorganic (100%), or organic (100%); or a mix of inorganic + organic

• Variety: local or HYV• Weeding/soil aeration• Pest and diseases control?• Social, economy, labour?• SRI is not everything,  but it 

is INTERESTING!

SRI IS A SYSTEM, NOT A TECHNOLOGY

THE MORE YOU KNOW SRI, THE MORE YOU LOVE HER!

S.E.T.C. 2009, 23 APRIL 2009

THE BEAUTY OF SRI IS ITSFLEXIBILITY, EASY TO ADAPT TO LOCAL CONDITIONS

WEST JAVA SRI

2002-2006: EVALUATION OF SRI IN 8  PROVINCES IN EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA – 12,133 FARMERS;   9,429 HA 

POSITIVE RESULTS: 78% (YIELD INCREASE (20-150%) ,

50% LESS INORGANIC FERTILIZER APPLIED, 40% WATER SAVING, AND 20% LESS INPUT COSTS (SATO AND UPHOFF, 2007)

EVALUATIONS IN 8  COUNTRIES (2004-2006) (N = >5,000)YIELD INCREASE 52% (RANGE 21-105%) WATER SAVING 44% (RANGE 24-60%)LESS INPUTS 25% (RANGE 2.2-56%) (UPHOFF, 2007)

2009: DEMONSTRATED IN 36 COUNTRIES!! 

LOCATION CONVEN-TIONAL

S.R.I Reference

(TONS/HA)CENTRAL LOMBOK - 11.2 Sato (2007)SUMBAWA - 14.3 Sato (2007)GARUT - 13.5 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI - 12.6 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI, NOSC 5.38 6.85 Ardi and Iswandi

(2008)S.E.T.C. PANDAANEAST JAVA

5.5 10.5 Herodian et al, (2008)

BOGOR, WEST JAVA

5.0 7.5 Sugiyanta (2008)

PADANG, W. SUMATRA - 9.67-11.0

Musliar (2007-2008)

YIELD INCREASES NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA

GHG AND BIODIVERSITY UNDER S.R.I RICE CULTIVATION (FEB-AUGUST 2009)

• 2008 NAGRAK, SUKABUMI

• 2009 (4 LOCATIONS)TANJUNG SARI, BOGORSUKARAJA, SUKABUMILIMO, and DEPOK

BOGOR

TREATMENTS:T0 = CONVENTIONAL RICE CULTIVATION,

20 X 20 CM, 25-30 DAY-OLD SEEDLINGS, 6 SEEDLINGS/HILL; FLOODING = 5 CM

FERTILIZER: INORGANIC NPK

T1; T2; T3 = SRI RICE CULTIVATION, 30 X 30 CM, 6-10 DAY-OLD SEEDLINGS, 1SEEDLING/HILL; MOIST SOIL OR INTERMITTENT IRRIGATION WATER

        DIFFERENCES IN FERTILIZER:   T1 = INORGANIC NPK AS T0 T2 = ORGANIC FERTILIZER - 5 TON/HA T3 = 50% INORGANIC NPK + 300 KG

BIOORGANIC FERTILIZER

RICE CULTIVATION

TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK

CONVENTIONAL 30.30 a       30.30a 17.3a

INORGANIC S.R.I 41.15b 41.15b 26.45cORGANIC S.R.I 29.60a 29.60a 20.95bMIXED 39.40b 39.40b 18.7ab

S.R.I  RICE CULTIVATION AT THREE  LOCATIONS IN WEST JAVA

RICE CULTIVATION TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK

CONVENTIONAL3.59 4.58

INORGANIC S.R.I4.35 5.32

ORGANIC S.R.I3.55 4.72

MIXED3. 96 4.97

NO. OF TILLERS/HILL

YIELD (TON/HA)

YIELD COMPONENTS

 CH4 AND  N20 = MAJOR PROBLEMS 4 LARGEST METHANE-EMITTING COUNTRIES IN ASIA: CHINA, INDIA, INDONESIA, THAILAND (IPCC 2006)

S.R.I. = MITIGATION TECHNOLOGY

GHG EMISSIONS?

Kennedy School of Government di Harvard University, Cambridge, Selasa 29 September 2009./ Rabu, 30 September 2009  Mereka adalah mahasiswa Master in Public Policy di John F Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.  Poster-poster berwarna kuning dan merah muda yang mereka usung itu antara lain bertuliskan "Thank You Indonesia", "Harvard Says, Indonesia's Our Climate Change HERO", "President Yudhoyono Climate Change World Leader" dan "The Earth Our Future, Thank You Yudhoyono".     "Kami ini adalah mahasiswa Harvard dari berbagai bangsa. Kami ingin masyarakat Indonesia tahu bahwa apa yang telah dilakukan oleh pemimpin negara Anda sangat kami hargai, dihargai oleh Amerika dan dunia," kata Michelle kepada wartawan.     

BALI ROAD MAP 2007MITIGATION TECHNOLOGY ??

NONE OF THEM ARE BEING PRACTICED BY RICE FARMERS! WHY?

GHG EMISSION?

S.R.I. REDUCED CH4 EMISSION FROM RICE FIELD SIGNIFICANTLY

N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI

ORGANIC FERTILIZER REDUCED N20 EMISSION

HOW?

SOIL MICROBES AND SOIL FAUNA?

SOIL BIODIVERSITY

Presented at SEMILOKA 2 PERANAN PERTANIAN YANG BERLANJUT BERBASIS PADI MELALUI JEMBATAN S.R.I Selasa 6 Oktober 2009 University Brawidjaja Malang, Indonesia

0

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K onvens ional (T0)

S R I A norganik (T1)

S R I Organik (T2)

S R I Organik+ B F (T3)

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K onvens ional (T0)

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S R I Organik (T2)

S R I Organik+ B F (T3)

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Umur Tanaman

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Konvensional (T0)

SRI Anorganik (T1)

SRI Organik (T2)

SRI Organik+BF (T3)0

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S R I Organik (T2)

S R I Organik+B F (T3)

Total microbes, and numbers of beneficial soil microbes under conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods at Nagrak and Sukabumi (Iswandi et al. 2007)

2008

TreatmentsTotal

Microbes*

(x105)

Azotobacter*(x103)

Azospirillum*(x103)

PSM*(x104)

Conventional (T0) 2.3a 1.9a 0.9a 3.3a

Inorganic S.R.I (T1) 2.7a 2.2a 1.7ab 4.0a

Organic S.R.I (T2) 3.8b 3.7b 2.8bc 5.9b

Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3) 4.8c 4..4b 3.3c 6.4b

Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes under conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009)

*CFU/g soil PSM = Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes

2009 - SOIL MICROBES

Total population of soil fauna under conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation (number/m2) (Iswandi et al. 2009)

Meso-soil fauna: Acari; Collembola; Macro-soil fauna: Isopoda, Coleoptera, Diptera etc.; Oligochaeta: Earthworm

2009 - SOIL FAUNA

Population of soil fauna (numbers/m2) under conventional (T0) and S.R.I rice cultivation (T1, T2 and T3) (Iswandi et al. 2009)

2009 - SOIL FAUNA

TAXA CONVEN-TIONAL

INORGANIC S.R.I

ORGANICS.R.I

MESO-FAUNA 31 31 95

MACRO-FAUNA 159 159 286

EARTHWORMS 31 31 127

TOTAL 222 222 509

NO. OF TAXA 8 4 8

SHANNON’S DIVERSITY INDEX

1.41 1.58 1.49

POPULATION OF SOIL FAUNA UNDER S.R.I. RICE CULTIVATION (NO./M2)

ROOTS, SHOOTS, TISSUE

MORPHOLOGY OF RICE PLANT

Roots length and root weight (Iswandi et al. 2009)

ROOTS SURFACE?,ROOT HAIR?

Conventional Inorganic S.R.I. Organic S.R.I. (hole in the middle) (solid tissue) (solid tissue)

Photos by Iswandi Anas and Fakhrur Razie, 2009

AERENCHYMA? ARE THESE NEEDED?

Photo by Iswandi and Fakhrur Razie 2009

CONVENTIONAL INORGANIC S.R.I. ORGANIC S.R.I.

PLOW LAYER

SHOULD IT BE DESTROYED?

Roots length (cm) (Iswandi et al. 2009)

Location MethodsWAT

4 6 8

Sukabumi

Conventional 8.89 18.28 18.31bInorganic S.R.I 15.77 26.59 52.07aOrganic S.R.I 6.70 20.83 32.96 ab

Depok

Conventional 1.11 a 3.73 b 4.92Inorganic S.R.I 2.41 c 11.86 a 22.98Organic S.R.I 1.70 b 6.72 b 6.79

Bogor

Conventional 16.49 19.61 20.12Inorganic S.R.I 5.69 20.71 26.58Organic S.R.I 2.94 17.10 31.63

Tanjung Sari

Conventional 2.34 4.78 b 7.85 cInorganic S.R.I 11.92 7.54 ab 51.25 aOrganic S.R.I 5.99 14.22 a 27.07 b

ROOTS DRY WEIGHT (g)

Location MethodsWAT

4 6 8

SukabumiConventional 0.71 2.93 2.57 aInorganic S.R.I 3.05 1.34 1.26 bOrganic S.R.I 3.29 2.12 1.26 b

DepokConventional 2.44 3.42 5.66aInorganic S.R.I 2.69 2.29 1.79bOrganic S.R.I 2.21 1.90 3.35a

BogorConventional 0.89 5.00 a 5.87 aInorganic S.R.I 2.94 2.42 b 2.53 bOrganic S.R.I 3.06 2.66 b 2.28 b

Tanjung SariConventional 1.89 2.06 4.18 aInorganic S.R.I 1.46 6.07 1.46 bOrganic S.R.I 2.27 1.94 1.70 b

SHOOT/ROOT RATIO

ROOT SAMPLING GHG SAMPLING

THESE ISSUES NEED MORE STUDY

S.R.I NEEDS MORE STUDY:

AGRONOMY: COMPOSTSOIL AND SOIL BIOLOGYMANAGEMENT: MULCHINGENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSPEST AND DISEASESWEED SCIENCE (WEEDER, ETC)POST-HARVESTNUTRITIONAL VALUESSOCIAL-ECONOMY ASPECTSFARMER INCOMESCULTUREGENDER

CONTROVERSY?Bapak Ibu Litkaji yth:Waduh, setelah dikirim ternyata tabelnya berantakan--mohon maaf. Kalau ada yang memerlukan dapat mengirimkan email ke saya dan akan saya kirimkan data utuh dalam bentuk tabel; tetapi secara singkat produksi SRI 4,68 t/ha dan PTT 6,43 t/ha sehingga keuntungan bersih SRI rugi 1,85 jt dan PTT untung sekitar 10,2 juta rupiah. Hal ini karena input SRI yang cukup tinggi antara lain penyiangan, pupuk kandang kotoran hewan 12 t/ha, bat guano 0,5 t/ha, kompos jerami 3 t/ha, abu sekam padi 0,63t/ha, MOL (maja, nimba, tembakau, bonggol pisang, cebreng, telur, buah-buahan, ikan, urine ternak kambing) 665 liter/ha dan hasilnya yang masih rendah. Terimaksih dan maaf.Hasil SembiringBB Padi

Y?

CONCLUSIONS• S.R.I REDUCES SIGNIFICANTLY CH4 EMISSIONS FROM RICE

FIELD (promising mitigation technology)• COMBINATION OF S.R.I. AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER

APPLICATION MAY REDUCE N2O EMISSION

• S.R.I INCREASES THE NUMBER OF SOIL MICROBES AS WELL AS SOIL FAUNA, PARTICULARLY WHEN ORGANIC FERTILIZER IS APPLIED

• S.R.I INCREASES GROWTH OF ROOTS BETTER THAN SHOOTS SO THAT THE SHOOT/ROOT RATIO BECOMES SMALLER

• MORPHOLOGY OF RICE PLANT UNDER S.R.I MANAGEMENT IS DIFFERENT FROM CONVENTIONAL RICE CULTURE, i.e., no formation of aerenchyma (air pocket) tissue in cortex of root

I PERSONALLY WOULD LIKE TO GIVE CREDIT TO MY TEAM’S WORK, especially that of my Ph. D., M.Sc. and undergraduate students