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Arguments Against The Use OfFAME Biodiesel In Modern Diesel 

Engines

Rich Cregar

Fellow, Institute for Emerging Issues, NCSU

White House Champion of Change

APWA

Fueling the Conversation

Phoenix, AZ

September 1, 2015

Outline

• Emission standards in the USA

• Current Diesel technologies

• Bio Diesel

• Issues with use of Bio Diesel

• Solutions, conclusions

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Our Air Quality

Regulated air quality emissions are Carbon Monoxide (CO), unburnedfuel (HC), NMOG, Oxides of Nitrogen (Nox), Formaldehyde (HCHO) and particulates (PM).

Our Air Quality

Note that Ozone (O3) is not a direct vehicle emission.

Graphic: BMW (DOE DEER 07)

Federal On‐Road Emission RequirementsThese include non-road >75HP

Locomotive & Marine must comply starting 2016

At present the only CO2 regulations in the US are in the transportation sector and in the State of California (AB-32)

Tighter standards expected in 2017 asWe move to Tier lll !

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CAFE Standards• September, 2011 Obama Administration announced the 

largest mandated fuel economy increase in history

• By executive order, 54.5 mpg by 2025

• Applies to the light duty fleet

• Also mandates that medium & heavy‐duty on‐road trucks reduce fuel consumption by 20% from 2014 to 2018

• On average this equates to Heavy Duty achieving approx. 7 MPG by 2018

• Heavy Duty target is 11MPG by 2025 

• Cafe has transitioned from a fuel saving strategy to a GHG emission strategy

Burning fossil fuels adds CO2 to the atmosphere otherwise sequestered in the earth.

Carbon Dioxide at Atmosphere

Oceans,lakesRoots

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Fossil Fuels:Coal, Natural Gas, Oil

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What is Fossil vs. Renewable CO2?

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Renewable Fuels

CO2

Biofuels Plant (Ethanol, Biodiesel) Crops

• Vehicles burning ethanol emit CO2 into the atmosphere.• Plants use CO2 during photosynthesis to produce sugars.• Ethanol is made from plant sugars, FAME Biodiesel comes

from plant/animal oils (Lipids)• However,

the production and use ofBiofuelsstill involves the consumption of fossil fuel and release of fossil carbon.

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Outline

• Emission standards in the USA

• Current Diesel technologies

• Bio Diesel

• Issues with use of Bio Diesel

• Solutions, conclusions

Common rail components include a high pressure distribution rail, injectors, HP delivery pump, sensors and control circuitry 

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PM & the DPF

After Treatment ‐ SCR

Courtesy of The Robert Bosch Corporation

Outline

• Emission standards in the USA

• Current Diesel technologies

• Bio Diesel

• Issues with use of Bio Diesel

• Solutions, conclusions

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C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H

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C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H

C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H

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This represents 1 typical Molecule of Diesel Fuel

This represents 1 typical saturated molecule of BioDiesel

Methyl Linoleate

Ethyl Stearate

Graphics: Wikipedia

What is FAME Biodiesel?

FattyAcidMethyl Ester

Outline

• Emission standards in the USA

• Current Diesel technologies

• Bio Diesel

• Issues with use of Bio Diesel

• Solutions, conclusions

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ASTM D6751 for B6 to B20B5 is D975 spec, same as Diesel

• What’s to worry >B5?• Fuel quality

– Glycerin 

– Potassium

– Fuel oxidation stability 

– Contamination, microbe growth

– High cloud point

– Materials interaction

– Water, water separation filter efficiency

– Contamination of lube oil

Key Challenges For Biodiesel

GM BioDiesel Analysis DEERE 2010, SAE 2011

Excess Glycerin

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GM BioDiesel Analysis DEERE 2010

Ash loading of the DPFPotassium residue in FAME Biodiesel is a major concern

GM BioDiesel Analysis DEERE 2010

Free Fatty Acids (Oxidation Stability)

FFA content is a function of feedstock quality (Saturation, prior use) , shelf life and storage conditions

•WVO should not be used as a feedstock for modern Diesels•Fuel should be used within 90-120 days of production•Purge air space with inert gas

Photo: Rich Cregar

Microbial Contamination

Since the last stage of transesterification is the destruction of the monoglyceride this is the most common remnant of incomplete conversion

Monglycerides will promote microbial growth in the fuel tank and water retention

It is critical to use high quality filtration, closely monitored!

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Effects of dirt/water

• Biodiesel will aggressively clean & scour the fuel system• This includes storage tanks, lines, hoses, etc.• It will carry the lacquers & solids to the fuel filter, which will plug the filter• Once it has done so it will keep the system clean• In service vehicles converted to BiodieselIN ANY PERCENTAGE will likely require initial filter change outs

Materials Interaction

Graphic: Bosch

Biodiesel & Water•ASTM Specification: <500PPM

•Good quality petro diesel has a water content in the range of 50ppm

•Biodiesel will retain up to 1500 ppm of water!

•If you are using Biodiesel use a water separator!

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Lube oil Issues

• Accumulation of Biodiesel in lube oil causes:

Dilution

Viscosity increase

Oxidatiion

Polymerization (sludge)

• Shorten change intervals! 

• Bio Fuels industry lobbying for DPF Doser instead of late post injection

Outline

• Emission standards in the USA

• Current Diesel technologies

• Bio Diesel

• Issues with use of Bio Diesel

• Solutions, conclusions

The Answer is Green Diesel, a D975 Fuel!

Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2014.04.009

Available from many refiner sources, it is a renewable Alternative Fuel preferable to FAME Biodiesel

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Questions?RudolfDiesel@netzero.net

THANK YOU!

Cartoon courtesy of Leo Michael & Automotive News

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