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1
Schizophrenia
Module 39
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Psychological DisordersSchizophrenia overview Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality. A group of severe
disorders characterized by the following:
1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and actions.
Link 58:42
The proverb test
• Proverbs like "birds of a feather flock together" or "a rolling stone gathers no moss" will be explained in a literal fashion by a schizophrenic
• i.e. a stone that is rolling can't get moss on it because it's moving.
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Symptoms of SchizophreniaPositive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)
Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
Sapolsky vid. 23:16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEnklxGAmak
Dr. Saplolsky describes a Masai Schizophrenic
4 Schizophrenics 9:23
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWaFqw8XnpA
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Other forms of delusions include, delusions of persecution (“someone is following me”)
or grandeur (“I am a king”).
Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”(Sheehan, 1982)
This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions (“I’m Mary Poppins”).
Link Gerald 8:12Part 2 7:11
Female Schizophrenic
Spree Killers are schizophrenic?
• Most killing sprees are committed by individuals who suffer from psychosis, not psychopathy. Recall that psychosis is a fragmentation of the thinking processes in the brain that leads to symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.– Kent A. Kiehl PhD
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3 Jesuses walk into a…mental hospital
• …this is not a joke.
I must not be Jesus
You guys are crazy, I
am Jesus
Huh?
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Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of selective
attention failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).
• Great book about a girl whose friend “turns schizophrenic” while they are backpacking in China.
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Disturbed PerceptionsA schizophrenic person may perceive things
that are not there (hallucinations). Most such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual,
somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
L. B
erthold, Untitled. T
he Prinzhorn Collection, U
niversity of Heidelberg
August N
atter, Witches H
ead. The Prinzhorn C
ollection, University of H
eidelberg
Photos of paintings by K
rannert Museum
, University of Illinois at U
rbana-Cham
paign
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• …schizophrenics can tickle themselves because of a problem with their timing that does not allow their motor actions and resulting sensations to be correctly sequenced.
• A 20th-century artist, Louis Wain, who was fascinated by cats, painted these pictures over a period of time in which he developed schizophrenia.
• The pictures mark progressive stages in the illness and exemplify what it does to the victim's perception.
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Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show
no emotion at all (flat affect).
Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia).
Childhood schizophrenia at 20/20 9:18
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Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million
people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men
and women, but men suffer from it more severely than women.
Schizophrenia: Course
Group 330% have repeated episodes of illness with some impairment between episodes
Group 225% have repeated episodes of illness with no impairment between episodes
Group 115% have only a single episode of illness with no subsequent impairment
Group 430% have repeated episodes of illness with gradually declining impairment between episodes
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Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.
Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms.
When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show
positive symptoms.
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Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine
D4 receptors in the brain.
Drugs that block these sites help schizophrenic patients.
Brain Abnormalities
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Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and
amygdala of schizophrenic patients.
Paul T
hompson and A
rthur W. T
oga, UC
LA
Laboratory of N
euro Im
aging and Judith L. R
apport, National Institute of M
ental Health
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Abnormal Brain MorphologySchizophrenia patients may exhibit
morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
Both Photos: C
ourtesy of Daniel R
. Weinberger, M
.D., N
IH-N
IMH
/ NSC
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Risk Factors - Viral InfectionSchizophrenia has also been observed
in individuals whose mothers contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.
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Genetic FactorsThe likelihood of an individual suffering
from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 2001).
0 10 20 30 40 50Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
44This gene doubles your risk
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Psychological FactorsPsychological and environmental factors
can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed
(Nicol & Gottesman, 1983).
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical Genain
sisters suffer from schizophrenia.
Courtesy of G
enain Fam
ily
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End
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