1 QUANTITATIVE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS MARK 2048 Instructor: Armand GervaisEmail:

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QUANTITATIVE DESIGN AND QUANTITATIVE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ANALYSIS MARK 2048MARK 2048

Instructor: Armand GervaisEmail:Email:

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1.1. Illustrate the process of preparing data for preliminary Illustrate the process of preparing data for preliminary analysis.analysis.

2.2. Demonstrate the procedure for assuring data Demonstrate the procedure for assuring data validation.validation.

3.3. Illustrate the process of editing and coding data Illustrate the process of editing and coding data obtained through survey methods.obtained through survey methods.

4.4. Acquaint the user with data entry procedures.Acquaint the user with data entry procedures.

5.5. Illustrate a process for detecting errors in data entry.Illustrate a process for detecting errors in data entry.

6.6. Discuss techniques used for data tabulation and data Discuss techniques used for data tabulation and data analysis.analysis.

Learning Objectives

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Exhibit 14.1 Illustrate the process of preparing data for

preliminary analysis

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Data PreparationData Preparation–– process of converting information from a questionnaire process of converting information from a questionnaire

so it can be transferred to a data warehouseso it can be transferred to a data warehouse

4-step Approach4-step Approach Data validationData validation Editing and coding of the dataEditing and coding of the data Data entryData entry Data tabulationData tabulation

Error DetectionError Detection

Purpose of Data Preparation and AnalysisPurpose of Data Preparation and Analysis

Value of Preparing Data for Analysis

Illustrate the process of preparing data for

preliminary analysis

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Data ValidationData Validation––

to determine if the survey’s interviews to determine if the survey’s interviews or observations were conducted or observations were conducted correctly and free of interviewer fraud correctly and free of interviewer fraud or biasor bias

CurbstoningCurbstoning

Data ValidationDemonstrate the

procedure for assuring data validation

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Process of ValidationProcess of Validation FraudFraud

ScreeningScreening

ProcedureProcedure

CompletenessCompleteness

CourtesyCourtesy

Data ValidationDemonstrate the

procedure for assuring data validation

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EditingEditing process where by the raw data are checked for process where by the raw data are checked for

mistakes made by either the interviewer or the mistakes made by either the interviewer or the respondentrespondent

Areas of ConcernAreas of Concern

Asking the Proper QuestionsAsking the Proper Questions

Accurate Recording of AnswersAccurate Recording of Answers

Correct Screening QuestionsCorrect Screening Questions

Responses to Open-Ended QuestionsResponses to Open-Ended Questions

Data Editing and Coding

Illustrate the process of editing and coding data obtained through

survey methods

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Exhibit 14.3Illustrate the process of editing

and coding data obtained through survey methods

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CodingCoding grouping and assigning values to various grouping and assigning values to various

responses from the survey instrumentresponses from the survey instrument Codes are numerical–a number from 0-9 Codes are numerical–a number from 0-9

Well planned and constructed questionnaires Well planned and constructed questionnaires reduce time spent on codingreduce time spent on coding

Numeric codes should be designed into the Numeric codes should be designed into the questionnaire from the beginningquestionnaire from the beginning

Questionnaires that do not use coded responses–a Questionnaires that do not use coded responses–a master code must be establishedmaster code must be established

The Coding Process


survey methods

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Open-end questions–four-step processOpen-end questions–four-step process

Generate a master list of potential responses–Generate a master list of potential responses–assign values to the responsesassign values to the responses

Consolidate responsesConsolidate responses

Assign a numerical value as a codeAssign a numerical value as a code

Assign a coded value to each responseAssign a coded value to each response

Data Editing and Coding


survey methods

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Data entryData entry Four major ways for entering coded dataFour major ways for entering coded data

Most popular option–personal computer (PC)Most popular option–personal computer (PC)

Touch screenTouch screen

Light penLight pen

ScannersScanners

Primary purpose of data entryPrimary purpose of data entry

Data EntryAcquaint the user with data

entry procedures

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Exhibit 14.6Acquaint the user with data

entry procedures

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First step in Error DetectionFirst step in Error Detection–– to determine if the software used for to determine if the software used for

data entry and tabulation–allows data entry and tabulation–allows error edit routineserror edit routines

To identify the wrong type of dataTo identify the wrong type of data To review a printed representation of the To review a printed representation of the

entered dataentered data To produce a data/column list procedure To produce a data/column list procedure

for the entered datafor the entered data To find the appropriate questionnaire and To find the appropriate questionnaire and

verify the proper response (code)verify the proper response (code)

Error Detection Illustrate a process for detecting errors in data entry

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Exhibit 14.7 Illustrate a process for detecting errors in data entry

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TabulationTabulation Simple process of counting the number Simple process of counting the number

of observations that are classified into of observations that are classified into certain categoriescertain categories Simple one-way tabulationSimple one-way tabulation Cross-tabulationCross-tabulation

Use and purpose of tabulationUse and purpose of tabulation Range from further validation of the Range from further validation of the

accuracy of the data to the reporting of accuracy of the data to the reporting of research resultsresearch results

Data Tabulation Discuss techniques used for data tabulation and data analysis

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One-way Tabulations One-way Tabulations 1.1.To determine the degree of non-response to To determine the degree of non-response to

individual questionsindividual questions

2.2. To locate blunders of simple errors in the data To locate blunders of simple errors in the data entryentry

3.3. To calculate summary statistics on various To calculate summary statistics on various questionsquestions1.1. MeansMeans2.2. Standard deviationsStandard deviations3.3. Related descriptive statisticsRelated descriptive statistics

4.4. To communicate the results of the research To communicate the results of the research projectproject


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One-way frequency tableOne-way frequency table–– the number of respondents who the number of respondents who

responded to each possible response responded to each possible response to a questions given the available to a questions given the available alternatives alternatives

One-way Frequency Table IdentifyOne-way Frequency Table Identify Missing dataMissing data Determining valid percentagesDetermining valid percentages Summary statisticsSummary statistics


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Cross-tabulationsCross-tabulations to determine whether certain to determine whether certain

variables differ when compared variables differ when compared among various subgroups of the among various subgroups of the total sampletotal sample Primary form of data analysis Primary form of data analysis Key elementsKey elements

How to develop the cross-tabulationHow to develop the cross-tabulation How to interpret the outcomeHow to interpret the outcome

Shows frequencies and percentages, with Shows frequencies and percentages, with percentages existing for both rows and percentages existing for both rows and columnscolumns


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Issues to Be ConsideredIssues to Be Considered

The judgment of the analyst–the selection of variable The judgment of the analyst–the selection of variable (question) to use when examining relationships(question) to use when examining relationships

Demographic variables or lifestyle/psychographic Demographic variables or lifestyle/psychographic characteristics–the starting point in developing characteristics–the starting point in developing cross-tabulationscross-tabulations

Technique is simple–often difficult to interpret Technique is simple–often difficult to interpret

Keep research objectives in mind when constructing Keep research objectives in mind when constructing and using tablesand using tables

Spreadsheets helpSpreadsheets help


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Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive Statistics to summarize and describe the data to summarize and describe the data

obtained from a sample of obtained from a sample of respondentsrespondents

Two Types of MeasuresTwo Types of Measures

Central tendencyCentral tendency

DispersionDispersion


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Graphical IllustrationGraphical Illustration translation of one-way frequency translation of one-way frequency

and cross-tabulation tables into and cross-tabulation tables into graphsgraphs

Graphical illustrationsGraphical illustrations a very powerful technique for a very powerful technique for

communicating key research results communicating key research results generated from preliminary data generated from preliminary data analysis to the clientanalysis to the client


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Value of Preparing Data for AnalysisValue of Preparing Data for Analysis Data ValidationData Validation Data Editing and CodingData Editing and Coding The Coding ProcessThe Coding Process Data EntryData Entry Error DetectionError Detection Data TabulationData Tabulation

Summary

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To Do’s To Do’s

Compete LAB 1 for beginning of Compete LAB 1 for beginning of next class 5%next class 5%

Complete assigned readingsComplete assigned readings Read Research DocumentRead Research Document

Documents

1 QUANTITATIVE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS MARK 2048 Instructor: Armand GervaisEmail: