1 MET 112 Global Climate Change MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11 Climate Change: Connections Menglin Jin San Jose State University Outline

1 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange

MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11

Climate Change: Connections

Menglin JinSan Jose State University

Outline Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion Water - FilmWater - Film PerspectivesPerspectives

Human activity

Climate and Weather

Climate Change

Science Understanding

Policy Makersuccessful example is Response to Ozone Hole


Where are the highest concentrations of ozone located?

1. In large cities

2. The stratosphere

3. The troposphere

4. Near volcanoes

Ozone Depletion

TopicsTopics History of Ozone DepletionHistory of Ozone Depletion The Ozone Hole: what, where, why?The Ozone Hole: what, where, why? Ozone into the futureOzone into the future


Early concerns of ozone Early concerns of ozone depletion depletion


History of Ozone Depletion: History of Ozone Depletion: connection between human and connection between human and naturenature Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as:Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s and 50’s as:

– 1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere.1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere.

– Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes: Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes:

– 1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy 1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s can destroy ozone in the stratosphere.ozone in the stratosphere.

– CFC contain chlorine (Cl) CFC contain chlorine (Cl) –

Refrigerants, propellants, fire retardantsRefrigerants, propellants, fire retardants

–(10’s to 100’s of years)(10’s to 100’s of years)

Chlorine can destroy ozone rapidlyChlorine can destroy ozone rapidly


Ozone Hole RecipeOzone Hole Recipe

Ingredients:Ingredients:

Chlorine gasChlorine gas Cold Temperatures (~-80C)Cold Temperatures (~-80C)

Instructions:Instructions:

Allow cold temperatures to form Polar Allow cold temperatures to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks).Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks).

Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds to convert chlorine gas into ozone to convert chlorine gas into ozone destroying chemicals. (1 month)destroying chemicals. (1 month)

Bake ingredients with sunlight.Bake ingredients with sunlight.

bingo, a delicious ozone hole!bingo, a delicious ozone hole!

Science interpretationScience interpretation

Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere due to CFC’sdue to CFC’s

Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur overover Antarctica Antarctica during the during the cold wintercold winter..

Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone friendly chlorine to be transformed into friendly chlorine to be transformed into ozone destroying chlorine. ozone destroying chlorine.

Ozone depletion then starts when Ozone depletion then starts when sun sun returnsreturns to Antarctica in the spring to Antarctica in the spring

Ozone hole grows from late August Ozone hole grows from late August through till October. through till October.


What is being done about What is being done about ozone depletion?ozone depletion?

Montreal Protocol ~ (1988) international agreement to reduce ozone depleting chemicals

Further amendments accelerated the phase out.

– Developed countries have switched to HCFC’s (more ozone friendly!)

– Developing countries have until 2004/5 to phase out CFC’s.


The Montreal Protocol on

Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is

an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by

phasing out the production of a number of substances believed

to be responsible

for ozone depletion.

The treaty was opened for signature

on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1,

1989 followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989.

Montreal Protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989


Is the Montreal Protocol working?

Seems to be!!!

Recent observations indicate that chlorine is beginning to decline in the atmosphere.

Kyoto protocol uses similar approachStart off with small achievable stepsFurther amendments accelerate reductions



Model simulations suggest:– atmospheric chlorine will return to pre-80’s level

__________________ .

– Uncertainties still remain: ____________________ ____________________

In next 50 years or so

Influence of global warming

Phase out of CFC’s

A slow ozone recovery should follow decreasing chlorine concentrations!!!

What are predictions for the future?



What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?

No direct connection between these environmental issues.

Global warming produces:

– Tropospheric warming & – Stratospheric cooling

However: Global warming may enhance ozone depletion


What is the connection between ozone depletion and global warming?

An increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat and thus– The stratosphere tends to cool (stratospheric

cooling) Therefore, if the stratosphere cools, then Ozone hole chemistry

– PSCs will likely increase– So slightly more ozone depletion

Global warming will delay recovery of ozone layer


Over the last 100 years, global tropospheric ozone levels have been

incr

easi

ng

dec

reas

ing

nea

rly c

onsta

nt

0% 0%0%

1. increasing

2. decreasing

3. nearly constant


The chemical that triggers rapid ozone loss associated with CFCs is

Car

bon Dio

xide

Nitr

ogen d

ioxi

de

Met

hane

Chlo

rine

0% 0%0%0%

1. Carbon Dioxide

2. Nitrogen dioxide

3. Methane

4. Chlorine


The Antarctic ozone hole develops during

1. SH Spring

2. SH Summer

3. NH Spring

4. NH Summer


Global ozone values are expected to recover in the next

10 y

ears

30 y

ears

50 y

ears

100

year

s

0% 0%0%0%

1. 10 years

2. 30 years

3. 50 years

4. 100 years


Necessities for lifeNecessities for life

AirAir

WaterWater

FoodFood


Drinkable Water (Freshwater)Drinkable Water (Freshwater)

Of all the water in the world, Of all the water in the world, 97%97% is is sea water (salt)sea water (salt)

Freshwater occupies only Freshwater occupies only 3%3% of the of the Earth’s waterEarth’s water

Of the freshwater, Of the freshwater, 77%77% of freshwater of freshwater is locked up as ice.is locked up as ice.

Water is the most important natural Water is the most important natural resources in the world.resources in the world.



Today, over 1 billion people don’t Today, over 1 billion people don’t have access to safe drinking waterhave access to safe drinking water

Two Sudanese boys drink

with specially fitted plastic

tubes provided by the

Carter Center to guard against

the water-borne larvae

which are responsible for

guinea worm disease.



The predictions of climate change The predictions of climate change suggest that access to fresh water will suggest that access to fresh water will be made more difficultbe made more difficult– Changes in location Changes in location

and quantity of precipitationand quantity of precipitation– Raising sea levelsRaising sea levels


Economic interestEconomic interest

WaterWater "One of the world's great business "One of the world's great business opportunities. It promises to be to the opportunities. It promises to be to the 21st century what oil was to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th." 20th." - - Fortune MagazineFortune Magazine


Lecture Summary

Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern.

The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___________).

The Ozone hole develops during _______ over Antarctica.

Global ozone trends are ___________ except in the tropics,

Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years.

Stratospheric ozone: decreasing, tropospheric ozone increasing


Lecture Summary

Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working together to manage a global environmental concern.

The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather ___________ and chemistry (___ chlorine ________).

The Ozone hole develops during __ spring _____ over Antarctica.

Global ozone trends are __ negative _________ except in the tropics,

Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more years.

cold temps

50

Stratospheric ozone: increasing, tropospheric ozone decreasing

Human activity

Climate and Weather

Climate Change

Science Understanding

Policy Makersuccessful example is Response to Ozone Hole

Your opinion…Your opinion…


Global warming is under way?

Strongly

Agre

e

Agree

Neutra

l

Disag

ree

Strongly

Dis

agre

e

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree

5. Strongly Disagree

0 of 2500 of 250


The US should sign the Kyoto Protocol

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Neu

tral

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


Government should act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions even if it means raising energy prices

Strongly

Agre

e

Agree

Neutra

l

Disag

ree

Strongly

Dis

agre

e

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


0 of 2500 of 250

If you were going to help mitigate global warming, which change would you feel most comfortable making.

0 of 2500 of 250 Tak

ing p

ublic tr

ansp

o..

Pay

ing m

ore

for g

aso...

Alte

ring y

our foo

d c...

0% 0%0%

1. Taking public transport more

2. Paying more for gasoline

3. Altering your food choices


Global warming will affect your life?

Strongly

Agre

e

Agree

Neutra

l

Disag

ree

Strongly

Dis

agre

e

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


0 of 2500 of 250

I would vote for a law that raises gasoline taxes by $0.05 per gallon to improve energy efficiency

Yes N

o

0%0%

1. Yes

2. No

0 of 250


Yes N

o

0%0%

1. Yes

2. No

0 of 250


Yes N

o

0%0%

1. Yes

2. No

0 of 250

To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to reduce the number of miles I drive and fly

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Neu

tral

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


0 of 250


To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I’m willing to change my diet

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Neu

tral

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


0 of 250


To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I will encourage my friends and family to reduce energy use

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Neu

tral

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


0 of 250


To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I feel compelled to do whatever I can to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Neu

tral

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Neutral

4. Disagree


0 of 250


Local Action: Does It Make a Local Action: Does It Make a Difference?Difference?

““Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; committed citizens can change the world;

indeed it’s the only thing that ever has.indeed it’s the only thing that ever has.

-- Margaret Mead.-- Margaret Mead.


Purchasing (new concept!)

Consider the implication when you buy something.– Was the product produced in an environmentally

friendly manner.– Were the people who made the product treated

fairly.– Do the values of the company selling the product

match your own.– Low price doesn’t always mean the best deal for

everybody…


Goal of educationGoal of education

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and analyze…or in simple words…think.analyze…or in simple words…think.


Tips to reduce

Transport– Drive less– Public transport– Carpool– Do errands on one trip– Don’t idle car– Check tire pressure

Residential– Check home insulation– Turn off electrical appliances (lights, TV, computers) when not

in use– Replace standard light bulbs with low energy bulbs– Monitor your home heating/cooling by using thermostats


Tips (continued)

Reduce your waste– Consider the packaging when purchasing

goods.– Reuse bags– Recycle

Purchasing Power– Buy energy efficient light bulbs– Consider fuel economy when purchasing a

vehicle


A child enjoys clean water

For future

Documents

1 MET 112 Global Climate Change MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11 Climate Change: Connections Menglin Jin San Jose State University Outline