1. EGPWS/GPWS & QAR (FOQA) BRIEFING

2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 1) EGPWS QAR EVENT 2) AIRCRAFT STATISTICS 3) AIRPORT STATISTICS

3. PROBABLE CAUSE 1) ACTUAL WARNING 2) TERRAIN DATABASE ERROR 3) MAP SHIFT ERROR 4) QFE OPERATION ERROR 5) COLD TEMPERATURE ALTITUDE ERROR

4. EGPWS RISK MANAGEMENT

1

2

3

4

1

Warns the crew of a potential CFIT

Main functions :

MODE 1 – Excessive rate of descent

MODE 2 – Excessive terrain closure rate

MODE 3 – Altitude loss after TO or GA

MODE 4 – Unsafe terrain clearance

MODE 5 – Excessive deviation below G/S

• Warns the pilot of rapidly rising terrain with

respect to the A/C speed, configuration and RA

rate of change.

then

“Terrain, terrain”

“Pull up”

Warns the pilot of insufficient terrain clearance

as a function of the phase of flight, the speed

and/or A/C configuration

“Too low terrain”

“too low gear”

“too low flaps”

- contains 2 new functions :

① Terrain Clearance Floor ( TCF )

② Terrain Awareness Display ( TAD )

Air Data

Radio

Altitude

Air Data

Radio

Altitude

Baro

Altitude

Aircraft

Position

Current

GPWS

Terrain

Database

Airport

Database

EGPWS

Radio altitude alerts

Radio altitude alerts

• Using Terrain and Airport database

• The EGPWS …

- Integrates

- Present Position (from FMS)

- Track

- Ground Speed

(it requires a high level of accuracy)

- Advises the crew of potential conflict with

terrain

Terrain Awareness & Display function (TAD)

elaborates 2 envelopes ahead of the A/C

1 corresponding to CAUTION level

1 corresponding to WARNING level

700 AGL 400 AGL

4 NM 12 NM 15 NM

Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) creates an increasing terrain clearance envelope around the

intended runway…

A

B

C

A

B

B

C

Terrain data is displayed on ND when:

- ARC or ROSE mode is selected

- Terrain display selected by the crew

- TAD alert (automatic pop up)

ND can display only one image at a time

EGPWS or WX RADAR

Source may be identified at bottom right of display:

- TILT for WX RADAR,

- TERR for EGPWS.

TERR in place of TILT

Crew selects “terrain display”

TERR AHEAD

in place of TILT

“Terrain ahead”

Time to react: 60 sec

TAD alert function: Caution display

“Terrain ahead”

“PULL UP”

TAD alert function: Warning display

TERR AHEAD

in place of TILT

Time to react: 30 sec

- 2000 ft

Aircraft elevation

- 1000 ft

+1000 ft

+2000 ft

Magenta for unknown areas

-250ft when gear down -500ft when gear up

High density red

High density yellow

Medium density yellow

Medium density green

Light density green Black

1

FOQA Concept

How to get FOQA data?

Aircraft Systems

Flight Data Acquisition Unit

(FDAU)

Quick Access Recorder (QAR)

Flight Instruments

Flight Data Recorder (FDR)

Optical Disk

PCMCIA Card

Cartridge Tape

FOQA (Flight Operation Quality Assurance)

FSO

Analyze TEM

Risk

Management Update D/B

by Questionnaire

From crew on web

Hazard identification

Collect

FOQA disk Collect FOQA event

& Questionnaire

Optical

Disk

aid accident investigators

go right in day-to-day operations

identification of safety hazards

proactively identifying safety hazards and

mitigating the associated risks.

determine day-to-day operating norms

identify unsafe trends

identify hazards in operating procedures, fleets, airports, ATC procedures, etc.

monitor the effectiveness of specific safety actions taken

reduce operating and maintenance costs

optimize training procedures

provide a performance measurement tool for risk management programmes.

Normal operations: •Errors

•In-service problems

•Non-optimal performance

Accidents

Serious incidents

Minor incidents

Frequency of event, Quantity of data

Sev

erit

y o

f ev

ent

Proactivity is more effective than reactivity

2

1) EGPWS QAR EVENT

2002.01~2006.11

EGPWS MODE TOTAL A/C (7) AIRPORT (35)

MODE 2 - Excessive Terrain Closure Rate

MODE 4 - Unsafe Terrain Clearance

4 0 0

B737 RKTH

RKTN

RKJY

RKSI

RKPK

Korea(5) A321

B767

ZYYJ

ZYCC China(2) A330

B747 RJOA Japan(1)

+

27 Airports A320

B777

2

2) AIRCRAFT STATISTICS

A/C No. GPS (69.5%) EGPWS Event

B737 10 0(0%) 217

A321 13 13(100%) 149

B767 8 0(0%) 20

A330 4 4 5

B747 14 14 4

A320 3 3 3

B777 7 7 2

2

3) AIRPORT STATISTICS

AIRPORT RUNWAY EGPWS Event Probable Cause

KPO, Korea 10 62

TERRAIN D/B ERROR OR

MAP SHIFT ERROR

TAE, Korea 13 17

31 15

RSU, Korea 35 26

ICN, Korea 33 14

PUS, Korea 36 19

18 34 ACTUAL WARNING

YNJ, China 9 25

QFE OPERATION 27 18

CGQ, China 24 23

6 15

HIJ, Japan 28 17 COLD TEMPERATURE

ALTITUDE CORRECTION

2

2

3

3

ACTUAL WARNING

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

EGPWS PLACE

3

TERRAIN D/B

MAP SHIFT

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

EGPWS PLACE

TERRAIN D/B

MAP SHIFT

TERRAIN D/B

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

EGPWS PLACE

TERRAIN D/B

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

EGPWS PLACE

TERRAIN D/B

TERRAIN D/B

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

3

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

3

EGPWS EVENT (DATE : 2005. 12)

DATE A/P RWY PALT/RALT(ft) CAS(kts) Flap

position Auto

Pilot GPWS TIME(Sec)

12.07

10:05L HIJ 28 3,080/1,228 153.3 2 ON 2

12.08

10:02L HIJ 28 3,068/1,244 163.3 3 OFF 2

12.12

10:02L HIJ 28 3,304/1,212 171.5 2 ON 3

12.15

10:07L HIJ 28 3,214/1,252 150.5 2 ON 2

“Sink rate”

“Pull up”

EGPWS PLACE

4

4

For Flight:

All GPWS pushbuttons (OVHD panel) ,TERR p/b shall be ON

(TERR p/b must be set OFF if NAV ACCUR CHECK is negative )

In approach

- TERR on ND, ON on PF side

(when terrain suspected)

- TERR on ND, OFF on PNF side

Limitations

- Terrain display shall not be used for

navigation (only for terrain awareness)

- Man made obstacles are not displayed

For any “PULL UP” warning

IMMEDIATELY and with no arguments:

- TOGA

- FULL BACK STICK

- CHECK speed brakes retracted

- Wings level (turn according to situation)

“Terrain ahead”

“PULL UP”

“Terrain, terrain”

“Pull up”

For any CAUTION warnings:

ADJUST

- Flight path

- Pitch

- Thrust

- CONF or

- Initiate a Go Around … As required to silence the alert

“Too low Flaps”

“Terrain, ahead”

“Don’t sink”

• “Too low Flaps” may be stopped by:

- Selecting adequate CONF,or

- Modifying selection on PERF APPR page or

- Pressing FLAP MODE p/b on GPWS panel

4

4

• Safety committee meeting

• Disseminate the safety information

• Send the data of EGPWS QAR events to manufacturer - Honneywell

• Modify the terrain database

(RKTH, RKJY, RKTN, RKPK, RKSI)

4

2006.11.29

GPS INSTALLATION In Asiana Airlines

A/C TYPE FLEET No. GPS INSTALLATION REMARK

B737 Series 10 0

B767-300 8 0

B747-400 14 GPS 13

MMR 1

GPSSU-HONEYWELL

MMR-COLLINS

B777-200 7 MMR 7 TLS755-THALES

A320 Series 16 MMR 16 TLS755-THALES

A330-300 4 MMR 5 TLS755-THALES

TOTAL 59 41 --- 69.5% NO INSTALL - 18

4

4

1.DEPARTURE 1) COCKPIT PREPARTION a) Set QFE on EFIS control panel b) Check “0 ft” on both PFDs. c) Set QNH and verify the airport elevation on ST-BY altimeter. d) Switch OFF the EGPWS (TERR switch) function (after ENG'

starting).

2) TAKEOFF

a) Set QFE BARO on EFIS CONTROL PANEL

b) Use "OPEN CLB" MODE during climb.

c) Set "STD" at TRANSITION ALTITUDE

d) switch ON EGPWS (TERR SWITCH), and change to "CLB" MODE.

2. APPROACH

1) APPROACH PREPARATION

a) Enter QNH on APPR PAGE.

b) Set QNH on ST-BY altimeter.

c) Switch OFF EGPWS (TERR SWITCH).

2) DURING APPROACH

a) Set QFE BARO on EFIS control panel below transition

level(or ATC advised ALT)

b) Cross check altimeter with the standby altimeter in QNH.

c) Prohibit non- precision APP, using "DES" MODE or "FINAL APPR" MODE in QFE.

d) keep the QFE altitude on APPROACH CHART during instrument app due to FMS data(QNH) and PFD(QFE) altitudes.

4

1) Correct MDA/DA if temperature is low temperature 2) Correct both QNH and QFE 3) Correct every 100ft 4) Make landing briefing include cold temperature altitude correction

Cold Temperature Altitude Corrections

QNH ALT - TERRAIN ELEVATION(FT) ⇒

ΔZ CORRECTION(FT)

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

ΔISA -10°c -17 -34 -51 -68 -85 -102

-20°c -35 -70 -105 -140 -175 -210

-30°c -52 -104 -156 -208 -260 -312

-40°c -70 -140 -210 -280 -350 -420

TRUE ALT= QNH ALT + ΔZ NOTE : A constant ΔISA from ground to airplane level has been assumed.

Example : Airport Elevation : 1,000 Feet (ISA:13) Reported Airport Temperature : - 7°c ΔISA (OAT-ISA)= - 7 °c - (+ 13 °c) = - 20 °c

Fix Published Altitude

Height Above Altimeter Source

Correction Indicated Altitude

Proc Turn 4,000 3,000 210 4,210

FAF 3,000 2,000 140 3,140

MDA 1,500 500 35 1,535