11

CTC 450 ReviewCTC 450 Review

Water QualityWater Quality

22

CTC 450CTC 450

Water Water DistributioDistribution Systemsn Systems

33

ObjectivesObjectives

Understand water & pressure requirements Understand water & pressure requirements Know the basics of providing water for fire Know the basics of providing water for fire

protection requirementsprotection requirements Understand the layout of water distribution Understand the layout of water distribution

systems systems Understand the basics of well construction Understand the basics of well construction

and intake structuresand intake structures Understand the basic types of pipesUnderstand the basic types of pipes Understand the basic types of valvesUnderstand the basic types of valves

44

Water RequirementsWater Requirements

Yearly average consumption is 110 Yearly average consumption is 110 gallons per person per day.gallons per person per day.

Consumption is highly variableConsumption is highly variable Design of water systems must Design of water systems must

account for variation in municipal account for variation in municipal water consumption and water water consumption and water needed for fighting firesneeded for fighting fires

55

Needed Fire Flow (NFF)Needed Fire Flow (NFF)

Rate of water flow required for fire Rate of water flow required for fire fighting to confine a major fire to the fighting to confine a major fire to the building within a block or other group building within a block or other group complex with minimal loss. complex with minimal loss.

66

NFF CalculationNFF Calculation

Based on construction, occupancy, Based on construction, occupancy, exposure and communication of each exposure and communication of each building in a building complex (see building in a building complex (see section starting on page 164)section starting on page 164)

77

Practical LimitsPractical Limits

Flow range could be 500 gpm Flow range could be 500 gpm (minimum) to 3500 gpm(minimum) to 3500 gpm

Automatic sprinklers are effective Automatic sprinklers are effective and minimize flows that must be and minimize flows that must be requiredrequired

88

Water Supply Capacity Water Supply Capacity

Gravity system is preferable (more Gravity system is preferable (more reliable)reliable)

Pumping systems should be designed Pumping systems should be designed for reliability (electrical supply should for reliability (electrical supply should be provided by 2 separate lines from be provided by 2 separate lines from different directions)different directions)

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Distribution SystemDistribution System

Systems should be made redundant Systems should be made redundant by interconnecting pipes into loops. by interconnecting pipes into loops.

Valves should be placed to allow Valves should be placed to allow repairs with minimal disruption to repairs with minimal disruption to surroundingsurrounding

Fire hydrants should be installed at Fire hydrants should be installed at locations convenient for the fire locations convenient for the fire departmentdepartment

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Sources of Water Sources of Water

Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic rotary or cable-tool percussionrotary or cable-tool percussion

http://www.thewaterexperts.com/goodsservices.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig#Cable_tool_drilling

Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or reservoirs)reservoirs)

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Piping NetworkPiping Network

Networks consist of storage Networks consist of storage reservoirs, main, booster pumping reservoirs, main, booster pumping stations, fire hydrants and service stations, fire hydrants and service lineslines

Provide redundancy via grids and Provide redundancy via grids and loopsloops

1212

Service ConnectionsService Connections

Corporation Stop connection from Corporation Stop connection from the distribution main (can be the distribution main (can be connected while the main is connected while the main is pressurized and in service)pressurized and in service)

InstallationInstallationhttp://www.freeed.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?http://www.freeed.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?iNum=fra0204iNum=fra0204

1313

1414

1515

Kinds of PipeKinds of Pipe

Ductile ironDuctile iron Plastic (HDPE/PVC)Plastic (HDPE/PVC) ConcreteConcrete SteelSteel Residential (copper or plastic)Residential (copper or plastic)

1616

Pipe StrengthPipe Strength

Different pipes have different sizes Different pipes have different sizes and thicknessesand thicknesses

Must use correct pipe to handle Must use correct pipe to handle trench depth, bedding type, and live trench depth, bedding type, and live loadsloads

Must place pipe below the frost line Must place pipe below the frost line to prevent freezing/breakageto prevent freezing/breakage

1717

JointsJoints

CompressionCompression MechanicalMechanical FlangedFlanged SolventSolvent SolderedSoldered

1818

Distribution StorageDistribution Storage

Use consumption curves to Use consumption curves to determine storage neededdetermine storage needed

Look closely at example 6-5 Look closely at example 6-5

1919

2020

ValvesValves

Gate/Butterfly/SwingGate/Butterfly/Swing Check (flow in one direction)Check (flow in one direction) AutomaticAutomatic Pressure-Reducing ValvesPressure-Reducing Valves SolenoidSolenoid

2121

Gate ValveGate Valve

2222

Butterfly ValveButterfly Valve

2323

Swing ValveSwing Valve

2424

Other ValvesOther Valves

Check Valve (permits water flow in only Check Valve (permits water flow in only one direction)one direction)

Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers pressure)pressure)

Altitude Valves (controls flow into and Altitude Valves (controls flow into and out of a storage tank)out of a storage tank)

Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via electric current)electric current)

Air release ValveAir release Valve

2525

Fire HydrantsFire Hydrants

2626

Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystemsQuantityQuantity

Supply + storage must meet current Supply + storage must meet current daily demands (& future anticipated daily demands (& future anticipated demands 10 years in the futuredemands 10 years in the future– Reservoirs should have 30-day storage Reservoirs should have 30-day storage

capacitycapacity– Wells should not “mine” waterWells should not “mine” water

2727

Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystems

Intake CapacityIntake Capacity Intake structuresIntake structures

– must be designed large enough to must be designed large enough to handle demandhandle demand

– Must be reliableMust be reliable

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Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystems

Pumping CapacityPumping Capacity Pumps (should be reliable)Pumps (should be reliable)

– From source to water treatment plantFrom source to water treatment plant– From water treatment plant clear-well to From water treatment plant clear-well to

distribution systemdistribution system– Booster pumping stationsBooster pumping stations

2929

Evaluating Distribution Evaluating Distribution SystemsSystems

Piping NetworkPiping Network

Design life 40-50 years (actual 50-Design life 40-50 years (actual 50-100)100)

Large mains -12”Large mains -12” Submains-6” or 8”Submains-6” or 8”