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Figure: Koolman, Color Atlas of Biochemistry, 2nd edition 2005 Thieme

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Students on completion of this course would beable1. to explain plant biochemistry2. to identify the basic molecules which make up

plant3. to describe the way in which chemical

components are synthesized and utilized byplants in the life process

4. to describe the process of plant life on achemical level

5. to initiate ways from the standpoint ofbiochemistry to improve the growth of plants orto solve problems in plant growth

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1. Definition

2. Course Plan Subjects

References

3. Introduction

Basic Principle

Biomolecules

What Is Biochemistry Used For? The Core of Plant Biochemistry

Breakthroughs In Biochemistry

4. Examples of Biochemistry

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What is Plant Biochemistry

Plant Biochemistry, or the chemistry of living plants, is

1. the study of the chemistry of living things

(types, structures & reactions)2. the study of the process of plant life on a

chemical level

3. the study of molecular basis of plant life or

the study of the way in which chemicalcomponents are synthesized and utilized by

plants in the life process (growth &

development).

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Pendahuluan: Definisi biokimia, prinsip dasar, inti biokimia, biomolekul, manfaatbiokimia secara luas, peran biokimia dalam pertanian, dan trobosan dalam biokimia

Pengenalan enzim: Sejarah enzim, sifat (struktur, ciri enzim dan fungsi), penamaan(numenklatur), model penyatuan enzim-substrat

Kinetik reaksi enzimatis: Model reaksi kimia enzim (zero dan first order), model

Michaelis-Menten, model terapan untuk Michaelis-Menten melalui pendekatan Line-Weaver-Burk, Eadie Hofstee dan Hanes-Woolf

Mekanisme reaksi dan inhibitor: sequential reaction, random bisubstrate reaction,ping pong reaction, irreversible and reversible inhibitor, competitive inhibition,uncompetitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition

Pengenalan Karbohidrat: Asal dan fungsi karbohidrat, Definisi dan Klasifikasikarbohidrat, monosakarida, polisakarida

Sifat dan Reaksi Karbohidrat: Isomerisme dan sifat optis, reaksi karbohidrat(karbonil dan alkohol)

Biosintesis Nukleotida: Nukleotida (purin dan pirimidin), fungsi Adenosin Triphospat(ATP, struktur gugus potensial dengan karier elektron, coenzim dan vitamin), Biosintesis

ATP dan pengaturan fungsi metabolik

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Lipid: struktur, klasifikasi, fungsi dan metabolisme lipid

Fiksasi Nitrogen Biologis: fiksasi nitrogen, simbiosis and non simbiosis,proses pembentukan nodul, enzim nitrogenase dan leghaemoglobin danmekanisme reduksi N2

Metabolisme Asam Amino: klasifikasi asam amino, reduksi nitrogen (NO3

dan NO2), asimilasi NH4, struktur dan klasifikasi asam amino dan biosintesisasam amino turunan pyruvat dan turunan oksalat

Biosintesis Asam Amino: turunan ketoglutara, produk siklus PCT, produkshikimate dan histidin, biosintesis asam amino non protein

Sintesis protein I: fungsi sintesis protein, DNA (struktur, fungsi genetik dan

replikasi), RNA (struktur fungsi dan sintesis), dan transkripsi

pascatranskripsiDNA

Sintesis protein II: mRNA, tRNA dan rRNA, codon dan anticodon, aktivasiasam amino, serta translasi (inisiasi, elongasi dan terminasi)

Metabolik Sekunder: fungsi metabolik sekunder, biosintesis terpen, phenol

dan alkaloid.

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1. Basic Principle

Living organisms, whether they are

plants, animals or microbes, are made

up basically of the same chemical

components

Biochemical Reactions

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Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea

Urease from jack beans (Canavalia

ensiformis) was the first enzyme ever

purified and crystallised, an

achievement of James B. Sumner in1926 who earned a Nobel Prize in

Chemistry in 1946

C O + 3 H2OUrease

H2N

H2N

2NH4++OH-+HCO3

-

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2. Biomolecules

What are Types of Molecules studied in Biochemistry? The principal types of biological molecules, or

biomolecules are:

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Many of these molecules are complex molecules

called polymers which are made up of monomersubunits

Biochemical molecules are principally based on

carbon.2016_SMP/MRQ

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protein complex

protein subunit

amino acid

membrane

phospholipid

fatty acid

cell wall

cellulose

glucose

chromosome

DNA

nucleotidemonomer

polymer

supramolecular

structure

lipids proteinscarbo nucleic acids

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cell wall

cellulose

glucosemonomer

polymer

supramolecular

structure

Cellulose is the major

structural material ofplants. Wood is largely

cellulose, and cottonis

almost pure cellulose.2016_SMP/MRQ

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membrane

phospholipid

fatty acidmonomer

polymer

supramolecular

structure

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Description Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats

Definition:Saturated fats are fats with asingle bond between thecarbon atoms of the fatty acids

Unsaturated fats are fats withone or more double bondsbetween the fatty acids

Health:

Excessive consumption is notgood because of theirassociation withatherosclerosis and heartdiseases.

Unsaturated fats areconsidered good to eat if youare watching your cholesterol

Cholesterol:Saturated fats increase LDL(bad cholesterol) and decreasethe HDL

Unsaturated fats increase HDL(good cholesterol) anddecrease LDL

Form: Solid at room temperature Liquid at room temperatureDerived from: Mostly from animal products Plants

Hydrocarbonchain:

contains only single bondsbetween carbon atoms, nodouble bonds (ex: stearic acis)

contains one or more doublebonds between carbon atoms-monounsaturated -polyunsaturated

Commonly

found in:Butter, coconut oil, breast milk,

meat

Avocado, soybean oil, canola

oil, olive oil

Life:These are long lasting and donot get spoiled quickly

These get spoiled quickly

Recommendedconsumption:

Not more than 10% of totalcalories per day.

Not more than 30% of totalcalories per day

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Saturated

Formula Common Name Melting PointCH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid 45 C

CH3(CH2)12CO2H myristic acid 55 C

CH3(CH2)14CO2H palmitic acid 63 C

CH3(CH2)16CO2H stearic acid 69 C

CH3(CH2)18CO2H arachidic acid 76 C

Unsaturated

Formula Common Name Melting Point

CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H palmitoleic acid 0 C

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H oleic acid 13 C

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(C

H2)7CO2Hlinoleic acid -5 C

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2C

H=CH(CH2)7CO2Hlinolenic acid -11 C

CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2C

O2Harachidonic acid -49 C

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lipids

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monomer

polymer

supramolecular

structure Enzyme complex

protein subunit

amino acid

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chromatin

DNA

nucleotidemonomer

polymer

supramolecular

structure

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3. Importance of Plant Biochemistry

What Is Biochemistry Used For?1. Biochemistry is used to learn about the

biological processeswhich take place in cellsand organisms.

2. Biochemistry may be used to study theproperties of biological molecules, for a varietyof purposes. For example, a biochemist maystudy the characteristics of the keratin in hair sothat a shampoo may be developed thatenhances curliness or softness.

3. Biochemists find uses for biomolecules. Forexample, a biochemist may use a certain lipidas a food additive.

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4. Alternatively, a biochemist might find a substitutefor a usual biomolecule. For example, biochemists

help to develop artificial sweeteners.

5. Biochemists can help cells to produce new

products. Gene therapy is within the realm ofbiochemistry. The development of biological

machinery falls within the realm of biochemistry.

4. The core of plant biochemistryThe core of biochemistry is the conversion ofsubstrates to products through biochemical reactionswhich catalyzed by enzymesin most cases.

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Isolation and Identification1. Biochemistry is firstly concerned with the isolation and

identificationof all different substances which make up

plant and animal organisms

A living organism is composed of more than just fasts,

carbohydrates and protein. Hundreds of othersubstances are necessary to the proper functioning of

the organisms

Chemical Changes

2. Secondly, biochemistry is concerned with all chemicalchanges which take place in the cells to provide for

energy, growth, reproduction, and aging.

Protoplasm is an aqueous solution of certain

substances with other colloidally dispersed

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5. Breakthroughs in Biochemistry

Two notable breakthroughs in the history

of biochemistry

1. Discovery of the role of enzymes ascatalysts

2. Identification of nucleic acids as

information molecules

Flow of information: from nucleic acids to

proteins

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Two polynucleotidesassociate to form adouble helix

Genetic information is

carried by the sequenceof base pairs

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a. a-Amylase

b. Cellulose

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ADENIUM OBESUM ' CHERRY'

Grafted Desert Rose

Family : Apocynaceae

Origin : East AfricaSize : 5'

Light Requirements : Full Sun/LightShade

Water Requirements : Keep DryMin. Temp. : 35

Flower : Year Round

c. PIGMENT

Pigment Class Compound Type Colors

Porphyrin chlorophyll green

Carotenoid carotene and lycopene

xanthophyll

yellow, orange, red

yellow

Flavonoid flavone

flavonol

anthocyanin

yellow

yellow

red, blue, purple,

magenta

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Perusakan dinding sel

pada lapisan absisi olehaktivitas enzim Cellulase

danPolygalacturonase

Sintesis kedua enzim

tersebut terhambat jika

kadar hormon tumbuh

auxin cukup tinggi

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Auxin

Ethylene

Cellulase/Polygalacturonase

Transpor auxin dari tempat pembentukan pada

bagian ujung daun ke lapisan absisi dihambat

oleh hormon ethylene

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2016_SMP/MRQ

Narcotics block the transmission of thenerve signal across nerve gaps, [the

minor analgesics blocked prostaglandin

synthesis]

The more important ones: Morphine, codeine,

oxycodone (PERCODAN), hydromorphone

(DILAUDID), methadone, + heroin [ = not legal]

meperidine (DEMEROL), pentazocine (TALWIN), fentanyl (SUBLIMAZE), buprenorphine (BUPRENEX)

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2016_SMP/MRQ

Morphine: Opium [est. ~ 10,000 tons] extracted from

the poppy Papaver somniferum,Afghanistan spring 06 6100 tons alone.

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Morphine goes to receptors (opiate receptors) whichcontrol passage of Ca2+and K +through channels, which inturn control acetylcholine (nerve transmitter) flow across

synapses.

DEPRESSES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - usual overdose

effect; some euphoria - plus is addictive

Komunikasi saraf (neuron & nerve cells) antara satu dengan yanglain, atau dengan yang lain (kelenjar, otot & organ tubuh lain) terjadimelalui pelepasan zat, neurotransmitters, pada reseptor dari neuronatau organ bersangkutan. Suatu zat yang secara mengyakinkan

berfungsi sebagai neurotransmitter adalah Acetylcholine.2016_SMP/MRQ

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Disrupts metabolism by inhibiting metalcontaining enzymes, most notably,cytochrome oxidase. Cytochrome A3catalyzes O2 H2O Blocks ability of mitochondria to use O2 O2saturation may be normal

Poisoning can occur through

percutaneous absorption and inhalation.Degree of symptoms depends on

severity of exposure.

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Sodium Nitrate injected

Oxyhemoglobin Metemoglobin

Cyano-methemoglobin(low toxicity)

Sodium Thiosulfate injected

Thiocyanate Kidneys

CN

Cytochrome

oxidase

Rodonase

Antidote

Specific antidotes available

1. Sodium nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to formmethemoglobin that removes cyanide ions from varioustissues to form cyanmethemoglobin (relatively low toxicity).

2. The function of Sodium thiosulfate is to convert cyanide tothiocyanate, by an hepatic enzyme known as rhodanese

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Methanol itself has a relatively low degree of toxicity, but itis metabolized to formic acid which is responsible for theacidosis and blindness that characterizes methanolpoisoning.

The initial step in the metabolism of methanol occurs bythe action of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH).

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Alternative fuel for diesel engines

Made from vegetable oil or animal fat

Meets health effect testing (CAA)

Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer

Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.

Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from

triglyceride esters

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Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride

with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol).

What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of

glycerol and three fatty acids:

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CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH| |CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OORx + CHOH

| |CH2OOR3 CH2OHTriglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin

R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or thesame), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involveddetermine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number,cold flow properties, etc.)

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First step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na) joinsfreed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH from water (from methoxide

formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.

H O H

| | |HCOR1 H HCO H O

| | | | |

HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH

| | | |

HCOR3 H HCOR3 H

| | | |

H O H O

Triglyceride + Methoxide+ H2O Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH

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Radang sendi dipicuoleh presipitasi kristalurat natrium (sodiumurate crystals)

Penyakit Ginjal dapatjuga terjadi karenadeposisi kristal uratdalam organ tersebu

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THANK YOU

2016 SMP/MRQ