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ANAK KRAKATAU ANAK KRAKATAU ERUPTIONERUPTION

9 June 20079 June 2007

MPAT TE-12 - 11 June 2007MPAT TE-12 - 11 June 2007

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•At 12:53 pm on June 9, 2007 Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) erupted with a giant explosion spreading ash, volcanic debris and pyroclastic flows towards Sumatra and Java.• At 8:20 am on June 10, 2007, Anak Krakatau exploded for the final time, destroying itself and caused the final devastating tsunami that has killed thousands in eastern Sumatra and eastern Java, including Jakarta.• This weekend’s eruption is at least as violent as the 1883 eruption but the damage and loss of life is much greater due to the vast increase in population and urbanization

“The Paroxysm, the Flood,

and the Crack of Doom” *

* Simon Winchester, “Krakatoa-The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883”* Simon Winchester, “Krakatoa-The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883”

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Sunda StraitSunda Strait

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JakartaJakarta

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Anak KratauAnak Kratau

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•15 March 2007–5.6 magnitude earthquake 15km below Anak Krakatau occurs and is latest in series of “significant” tremors in last 5 years–These earthquakes reflect the build up and release of tectonic stress in the Sunda Strait vicinity

•22 March–Mild ash and steam eruption, sending plumes of ash up to 10 km into the atmosphere

•April–Mild tremors and increasing eruptions occur through April–Ash-laden gas columns rise from crater–Banks of pumice are common sights in the Sunda Strait

The Prelude

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March 2007 Eruption

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April 2007 Eruption

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•May–Explosive eruptions increase, caldera wall collapses, new vents open on north and east side of volcano–Atmosphere over Sunda Strait, western Java and eastern Sumatra becomes filled with ash–Lloyds of London informs its insured shippers to avoid the Sunda Strait. Other underwriters follow suit

•June –Government of Indonesia (GOI) orders evacuation of Legundi, Sebuku, Sebesi islands to be evacuated–TNI Navy enforces 12km exclusion zone around Anak Krakatau complex–GOI urges residents in low lying areas around Lampung Bay, Bakauheni on eastern Sumatra and coastal towns on western Java

The Prelude

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May 2007 Eruption

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May 2007 EruptionCaldera wall collapses

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•9 June (Saturday)–1253: Anak Krakatau explodes sending a black, churning cloud of volcanic debris 25km into the atmosphere. Within four hours the cloud rises to 37km and spreads rapidly towards the northeast–1510: Eruptions are now continuous, occurring every 10-12 minutes.

Hot ash and pumice falls within a 25 km radius of Anak Krakatau.

Wooden vessels (traditional sailing schooners-pinisi) are burned and sink. There are no reported survivors.

TNI vessel monitoring area hit by pyroclastic flow and suffers severe damage.

–1610: Large pyroclastic flows sweep northwards burning wooden ships, boats, buildings and vegitation. Thousands are killed or burned.

“D” (Disaster) Day…….

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•9 June (Saturday)–1813: Soekarno-Hatta International Airport and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport cease all flight operations due to heavy ash in the atmosphere. In-bound international flights are diverted to Denpasar, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur.–2039: 7.9 magnitude quake shakes western Sumatra, causing damage to high rise buildings, shopping plazas and industrial plants. No tsunami is generated

“D” Day…….

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•10 June (Sunday)–0530: An enormous explosion occurs, sending ash, rock and gas high into the atmosphere, and generating a tsunami 35 meters in height devastating areas in the Sunda Strait–0642: A second large explosion generates more ash, debris and a second tsunami of 30 meters.–0820: The third and final explosion was the loudest and worst

The ash plume exceeded 40 km in height The final explosion was heard in Perth, Australia (3,100 km) and Mauritius (4,800 km), and reached a volume of 180 decibels in Jakarta

Anak Krakatau is no more, having been totally destroyed by the third and final explosion

–0945: Tsunami from the third explosion reaches Jakarta with a 3 meter wave, inundating large areas of the city

D + 1

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Krakatau Eruption 1883

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•10 June (Sunday)–Bandarlampung (population 930,723) overlooking Teluk Lampung flooded in coastal section of city

Eyewitness and preliminary official reports indicate massive destruction and thousands of deaths

“…huge wave just covered the city…houses, cars, trees people just swept away……”

–Bakauheni (Sumatra ferry terminus) and Merak (Java ferry terminus) destroyed

–Oil rigs in Sunda Strait (near Java coastline) desroyed–Western Java towns destroyed or severely damaged:

Anyer Karang Bolong Carita Labuan Citeureu Sumur

– Industrial plants, including chemical plants, in Java damaged

Efforts to contain spills in chemical plant unsuccessful

D + 1: Immediate Effects

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•11 June (Monday)-Jakarta Death and Destruction–Thousands dead from tsunami-no firm numbers–Ash, falling pumice-caused fires killed hundreds more–Large areas of low-lying residential areas destroyed or damaged–Port facilities damaged–Bridges and expressways damaged –Tall buildings, large shopping plazas damaged

D + 2: Immediate Effects

Destruction Areas

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•11 June (Monday)–Eruption column reaches heights in excess of 40 km–Pumice banks crowd harbors in western Java and eastern Sumatra–Commercial air traffic in Jakarta and Bandarlampung remains shut down–Commercial shipping rerouted from Sunda Strait

D + 2: Immediate Effects

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Approximate Inundation

Zone

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Jakarta-north from Plaza Jaya

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Central Jakarta(view from Patra Hotel)

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•Strategic Government Efforts–BAKORNAS spearheading relief efforts–TNI Headquarters & all member ministries support BAKORNAS

Indonesia Response

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•Local Government Mobilized–SATKORLAK PB in Jakarta directing initial response

Governor of Jakarta is in charge Many government representatives Military Area Command (Kodam Jakarta) supports from TNI

Indonesia Response

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•Immediate efforts directed at saving lives:–Search and Rescue–Medical–Potable water–Food

•National resources overwhelmed

Indonesia Response

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•Government of Indonesia (GOI) appeals to UN for support•International community of nations responds–Nations pledge money, relief supplies and equipment, disaster response personnel–Countries with interests in the Asia-Pacific region offer military assets and support

•GOI accepts in principle offers of military assistance on a bilateral basis

Indonesia Request forInternational Support

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•Multinational businesses pledge support while trying to evacuate foreign staff•Foreign embassies besieged by foreign nationals trying to leave Jakarta–Embassies plan to evacuate “Non-essential personnel”

•International humanitarian community –Minimal disaster response personnel in country-UN agencies and other agencies trying to get to Jakarta

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