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1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications

1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints The nature of data communications The data communications industry Telecommunications

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Page 1: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

1-1

Chapter 1

Changes in Telecommunications

Page 2: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Knowledge Checkpoints

The nature of data communications The data communications industry Telecommunications infrastructure Standards organizations Defining business needs for technology

Page 3: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

1-3

How Does Data Move?

Page 4: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The History of Data Movement

5,000 years ago

• Conversation• Chiseled stone/tablets• Papyrus scrolls

What problems did these methods have?

Page 5: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The History of Data Movement

• Conversation• Books• Paper/hide scrolls

1,000 years ago

What problems did these methods have?

Page 6: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The History of Data Movement

• Courier• Books• Letters

500 years ago

What problems did these methods have?

Page 7: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The History of Data Movement

• Courier/Mail• Telegraph• Phone

100 years ago

What problems did these methods have?

Page 8: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The History of Data Movement

• Mainframes• Modems• Fax machine• Diskettes

15 years ago

What problems did these methods have?

Page 9: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

1-9

What Drives Data Movement?

Page 10: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Why Study Data Communications?

The key technology of the information age is communications networks.

Technology enables global communication through the transmission of data.

Page 11: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

A Brief History of Communications in the U.S.

1837 - Samuel Morse exhibited a working telegraph system.

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell, invented the first telephone capable of practical use.

1915 - first transcontinental telephone and first transatlantic voice connections

Page 12: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

A Brief History of Communications in the U.S.

1947 - transistor invented in Bell Labs 1951 - first direct long distance dialing 1962 - first international satellite telephone call 1968 - Carterfone court decision allowed non-Bell

equipment to connect to Bell System Network 1969 - Picturefone service began 1984 - deregulation of AT&T 1990s - cellular telephones commonplace

Page 13: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS

Page 14: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Data Communications

Data Communications• The movement of computer information from one point

to another by means of electrical or optical transmission systems.

• Systems are called data communications networks.

Telecommunications• Includes the transmission of voice, video, and data

Page 15: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Audience Question

What are the business uses of the following types of transmissions?• Data, voice, and video

Page 16: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Major Players in the Data Communications

Industry Judicial/political/legislative ISPs Vendors Carriers Manufacturers Customers (Residential & Business) Regulatory agencies Technology & research Standards organizations

Page 17: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

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Lightening Round 1

Give an example of each influencing entity in the data

communications industry and describe their “interest” in the

outcome

Page 18: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Telecommunications Jungle

Judicial Political / Legislative

Standards making organizations

Vendors / Consultants

Technology / Research

Carriers

Regulatory Agencies

Manufacturers

Data communications

Residential customers

Business customers

GOLDMAN & RAWLES: ADC3e FIG. 01-01

Internet Service Providers

Page 19: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

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NETWORK MODEL

Page 20: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Network Model

A method of describing and analyzing data communications networks, by breaking the entire set of communications functions into a series of layers, each of which can be defined separately.

This allows vendors to develop software and hardware to provide the functions separately.

Page 21: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Standards Organizations and Architectures

OSI Standards

• Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection

• Created by the International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T)

• And the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

• OSI standards dominate the data link and physical layers

Other architectures specify the use of OSI standards at these layers

Page 22: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

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NETWORK STANDARDS

Page 23: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Importance of Standards

The primary reason for standards is to ensure that hardware and software produced by different vendors can work together.

The use of standards makes it much easier to develop software and hardware that link different networks because software and hardware can be developed one layer at a time.

Page 24: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Standards Making Process

Two types of standards:

Formal standards are developed by an official industry or government body.

Defacto standards emerge in the marketplace and are supported by several vendors, but have no official standing.

Page 25: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Standards Organizations and Architectures

Architecture is a Design for Standards Creation

• Specifies what types of standards are needed (application, transport, etc.)

• After architecture is designed, individual standards of each type are created

Analogy: architecture of house specifies what rooms will be needed and their relationships.

After architecture is settled, individual rooms are designed

Page 26: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Standards Organizations and Architectures

TCP/IP Standards• Created by the Internet Engineering Task Force

(IETF)• Named after its two most widely known standards,

TCP and IP TCP/IP is the architecture, while TCP and IP are

individual standards However, these are not its only standards, even at the

transport and internet layers

• IETF standards dominate in corporations at the application, transport, and internet layers

However, application, transport, and internet standards from other architectures are still used

Page 27: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Standards Making Process

The formal standardization process has 3 stages

1.Specification stage: developing a nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed

2. Identification of choices stage: those working on the standard identify the various solutions and choose the optimum solution from among the alternatives

3.Acceptance, the most difficult stage: defining the solution and getting recognized industry leaders to agree on a single, uniform solution

Page 28: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Telecommunications Standards Organizations

International Organization for Standards (ISO)Member of the ITU, makes technical

recommendations about data communications interfaces.

Page 29: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

TC Standards Organizations

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)• Electronic Industries Association (EIA)• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)• National Exchange Carriers Association (NECA)• Corporation for Open Systems (COS)• Electronic Data Interchange -(EDI) of Electronic Data

Interchange for Administration Commerce and Transport (EDIFACT).

Page 30: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Telecommunications Infrastructure

Page 31: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Voice and Video Networks

Telephone Network--PSTNCustomer premises (home or office)Local loop (access line) connects

customer premises to first switching office

Connection

Switching (Central)OfficeLocal Loop

(Access Line)

CustomerPremises

CustomerPremises

Page 32: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Voice and Video Networks

Hierarchy of switches (LATAs)

Trunk lines connect switches

Switch

Trunk Line

POP

POP

LATA 1

LATA 2

IEC

Switch

Page 33: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Relationship Between LATAs

Phone Local loopC.O.

P.O.P.

Phone

C.O.P.O.P.

Local loop

Inter-exchange circuit

Belongs to IXC (Inter-eXchange Carrier)

Belongs to LEC (Local-Exchange Carrier)

LATA - A

LATA - B

GOLDMAN & RAWLES: ADC3e FIG. 01-03

Page 34: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Voice and Video Networks

CircuitEnd-to-End Connection between

phonesPass through multiple switches &

trunk lines

CircuitCircuit

Page 35: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Voice and Video Networks

Reserved CapacityCircuit capacity is reserved during

duration of each callAt each switchOn each trunk line

Circuit

ReservedCapacity

ReservedCapacity

Page 36: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Voice and Video Networks

Reserved Circuit Capacity Guarantees Throughput• Never get less than reserved capacity• No congestion

Reserved Circuit Capacity is Expensive• Pay for it whether you use it or not• Good for voice, because conversations are fairly constant• Bad for data, because most data transmission is bursty;

e.g., on the Internet, download, then stare at screen for a long time until next download

Page 37: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Bandwidth

The capacity of media to carry data Large capacity enables video Small capacity limits type of data (analog

phone lines) Bandwidth is measured in bits per second

(speed of travel down the “pipe”

Page 38: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Audience Question

What is happening to LECs?Is their business profitable?What is the direction of

technology with respect to voice transmission?

Page 39: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

The Top-Down Approach

Business

Data

Network

Technology

Application

Requirements Solutions

Which is reviewed first: requirements or solutions?

Page 40: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Knowledge Checkpoints

How are data and transmission different? Name the major trends in telecomm industry Describe how a phone call works Name 2 major standards organizations How do you define the business needs for

technology? How does data relate to bandwidth?

Page 41: 1-1 Chapter 1 Changes in Telecommunications. Knowledge Checkpoints  The nature of data communications  The data communications industry  Telecommunications

Lightening Round II

CO IXC LATA LEC PSTN ISO IETF BPS

What do the acronyms stand for?