02 INFORMATION ABOUT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/PROJECT … · 02 INFORMATION ABOUT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/PROJECT DIRECTORS(PI/PD) and co-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/co-PROJECT DIRECTORS

02 INFORMATION ABOUT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/PROJECT DIRECTORS(PI/PD) andco-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/co-PROJECT DIRECTORS

Submit only ONE copy of this form for each PI/PD and co-PI/PD identified on the proposal. The form(s) should be attached to the originalproposal as specified in GPG Section II.B. Submission of this information is voluntary and is not a precondition of award. This information willnot be disclosed to external peer reviewers. DO NOT INCLUDE THIS FORM WITH ANY OF THE OTHER COPIES OF YOUR PROPOSAL ASTHIS MAY COMPROMISE THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF THE INFORMATION.

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Ethnicity Definition:Hispanic or Latino. A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardlessof race.Race Definitions:American Indian or Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa,or other Pacific Islands.White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.

WHY THIS INFORMATION IS BEING REQUESTED:

The Federal Government has a continuing commitment to monitor the operation of its review and award processes to identify and addressany inequities based on gender, race, ethnicity, or disability of its proposed PIs/PDs. To gather information needed for this importanttask, the proposer should submit a single copy of this form for each identified PI/PD with each proposal. Submission of the requestedinformation is voluntary and will not affect the organization’s eligibility for an award. However, information not submitted will seriously underminethe statistical validity, and therefore the usefulness, of information recieved from others. Any individual not wishing to submit some or all theinformation should check the box provided for this purpose. (The exceptions are the PI/PD name and the information about prior Federal support, thelast question above.)

Collection of this information is authorized by the NSF Act of 1950, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 1861, et seq. Demographic data allows NSF togauge whether our programs and other opportunities in science and technology are fairly reaching and benefiting everyone regardless ofdemographic category; to ensure that those in under-represented groups have the same knowledge of and access to programs and otherresearch and educational oppurtunities; and to assess involvement of international investigators in work supported by NSF. The informationmay be disclosed to government contractors, experts, volunteers and researchers to complete assigned work; and to other governmentagencies in order to coordinate and assess programs. The information may be added to the Reviewer file and used to select potentialcandidates to serve as peer reviewers or advisory committee members. See Systems of Records, NSF-50, "Principal Investigator/ProposalFile and Associated Records", 63 Federal Register 267 (January 5, 1998), and NSF-51, "Reviewer/Proposal File and Associated Records",63 Federal Register 268 (January 5, 1998).

Chiao-Yao She

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PI/PD Name:

Gender: Male Female




Asian



White


Hearing Impairment

Visual Impairment


Other

None








David A Krueger

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PI/PD Name:

Gender: Male Female




Asian



White


Hearing Impairment

Visual Impairment


Other

None








Tao Yuan

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DEVIATION AUTHORIZATION (if Applicable)

DEVIATION AUTHORIZATION:Page Limitation waiver on the Project Description to allow up to 45 pages. On July 7,2005 Dr. Robert Kerr, Program Director for Aeronomy within the Division of AtmopshericSciences, approved with the concurrence of Dr. Jarvis Moyers, Director of the Divisionof Atmospheric Sciences, a waiver of the page limit on the project description - not toexceed 45 pages. The official letter is provided in the supplementary documentationsection of this proposal

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List of Suggested Reviewers or Reviewers Not To Include (optional)

SUGGESTED REVIEWERS:John Plane, [email protected] Klekociuk, [email protected] Collins, [email protected] Tsuda, [email protected] Liu, [email protected] Hagan,[email protected] Sivjee, [email protected]

REVIEWERS NOT TO INCLUDE:

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COVER SHEET FOR PROPOSAL TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONFOR NSF USE ONLY

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0545221ATM - AERONOMY

NSF 04-23

846000545

Colorado State University

0013508000

601 S Howes StFort Collins, CO 80523-0001

Collaborative Research: A Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars

1,351,001 60 01/01/06

Department of Physics

970-491-7947Fort Collins, CO 805231875United States

Chiao-Yao She Ph.D. 1964 970-491-6261 [email protected]

David A Krueger PhD 1967 [email protected]

Tao Yuan PhD 2004 970-491-1101 [email protected]

785979618

Electronic Signature

07/15/2005 10 06020000 ATM 1521 06/12/2006 12:11pm S

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CERTIFICATION PAGE

Certification for Authorized Organizational Representative or Individual Applicant:By signing and submitting this proposal, the individual applicant or the authorized official of the applicant institution is: (1) certifying thatstatements made herein are true and complete to the best of his/her knowledge; and (2) agreeing to accept the obligation to comply with NSFaward terms and conditions if an award is made as a result of this application. Further, the applicant is hereby providing certificationsregarding debarment and suspension, drug-free workplace, and lobbying activities (see below), as set forth in GrantProposal Guide (GPG), NSF 04-23. Willful provision of false information in this application and its supporting documents or in reports requiredunder an ensuing award is a criminal offense (U. S. Code, Title 18, Section 1001). In addition, if the applicant institution employs more than fifty persons, the authorized official of the applicant institution is certifying that the institution has implemented a written and enforced conflict of interest policy that is consistent with the provisions of Grant Policy Manual Section 510; that to the bestof his/her knowledge, all financial disclosures required by that conflict of interest policy have been made; and that all identified conflicts of interest will havebeen satisfactorily managed, reduced or eliminated prior to the institution’s expenditure of any funds under the award, in accordance with theinstitution’s conflict of interest policy. Conflicts which cannot be satisfactorily managed, reduced or eliminated must be disclosed to NSF.

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(2) If any funds other than Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid to any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer oremployee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with thisFederal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement, the undersigned shall complete and submit Standard Form-LLL, ‘‘Disclosure of Lobbying Activities,’’ in accordance with its instructions.

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*SUBMISSION OF SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS IS VOLUNTARY AND WILL NOT AFFECT THE ORGANIZATION’S ELIGIBILITY FOR AN AWARD. HOWEVER, THEY ARE ANINTEGRAL PART OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ASSIST IN PROCESSING THE PROPOSAL. SSN SOLICITED UNDER NSF ACT OF 1950, AS AMENDED.

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Vincent Bogdanski Jul 15 2005 3:46PMElectronic Signature

970-491-5574 [email protected] 970-491-6147

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A. Project Summary We propose to manage, operate, maintain, and lead the scientific research and technology development of the preeminent middle and upper atmosphere lidars for the upper atmospheric science community through a collaborative effort of the University of Colorado (CU), Colorado State University (CSU), Colorado Research Associates/NWRA (CoRA), and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne (UIUC). The collaboration includes the three Na wind and temperature lidar programs managed by CSU, CoRA, and UIUC, and culminates with the creation of a Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars (CRRL). The CRRL will centralize the activities of these lidar programs and develop a CRRL Technology Center (CTC). The CTC will be an integral part of the consortium by leading lidar technology developments, supporting robust and stable operations, exploring advanced technologies, and expediting technology transfers within and external to CRRL. Both the CRRL director and the CTC will operate from CU. State-of-the-art resonance and Rayleigh lidars have the unmatched capability to provide range-resolved measurements of fundamental atmospheric parameters, such as winds, temperatures, aerosols, gravity waves, and densities in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere, resulting in exciting, new, and unique scientific contributions to the NSF CEDAR and Aeronomy research community. These contributions cover a broad range of topics including dynamics, structure, chemistry, microphysics, trends, global change, inter-hemispheric differences, and other fields, as detailed in the recent NSF CEDAR lidar self-assessment document. This community report also recommended further advancements in middle and upper atmosphere lidar technology and the development of a center of excellence for lidar technology. Herein, we propose such an effort by developing a strategy to ensure continued success of the Na wind and temperature lidar systems. This includes upgrading the performance of existing lidars through improvements in, e.g., telescope aperture, Faraday filters, sum-frequency generation, receiver components, and data acquisition electronics and software. The technology developments led by the CTC, in coordination with the CRRL, will lead to new approaches and techniques (including next-generation lidars) for future scientific breakthrough. We anticipate this model of cooperation and coordination will be beneficial to other upper atmospheric lidar groups and we welcome their participation. We also expect that this form of exchange will facilitate mutual technology advancements and move the lidar field ahead more rapidly. Intellectual Merit. The proposed effort will consolidate and advance middle and upper atmosphere lidar systems leading to 1) improved coordination, performance, and scientific productivity of the three Na lidars currently at low-, middle-, and high-latitudes, 2) more rapid and more efficient advances in lidar technology developments, implementations, and transfers, 3) active education and training, guest investigator, and outreach programs to educate future researchers and broaden the lidar user base in the upper atmosphere community, and 4) a coordinated vision and plan for the upper atmosphere lidar community. The expanded measurement capabilities and community involvement anticipated within CRRL, especially the ability of the Na lidars to measure both temperature and winds day and night, and the ability of the lidars to support and enhance correlative instrumentation at key sites, will ensure the maximum scientific benefit and the broadest possible applications of these systems. Finally, CTC technology developments will strive to ensure the most efficient and comprehensive utilization of advancing technologies to the benefit of lidar research within and outside of the CRRL. Broader Impacts. Proposed CRRL activities will have a broad impact 1) by enhancing the infrastructure for middle and upper atmosphere research and 2) by defining a new means of educating, managing and coordinating correlative research activities. The greatest research benefits will occur through comprehensive and coordinated studies that merge multiple data sets and diverse scientific interests which will enable the greatest scientific return on the research investment. CTC technology developments will also benefit from, and be of benefit to, technology developments currently outside the Aeronomy community. The anticipated CRRL education, training, and guest investigator programs will ensure a group of talented and enthusiastic users to pursue lidar developments and applications in the future.

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TABLE OF CONTENTSFor font size and page formatting specifications, see GPG section II.C.

Total No. of Page No.*Pages (Optional)*

Cover Sheet for Proposal to the National Science Foundation

Project Summary (not to exceed 1 page)

Table of Contents

Project Description (Including Results from Prior

NSF Support) (not to exceed 15 pages) (Exceed only if allowed by aspecific program announcement/solicitation or if approved inadvance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)

References Cited

Biographical Sketches (Not to exceed 2 pages each)

Budget (Plus up to 3 pages of budget justification)

Current and Pending Support

Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources

Special Information/Supplementary Documentation

Appendix (List below. )

(Include only if allowed by a specific program announcement/solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSFAssistant Director or designee)

Appendix Items:

*Proposers may select any numbering mechanism for the proposal. The entire proposal however, must be paginated.Complete both columns only if the proposal is numbered consecutively.

1

1

45

6

6

8

5

2

2

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TABLE OF CONTENTSFor font size and page formatting specifications, see GPG section II.C.

Total No. of Page No.*Pages (Optional)*

Cover Sheet for Proposal to the National Science Foundation

Project Summary (not to exceed 1 page)

Table of Contents

Project Description (Including Results from Prior

NSF Support) (not to exceed 15 pages) (Exceed only if allowed by aspecific program announcement/solicitation or if approved inadvance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)

References Cited

Biographical Sketches (Not to exceed 2 pages each)

Budget (Plus up to 3 pages of budget justification)

Current and Pending Support

Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources

Special Information/Supplementary Documentation

Appendix (List below. )

(Include only if allowed by a specific program announcement/solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSFAssistant Director or designee)

Appendix Items:

*Proposers may select any numbering mechanism for the proposal. The entire proposal however, must be paginated.Complete both columns only if the proposal is numbered consecutively.

1

0

3

7

2

1

2

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C. Project Description 1. Introduction The upper atmospheric science community is entering a new era in the manner in which research is pursued with its various observing systems. We have evolved from single instruments to either clustered instrumentation at one site or distributed instruments over several sites addressing more global dynamics. We are also evolving, where appropriate, toward the greater goal of understanding the atmospheric system as a whole, rather than through isolated studies that cannot address the coupling across many spatial and temporal scales that is now recognized to be essential to this broader understanding. Thus, instrumentation measuring the upper atmosphere is taking on a larger task than ever before. Our instrumentation must continue to provide traditional measurements and implement technological advances. We must also ensure that measurements are rapidly disseminated to the community, coordinated with other instruments or sites, calibrated with similar instrumentation, assimilated with complementary data sets, and performed routinely, robustly, and yielding high quality data. In the case of lidars, such needs require that we achieve greater coordination, efficiency, observing time, and community research involvement than has occurred to date. Resonance and Rayleigh lidars have advanced rapidly over the last few years and are now maturing to the status of robust, reliable systems that can significantly advance the NSF Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) program and general Aeronomy science. Many of the development costs and risks are now behind us, and we have, as a community, achieved high-power, narrow-band transmitters, multiple-frequency operations, daytime measurement capabilities, and significant shared technologies (i.e., frequency stabilization, single-mode seeding, collector optics, data acquisition, and analysis) at key geographic locations. Several systems also share personnel to some extent, and there is a great potential to do this to a much greater degree. Continuing advances in technology will also benefit, and will be more efficient and cost effective, in following this path. Standardizing lidar data processing and data dissemination will also make the lidar products more readily accessible and user friendly to the community. These lidars are also delivering exciting, new, and unique scientific results within the NSF CEDAR and Aeronomy community in a wide range of applications. Examples include contributions to dynamics, structure, chemistry, microphysics, trends, global change, inter-hemispheric differences, and other fields. These contributions were discussed in detail by the lidar self-assessment report, "CEDAR Lidar Beyond Phase III: Accomplishments, Requirements and Goals" [Collins et al., 2004, see http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/community/CLRV1.pdf]. In many cases, lidars contribute scientific results that cannot be obtained in other ways; in other areas, lidars make key contributions to correlative scientific advances. Clearly, existing state-of-the-art middle and upper atmosphere lidars are delivering a strong scientific return on funds invested. While technical advances and scientific results have been impressive to date, lidars have not yet reached their potential due to redundant technology developments, limited interactions among lidar participants, no long term plan or vision for the CEDAR lidar community, and limited resources. But given the clear benefits and cost efficiencies in coordinating lidar technology developments, sharing of technologies and personnel, and enhancing lidar contributions to CEDAR and Aeronomy science, the CEDAR lidar community has advocated the creation of a Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars (CRRL) and a center of excellence for lidar technology within the consortium. This proposal would initiate this consortium by coordinating the Na wind/temperature lidars currently operated by Colorado State University (CSU), Colorado Research Associates/NWRA (CoRA), and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and take the first step towards achieving these collaborative community benefits. It is not the intention of this group to be exclusive of other excellent lidar facilities, but to be realistic and focused in developing the structure of the consortium by including initially only those lidars that employ similar technologies and analyses. The goals of the proposed consortium, stated broadly in anticipation of future expansion to other lidar facilities, include:

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http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/community/CLRV1.pdf

http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/community/CLRV1.pdf

1) to coordinate and perform state-of-the-art research at the CRRL lidars and increase their contributions to NSF CEDAR and Aeronomy collaborative science by expanding lidar measurement capabilities and operations, standardizing processing schemes, and facilitating wider data usage; 2) to consolidate and advance lidar technology development and implementation more rapidly, share lidar technologies and personnel more sufficiently, provide technical support for CRRL lidars, and ensure that all CRRL lidar facilities achieve their highest potential. These goals will be achieved by establishing a CRRL Technology Center (CTC) that will be the focus for CRRL development activities and that will collaborate with CRRL lidar groups, and others not presently within CRRL; 3) to develop a long-term plan and vision with the NSF science community (CEDAR and Aeronomy), establish a CRRL infrastructure allowing for inclusion of additional lidars, and enable the CTC to provide technical support to resonance and Rayleigh lidars within and outside CRRL (with guidance by a CRRL steering committee having both CRRL and community representation); and 4) to develop and support an active undergraduate and graduate education and training program for future scientists and engineers, and develop a summer-school lidar program and a vigorous, CRRL-funded, guest investigator program (GIP) at each CRRL facility. The remainder of this project description will describe the technical status and lidar system maturity in Section 2, the status of operations and research at the three initial CRRL lidars in Section 3, the proposed CRRL organization and the creation of a technology center in Section 4, research needs and opportunities relevant to CRRL instrumentation in Section 5, our proposed research applications in Section 6, a detailed description of the technology center’s activities in Section 7, a detailed work plan in Section 8, a broader impact discussion in Section 9, and results from prior NSF support in Section 10. Subsequent sections provide references, PI and Co-PI biographical sketches, the proposed budget, current and pending support, and a description of our various research facilities. This is a collaborative NSF proposal with the University of Colorado (CU) as the lead institute directing the CRRL and supporting the CTC, CSU as the PI institute of the CSU Na wind and temperature lidar program, CoRA as the PI institute of the Weber Na wind and temperature lidar program at ALOMAR (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research) in Norway, and UIUC as the PI institute of the Maui Na wind and temperature lidar program. 2. Technology Status and System Maturity

As stated in the introduction, the initial three lidar systems within CRRL will be the Na wind and

temperature systems. State-of-the-art resonance lidars, primarily employing the Na D2 line, now offer a means of measuring, with high spatial and temporal resolution, both winds and temperatures at altitudes of ~80-105 km. Several different paths have been pursued in developing current resonance lidar technologies to date. Each system has also pursued a different suite of science goals based on individual system capabilities, their differing geophysical environments, and correlative instrumentation.

2.a. Lidar transmitters The transmitters at the three CRRL lidars share a similar Na technology, initiated at CSU. It

began with a 2-frequency system for measuring Na density and temperature only, leading to the first successful campaign at Fort Collins, a joint effort between CSU and UIUC [She et al., 1990]. With the introduction of acousto-optic modulation (AOM) [She and Yu, 1994], the lidar transmitter was upgraded to a 3-frequency system. Beginning with a single-mode tunable continuous-wave (cw) dye laser, the frequency is locked to the D2a peak of the Na D2 transition using Doppler-free spectroscopy [She and Yu, 1995], providing an absolute frequency marker provided by nature. The cw light at the D2a peak

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frequency of νo is then shifted to two sidebands, at ν± = νo ± 630 MHz within the Doppler bandwidth by means of AOM. The cw beam at the three frequencies is then pulse-amplified to ~ 20 mJ per pulse before transmission. The pulsed laser beam is split into two beams at both CSU and ALOMAR facility, each aligned to a telescope pointing at preset directions, typically 20o to 30o from Zenith in a cardinal direction. At the Starfire Optical Range (SOR) or Maui MALT, the UIUC lidar transmits all energy through the Coude path of the 3.5-m telescope allowing pointing cyclically in five cardinal directions. The relative photon returns from the mesopause Na layer at the three frequencies are then used to retrieve Na density, temperature, and line-of-sight wind from first principles of atomic physics. The Doppler-free spectroscopic and AOM techniques are NSF/CEDAR innovations. The technologies are mature, employed at all CRRL lidars, and shared openly within the community.

The Na lidar transmitters at CSU and UIUC are almost identical, whereas a new and unique laser is used to seed the pulse dye amplifier at ALOMAR. The CSU/UIUC transmitter uses a cw tunable ring dye laser, while ALOMAR uses a seed laser based on an all solid-state, non-linear mixing technique called sum-frequency-generation (SFG). The SFG combines two compact, monolithic Nd:YAG laser, at 1064 and 1319 nm, respectively, within a lithium niobate resonator to produce Na resonance radiation at 589 nm. This seed laser, another CEDAR innovation, was perhaps prematurely deployed in 2000. But the SFG has now demonstrated, for the past year, power and frequency stability for indefinite (several week) durations. The SFG laser, compared to a ring dye laser, also promises greater stability, higher efficiency, the potential for automation, and is nearly maintenance free. To achieve these results, the miniature resonator and light confining surfaces must withstand high circulation powers of 25 Watts, and be stringently controlled at a temperature near 225°C. Additionally the resonator coating must also withstand these conditions while having precise reflectivity at three specific wavelengths: 98% at 1064 nm, 95% at 1319 nm, and less than 10% at 589 nm. Even a small degradation of the resonator results in optical phase shifting, requiring difficult electronic re-optimization at each occurrence. An SFG laser that is not absolutely stable is not a practical device. But since installing a purge and changing from a plasma coating to a hard ion-beam-sputtered (IBS) coating in April 2004, there has been no trace of resonator failure and no necessary re-optimization. Prior to these improvements, our campaign successes were the result of replacing unpredictable crystal resonators when close to failure, along with optical re-alignment and electronic re-optimization, with intense operator supervision dedicated to the device. Now the ALOMAR Weber lidar is stable and robust and can be exploited as resources permit. Indeed the transmitter performed robustly through the DELTA campaign. More recently, we have demonstrated that the SFG can be operated remotely from Fort Collins and operated by our novice, but highly motivated and talented, colleagues in Norway. The output power of the three CRRL Na resonance lidars is approximately the same, ~ 1 W at 50 Hz. This power level is near the upper limit if one is to avoid saturation effects in atmospheric Na scattering.

2.b. Lidar receivers Normally, there is little innovation in Na wind and temperature lidar receivers. Light collected by

a telescope is sent to a photomultiplier through an optical fiber that is matched to the telescope by conserving throughput. The lidar returns are then processed via photon counting electronics and photons received are range-gated and stored in altitude profiles at fixed time intervals. Since the buoyancy frequency is about 5 min, the time interval is typically chosen to be two minutes or less, depending on signal level. At CSU, the integration time is 2 minutes; with its larger telescopes, the integration time at ALOMAR is 1 minute, and for the UIUC lidar the integration time is 1.5 minutes at both SOR and Maui.

Both the CSU and ALOMAR Weber lidars are two-beam systems employing twin telescopes. The diameter of the CSU telescopes has been a modest 35 cm (14 in) to date, but is currently being upgraded to 75 cm (30 in) in winter 2005. The diameter of the ALOMAR telescopes is 1.8 m. A unique feature of the ALOMAR telescopes is that they allow the detection of two lidar returns (a Rayleigh lidar and a Na lidar) independently and simultaneously. This is made possible by a custom-designed optical box near the secondary mirror that separates the on-axis Rayleigh signal from the 1-mrad off-axis Na

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signal spatially and guides them to separate optical fibers for receiving and detection. The UIUC lidar employed a high-tech 3.5-m telescope at SOR and a 3.7-m telescope at Maui pointing cyclically to five directions, and requires only one detection channel.

For observations under sunlit conditions, the sky background (which is many times larger than the lidar return) must be reduced significantly, so the lidar return is sent through ultra-narrow-band filters before it is detected and processed. At CSU and ALOMAR, pairs of home-built magneto-optic sodium vapor Faraday filters (FF) [Chen et al., 1993, 1996] were used, and the detected background in the photon-count profiles was reduced by an estimated factor of ~ 7000. However, the received signal is also reduced by a factor of ~ 5, making the measurement uncertainty larger by a factor of ~ 2.5 or more when the FFs are in use, depending on solar background levels. The UIUC lidar does not make daytime observations at SOR or Maui.

2.c. Data acquisition and processing With the CSU and UIUC lidars, once the system has warmed up, a computer program

automatically checks the Doppler-free features by scanning the cw dye laser and locking it to the D2a peak of the Na D2 transition for the duration of each data file. The procedure is repeated at the end of each file, and the laser is then locked for the next data file. At ALOMAR, due to the slower response of a solid-state system, the procedure for checking and locking to the D2a peak is performed at the beginning of each data acquisition cycle. Once the SFG is locked to the D2a peak, the control and feedback electronics maintain it at that position for a long time (demonstrated for more than one week of continuous operation).

With the data files at the three frequencies, νo, ν+, and ν- collected with a specific range-binning scheme, averaging is performed to achieve the desired spatial and temporal resolutions, and an algorithm based on first principles of atomic spectroscopy is then applied to convert the photon count profiles to temperature and line-of-sight wind profiles. Identical procedures are used to process Na lidar data at CSU and ALOMAR. Data processing at CSU and UIUC employed the same principles, but with independently developed algorithms and binning schemes. It will be a simple process to converge to the same data processing algorithms to make further developments and implementation more efficient in the future.

3. Status of Lidar Operations and Research Contributions

The following highlights the operational and scientific productivity of the three Na

wind/temperature lidars over the years. The grant support under prior NSF for these systems is described in Section 10.

3.a. Colorado State University Na lidar

The CSU Na lidar has the greatest heritage and the longest data set of any of the proposed CRRL lidars – over 14 years of routine observations. The development of various lidar remote-sensing technologies to advance the measurement potential with the CSU lidar (CEDAR innovations reviewed above) also provided the springboard for several components of the lidar systems now operational at UIUC and ALOMAR. Recent measurements extended the duration of the CSU lidar data set to more than a solar cycle, and provided significant insights into mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) temperature trends. She and Krueger (2004) reported a cooling of ~0.7 K/Y at ~ 100 km, and these data were included in the paper “Review of Mesospheric Temperature Trends” [Beig et al., 2003], which received the WMO Norbert-Gerbier Mumm Award for 2005.

NSF and NASA ground-based investigator funding (for TIMED) enabled long-period continuous

operations employing tandem AOMs and FFs at CSU. Since May 2002, we have measured mesopause region temperatures and zonal and meridional winds throughout the diurnal cycle, weather permitting. Measurements included several campaigns over 80 hrs, with a record 9 days of continuous observations.

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The richness of these lidar observations can be seen in Figure 1, which shows the 9-day observations of T, U, and V in 15-min (30-min) averages at night (daytime). Tidal oscillations of 12- and 24-hr periods are clearly seen in all fields, while both shorter- (and longer-) period perturbations and day-to-day variability in mean and tidal fields are evident. A GRL paper [She et al., 2004a] based on these data was selected as an AGU journal highlight, and summarized the significance of our demonstrated measurement capability with “An exceptionally long data set may allow researchers to estimate daily shifts in winds and temperature caused by high-altitude disturbances".

Collectively, we observed for 1229 hrs during 2002 (496 hours in sunlight), resulting in 19 full diurnal cycles. Data in 2003 totaled 1537 hrs (775 hrs in sunlight), yielding an additional 38 full diurnal cycles. Observations in 2004 collected another 1019 hrs of data (481 hrs in sunlight). The derived Na density, T, U and/or V, with 2-km and 1-hr resolution, were deposited in the CEDAR database for community use.

Figure 2. Altitude-resolved periodogram of meridional wind showing tidal periods as well as quasi-1.5-, 3-, and 5-day PWs and their potential products via nonlinear interactions at 10-, 14-, and 20-hr periods.

1. Large-scale dynamics studies The richness of these data sets, and the

potential of the lidar data in general, can be appreciated with several examples. A Lomb periodogram of the meridional wind for the 9-day observation is shown in Figure 2 above. Here, the white contour corresponds to the Lomb power that would result from random noise with 0.1% probability. A Lomb power of 20 corresponds to 1x10-5 % probability. In addition to tidal periods, we note the presence of quasi-1.5-day, 3-day, and 5-day planetary waves (PWs), as well as 10-, 14-, and 20-hr periods, likely due to nonlinear interactions between tides and PWs [She et al., 2004a].

Figure 1. Contour plots of a 9-day time series (days 264 – 272) of temperature and zonal and meridional winds (top to bottom) showing tidal as well as shorter-period gravity wave perturbations.

Shown in Figure 3 is an interval during the 9-day observation that exhibits large temperature and zonal wind fluctuations and downward phase progression. Figure 4 shows the sum of mean and tidal fits, with a temperature inversion and strong wind gradients for 7 hours (dominated by diurnal components) with temperature leading zonal wind by ~1 hr.

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Figure 3. Profiles of temperature and zonal wind with 1-km and 15-min resolution. The thin line at left shows an adiabatic lapse rate.

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Figure 4. Temperature (left) and zonal wind (right) profiles resulting from sums of the diurnal mean and the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components (in 15- and 30-min averages at night and during daylight, respectively). The scales are shifted, respectively, by 200 K/day and 500 m/s/day. Black profiles show times with the largest positive temperature gradients at 8:00 UT, day 267 and 0:00 UT, day 268. CSU lidar data have also been decomposed into tidal components and compared with the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM00 and GSWM02) to assist with verification and model improvements. Good agreement was noted in some areas, while other areas suggested needed improvements in the model tidal description. An example of this comparison is shown for the diurnal tide in Figure 5. Specific observations from this model/data comparison include 1) reasonable agreement, other than for July-Aug meridional winds, of tthe observed altitude range, 2) reasonable agreement of diurnal amplitudes (with GSWM00), except during Jan-Feb, 3) over-estimation of diurnal amplitudes by GSWM02, typically by a factor of two, and 4) a number of observed tidal features that are not captured by the current GSWM, including a near constant Nov-Dec diurnal phase profile in temperature observed in 1998 [She et al., 2002], and again in 2002 and 2003 (Figure 5). Figure 5. Amplitude and phase of the bi-monthly temperature diurna

he observed diurnal phases in both wind components for most of

l tide for 2002 and 2003. The red dots are GSWM00 he CS lidar h s also h lped to

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T U a e predictions. define the mean temperature and wind structure of the MLT through full diurnal measurements of winds and temperatures because of the FFs allowing full daylight measurements. Mean temperatures based on diurnal averages are shown in Figure 6. Additionally, CSU lidar data collected during 2002 were used as the main ground-based data for validation of SABER temperatures with excellent success. In the process, we learned that validation, done in an interactive manner, also contributes both to algorithm improvements and science (i.e. SABER use of daytime CO2 measurements rather in 2003 and 337-338 in 2004. than modeled nighttime distributions).

Figure 6. Diurnal-mean temperatures for days 266-268

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Finally, CSU lidar data were employed to study the quasi-2-day wave (2DW), and revealed a strong 2

. Small-scale bore, instability dynamics, and inversion studies

o supplement lidar’s high vertical resolution at a single location, collaborative studies also employi

lidars has been ch

3.b. ALOMAR Weber lidar

The Weber lidar at ALOMAR has been built on advances made at CSU in FF and AOM technol

ant time was required to stabilize system performance, we have recently made conside

"stand-alone" m

DW amplitudes in 2002 and 2004, but not in 2003, in agreement with SABER spectra (S. Palo, private communication) for the S = 4 2DW mode and observations using the MU radar in Japan (T. Nakamura, private communication).

2 Tng an OH imager at Platteville, CO, revealed horizontal gravity wave (GW) and instability

structure and motion The combined instruments enabled a study of mesopause region dynamics in a way not previously possible. We performed the first observation of a mesospheric bore with a concurrent temperature inversion, as required by simple theory [She et al., 2004b]. These observations provided information on the possible transition from an undular bore to a turbulent bore that may be helpful in further defining bore dynamics. Interestingly, a ripple pattern [Hecht, 2004; Taylor et al., 1995] also occurred for ~10 min during the transition, and the lidar profiles revealed that the atmosphere was dynamically unstable during the transition, while SABER temperatures showed the inversion to extend at least 5000 km along the track (R. Picard, private comm.). Additional studies revealed ripple patterns over the lidar site and implicated atmospheric instability on a number of occasions [Li et al., 2005].

Temperature inversions are another topic of significant interest, but their study with allenging without a full diurnal measurement ability and a related ability to distinguish mean

inversions from those due to large-scale, low-frequency wave motions (tides and GWs). Nightly-mean temperature profiles often show a temperature minimum near ~ 86 km and a local maximum near 90 km, especially near equinox [She et al., 1993]. Full diurnal CSU lidar data reveal, however, that most, but not all inversions become insignificant or disappear altogether with suitable diurnal averaging (See Fig. 6). This remains an important topic, due to expected chemical heating and a potential for local turbulent heating due to GW instability, and is an area to which lidars can contribute further in the future.

ogies, and was the first system to employ a sum-frequency generator (SFG). These technology advancements enabled stable, narrow-band laser light at 589 nm resulting in high-fidelity daytime observations of temperature and winds. Together with the two large, steerable 1.8-m diameter mirrors, the Weber lidar can now boast the most comprehensive measurement capabilities for MLT studies of any lidar at any location.

While significrable advances in system robustness and ease of operation. SFG crystals were initially very

troublesome, but now employ a high-density, ion-beam-sputtered (IBS) coating that has greatly extended crystal lifetime and lessened service needs. The electronics were also upgraded in 2004 and now perform as initially planned. Indeed, we now operate routinely, weather permitting, with staff in Norway.

The Weber lidar has performed measurements extending over several years, both in aode and as a part of several large collaborative measurement programs. While dual-beam Weber

lidar measurements of winds and temperatures, daytime or nighttime, by themselves allow for impressive characterization of the dynamical environment near the mesopause, it is through collaborative measurements with other ground-based and in situ instrumentation that the greatest benefits are realized. Indeed, it is the instrument suite at ALOMAR, especially the Weber lidar, that has attracted significant research and measurement resources to the Andoya Rocket Range (ARR) at Andenes, Norway (69.3oN) and the ALOMAR observatory itself. Measurement campaigns in which the Weber lidar has participated to date include MIDAS (Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Structure) (2001, 2003), MaCWAVE (Mountain and Convective Waves Ascending Vertically) (2002, 2003), DELTA (2004), and ROMA (2005), the latter of which are only now performing data analyses. Despite these many contributions, the

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Weber lidar has only recently achieved stable and robust operations, and it has yet to benefit from the new mirrors scheduled for installation this fall that will increase photon counts by a further 2-3 times.

1. Summer MLT Dynamics Studies

he dynamics and microphysics of the summer MLT were the focus of the MaCWAVE/MIDAS rogram

. Examples

igure 7. Hourly-mean temperatures with the Weber lidar

These observations were compared to previous measurements of the summer MLT at ALOMAR

T

p performed on 1 and 4 July 2002 that was the most comprehensive to date. In all, 28 rockets were launched in two salvoes into full daylight conditions. The Weber lidar performed temperature and wind measurements throughout both salvoes. These data reveal a rich spectrum of dynamical and potential microphysical processes in the MLT, with modulations of the Na altitudes by large- and small-scale wave motions, regions of apparent instability and overturning, sharp gradients, sudden Na layers, significant Na depletions, and highly structured profiles. Results of our summer measurements and analyses appeared in a special section of Geophysical Research Letters (December 2004), discussed further below. The real forte of the Weber lidar is daytime measurements of winds and temperaturesof the hourly temperature profiles from ~85 to 97 km together with met rocket falling sphere measurements for the same periods during the second MaCWAVE salvo are shown in Figure 7 (left). A more focused measurement centered around the MIDAS CONE high-resolution in situ measurements is also shown in Figure 7 (right). These reveal clearly the enormous advantages of lidar measurements relative to falling spheres (or radars), which capture virtually none of the structure at the higher altitudes because of slow drag responses at low air densities (coarse range resolution). The CONE comparison (at right) reveals that the Weber lidar can measure gradients as sharp as very expensive in situ instrumentation. Wind measurements were likewise a significant improvement over other in situ and radar measurements. And these improvements occurred at a time of year when Na densities are lowest (hence measurement uncertainties are greatest).

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F and met rockets (left, blue and red, respectively) during Salvo 2 and for a 1-hr period centered on the CONE measurement during Salvo 1 (right). Note the extraordinary gradients measured by both CONE and the Weber lidar during this period (Fritts et al., 2004). and revealed a dramatically different mean state during 2002 relative to earlier and later years, suggesting greater inter-annual variability than had been thought to occur previously. These differences were quantified by comparing the mean fields obtained during MaCWAVE/MIDAS with previous mean fields [Goldberg et al., 2004]. General circulation model (GCM) studies by Becker et al. [2004] and Becker and

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Fritts [2005] suggested this northern hemisphere summer mean response, and specific details such as enhanced GW variances and enhanced turbulence intensities [Fritts et al., 2004; Rapp et al., 2004; Williams et al., 2004], could all be attributed to enhanced planetary wave (PW) activity in the southern hemisphere. These results have confirmed that studies motivated in large part by the Weber lidar have made dramatic contributions to our understanding of the MLT and the lower boundary of the "Space Weather" environment.

2. Winter MLT Dynamics Studies

eber lidar observations have also played a central role in the winter MaCWAVE rocket and ground-

ments during the MaCW

Figure 8. Temperatures, zonal winds, and Na densities obtained

igure 9. Zonal and meridional winds exhibiting apparent PW

Additional results of the winter campaign, again enabled by Weber lidar definition of the large-

Wbased measurements performed at ARR and ESRANGE, Sweden. These helped to define the

large- and small-scale structures in the wind and temperature fields that are currently being analyzed and prepared for a MaCWAVE special issue of Annals Geophysica. The large-scale structure has been associated with a large enhancement in the semidiurnal tide apparently exhibiting PW modulation and a possible nonlinear interaction with the terdiurnal tide. While our analysis is preliminary, we believe this data set will help us to identify the interactions that couple the various tidal and PW motions, especially as the Weber lidar defines both the temperature and wind structures of these motions.

Examples of the Weber lidar temperature, wind, and Na density measureAVE winter campaign are shown in Figure 8. These exhibit a clear semidiurnal tide, with

modulations by GWs at higher frequencies and smaller scales. An indication of the variability in the tidal and PW fields is provided by hourly-averaged zonal and meridional winds obtained with the Weber lidar and the meteor radar at 88 km altitude. These are shown together in Figure 9, with the meridional winds displaced by 3 hr to compensate for the phase quadrature in the semidiurnal tidal motion. These data exhibit the apparent exchange of tidal energy among modes noted above.

during 28/29 January 2003 with the Weber lidar during an exceptionally large semidiurnal tidal response. Famplitude modulation and a transition from terdiurnal to semi-diurnal behavior over several days [Singer et al., 2005].

scale flow and the tidal and PW structures, are addressing GW propagation and filtering due to a stratospheric warming that occurred during this time, GW momentum fluxes in the presence of mean and tidal shears, and the anisotropy of the GW field resulting from mean and tidal filtering.

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3. Microphysical studies

The Weber lidar is contributing to microphysical studies through measurements of Na densities, mpera

4. European contributions

European colleagues, particularly at the Inst. of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in Germany and at the Nor

f mainten

.c. University of Illinois Na lidar

The University of Illinois Na wind and temperature lidar was initially developed through the collabor

blems and con

these data [States and Gardner, 1999, 2000a, 2000b].

te tures, and vertical transport in concert with radar measurements of PMSE [She et al., 2005] and Rayleigh lidar and satellite measurements of noctilucent clouds (NLC) [Goldberg et al., 2004]. We are also anticipating a collaborative study addressing Na chemistry with Prof. John Plane, who has already performed correlative measurements at ALOMAR, to understand the variable D1/D2 ratio in the Na nightglow. Finally, we recently completed measurements in support of the Japanese DELTA rocket campaign. The DELTA campaign concentrated on auroral dynamics, but we were fortunate to observe a highly wave-perturbed mesopause region at the time of the launch. There were four layers with an adiabatic lapse rate caused by a large mean gradient perturbed by a short vertical wavelength GW. We are currently analyzing the clustered lidar, rocket, optical, and radar data to study this extreme event in detail.

wegian Def. Research Estab. (FFI) in Norway, have made contributions that significantly enhance the value, and/or reduce the cost, of our own operations at ALOMAR. Our collaborators at FFI include Dr. Ulf-Peter Hoppe, Dr. Ulrich Blum, and two graduate students (D. Heinrich and H. Nesse), who are already trained to trouble-shoot and operate the Weber lidar with only remote assistance from Colorado State Univ. (CSU) and Colorado Res. Assoc./NWRA (CoRA) personnel. FFI personnel can easily travel to ALOMAR when the weather is good, so we anticipate a significant increase in hours of operation. Thus, we anticipate ~50% of future Weber lidar observations will be performed by our FFI colleagues.

European funding paid for the ALOMAR building and continues to pay for the majority oance and technical support at ALOMAR. We also benefit greatly from use of the two 1.8-m

steerable telescopes and focal boxes (built and maintained by IAP for the RMR lidar, but also accommodating the Weber lidar). We will continue to benefit from these contributions with the installation of new primary and secondary mirrors later this year (again paid for by IAP at no cost to us) that will improve photon counts with the Weber lidar by a factor of ~2-3.

3

ation between UIUC and CSU. After the first proof-of-concept measurements of mesopause temperature conducted at Fort Collins by both universities in 1990 [She et al., 1990], the UIUC lidar group developed a four-frequency technique and demonstrated the simultaneous measurements of radial wind, temperature and Na density with a Fabry-Perot interferometer tuning the laser frequencies [Bills et al., 1991]. Since then, the UIUC Na lidar was upgraded several times, e.g., using the advanced Coherent ring dye laser as the master oscillator, adapting CSU’s innovation of AOM for three-frequency technique, upgrading the pump laser of the pulsed-dye-amplifier to 30 Hz (later further upgrade to 50 Hz at Maui), integrating a narrowband Fabry-Perot etalon into the lidar receiver to enable daytime measurements. The UIUC lidar group also coupled the Na lidar transmitter with large-aperture steerable telescopes to improve the signal to noise ratio and enable advanced studies of the middle and upper atmosphere.

Once the Na lidar was developed, the UIUC lidar group actively went after scientific producted several pioneer studies at the mid- and low-latitude with this lidar, e.g., the first heat flux

measurements from the summit of Haleakala at Maui [Tao and Gardner, 1995], vertical heat flux and cooling rate measurements from Starfire Optical Range (SOR), NM [Gardner and Yang, 1998]. The UIUC Na wind/temperature lidar was then operated at the Urbana Atmospheric Observatory from February 1996 to March 1998 for full-diurnal-cycle observations with over 1000 hrs of data acquired. Tidal and seasonal variations of Na density and temperature in the mesopause region were analyzed using

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From 1998 to 2000, the UIUC lidar was again deployed at the SOR in Albuquerque, NM, where it was coupled with a 3.5-m telescope through the Coude path allowing pointing in any direction [Chu et al., 200

000; Drummond et al., 2

EOS) 3.7-m telescope, as the primary instrument of the M

5]. The unique feature of this application was the large power-aperture that allowed for temperature and wind measurements at high temporal and spatial resolution. Most importantly, GWs (with vertical scales > 1 km and temporal scales > 3 min) could be directly measured. The system was run on a monthly basis for 5-7 nights centered on the new moon. A total of over 400 hrs of data were collected over two years period. These unique high-resolution data enabled direct estimates of momentum, heat, and sodium fluxes [Liu and Gardner, 2004; Liu and Gardner, 2005].

By taking advantage of the fast accurate pointing capability of the telescope, a campaign to study the Leonid meteor shower was conducted successfully in November 1998 [Chu et al., 2

001]. The chemistry, thermal structure, and turbulence in the vicinity of meteor trails were studied and the results were published in a GRL special issue (July 2000). In 2000, the TOMEX (Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment) rocket campaign was conducted, during which the lidar was pointed south towards White Sands Missile Range to provide a real-time display of temperature and wind to guide the rocket launch, and the lidar data were later used to estimate the stability and tidal structures during this turbulence study [Hecht et al., 2004a; Liu et al., 2004].

From 2001 to 2005, the UIUC lidar was moved to Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC) and coupled with the Advanced Electro-Optic System (A

aui MALT project. The lidar was run on a campaign basis 3 to 4 times a year, with 6 nights of telescope time during each campaign. A total of ~ 200 hrs of data were collected. Employing this and co-located airglow imagers and a meteor radar, the dynamical and thermal structures of the mesopause region were extensively studied. A recent JGR special issue on Maui MALT includes 11 papers that resulted from this project. The data from the Maui MALT project, including lidar, meteor radar, and airglow imagers are available online (http://eosl.csl.uiuc.edu).

1. Atmospheric stability and GW dissipation

Studies of dynamical and static instabilities on wind and temperature data collected with our Na wind/tem

Figure 10. Time-height contour plots of temperature, Na density, and zonal and meridional wind on the night of 11 April 2002 at Maui, HI, measured by the UI Na lidar.

were performed with high temporal and spatial resoluti perature lidar at UAO, SOR, and Maui M

can be

ALT. The mean diurnal and annual temperature profiles at UAO demonstrate that in the absence of GW and tidal perturbations, the background atmosphere is statically stable throughout the day and year [Gardner et al., 2002]. The structure and seasonal variations of static and dynamical instabilities in the mesopause region in the presence of GWs are characterized by Zhao et al. [2003] with SOR lidar data. The probabilities of static and dynamical instabilities are maximum in mid-winter and are minimum in summer, and the structures of the unstable regions are significantly influenced by atmospheric tides. The stability characteristics at Maui MALT were analyzed by Li et al. [2005].

Examples of the complex dynamical features that

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http://eosl.csl.uiuc.edu

Figure 1

of heat and other constituents. Correct measurement of the vertical heat flux requires high vertical pointing accuracy and large signal-to-noise ratio. This is made possible with the astronomical telescopes at SOR and Maui. Because of large geophysical variances of temperature and vertical wind, and their finite correlation time, long period observations are necessary to reduce the uncertainty of heat flux. The upper panel of Figure 12 shows the annual mean heat flux calculated from over 400 hours of lidar data obtained at SOR [Liu and Gardner, 2004]. The heat flux is mainly downward below 95 km where the wave dissipation is expected to be strong. Heat flux can also be used to derive vertical flux of other constituents by dissipating gravity waves without directly measuring them. The lower panel in Figure 12 shows the measured Na flux and the Na flux predicted using measured heat flux are in good agreement. It also shows that the vertical flux by GWs is comparable to or larger than the eddy transport. This important gravity wave transport mechanism is not included in most

2. Annual mean heat flux estimated with

captured

Figure 11 N2, total wind shear, and Ri on the night of 11 April 2002, calculated from lidar data shown in Figure 10.

utes to vertical transport

middle atmosphere models.

by this lidar are shown for the night of 11 April 2002 in Figure 10. This shows temperature, Na density, and zonal and meridional wind structures that exhibit a dominant downward phase progression associated with the diurnal tide and GW disturbances at smaller scales that are evident throughout the night. Overturning likely associated with instability can be identified in the Na density. Stability parameters and total wind shear calculated from these fields are shown in Figure 11. The static stability parameter N2 shows two layers of high stability (blue) associated with the inversion layer of the tides, with scattered unstable regions (red) in between. The total wind shear shows a strong correlation with the N2 profile, with large wind shears overlapping regions of large N2. The Ri contour shows that dynamically unstable regions often appear before the convectively unstable region.

Horizontal wind and temperature profiles measured by the UIUC Na lidar have also been employed to infer vertical wavelengths, intrinsic periods, and propagation directions of the dominant GWs in the MLT using a hodograph method [Hu et al., 2002]. At SOR, a total of 700 monochromatic GWs were determined. Among them, 84% of the waves were propagating upwards. The mean vertical wavelengths were 12.6 km and 9.9 km for upward- and downward-propagating waves, respectively. Intrinsic periods were typically ~10 hrs. Gravity wave dissipation contrib

SOR lidar data (top). Uncertainties in the heat flux are shown with 1-s error bars. Observed Na flux (bottom, thick solid line), predicted Na flux (thin solid line) and eddy flux (dashed line) based on SOR data. The eddy flux is calculated with an eddy diffusion coefficient of 200 m2s-2. Uncertainties are shown with 1-s error bars.

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2. Mesospheric thermal structure and tides at mid- and low-latitudes

d Maui using Na lidar observa

3. Vertical flux of horizontal momentum

culated with the UIUC lidar data using the dual beam m

4. Validation efforts

C Na lidar were used to validate the meteor radars at SOR [Liu et al., 2

. Sounding Rocket Study of Turbulence

ket was launched from the White Sands Missile Range.

. Maui MALT Enterprise

m n C Na lidar will undergo a revision to its operations in Maui. The

designed to provide comparable vertical sounding information to that achieved at the MSSC. This is being accomplished by

The nighttime thermal structures of the MLT were characterized at SOR antions [Chu et al., 2005]. Both locations exhibit strong tidal signatures in the temperatures, and the

semidiurnal tide was analyzed from these data. The mesospheric temperature inversion layers at Maui have significantly smaller amplitudes than at SOR. An interesting finding is that Maui exhibits a low mesopause altitude in July (~87.5 km), which is quite different from Arecibo (only 2.5 degree south of Maui in latitude) that shows a high mesopause altitude around 100 km throughout the summer.

The vertical flux of horizontal momentum was calethod. Gardner and Liu [2005] derived the momentum flux based on SOR data, and found strong

seasonal variation of momentum flux associated with variations in GW activity and atmospheric stability. OH airglow imager data combined with Na lidar data were also used to estimate the momentum flux due to high-frequency GWs [Tang et al., 2002]. The results show that the meridional momentum flux is towards the summer pole, while the zonal component has a westward bias in winter and no clear trend in summer. Further studies reveal significant GW damping and resulting accelerations of the large-scale circulation in the 85-100 km region [Swenson et al., 2003].

Wind measurements with the UIU002] and Maui [Franke et al., 2005]. The meteor radar and Na lidar at SOR and at Maui exhibit

excellent agreement in the horizontal wind measurements, with correlation coefficients around 0.9. These results imply that the meteor radar winds can be used to process co-located imager GW observations when the lidar is not operating. Lidar temperatures at Maui were used to validate the co-located O2 and OH temperature mappers of USU (M. Taylor, PI). These instruments showed good agreement at most times, but some discrepancies occurred when strong waves are present [Zhao et al., 2005]. Since assumed O2 and OH distributions must be used when integrating lidar temperature profiles through O2 and OH altitude ranges, the discrepancies are most likely caused by the variations of O2 and OH layers in response to GWs and tides. The altitude variations of the O2 and OH layers can be derived from these comparisons.

5

In October 2000, the TOMEX sounding rocOur Na lidar located at SOR was used to probe the atmosphere near the rocket trajectory,

measuring wind and temperatures simultaneously. From these measurements, tidal variability and atmosphere instability in the mesopause region were analyzed using Na lidar data [Liu et al., 2004]. The low static stability below 90 km was found to be associated with the diurnal tide, and the semidiurnal tide further reduced the stability slightly at the time of rocket launch. Measurements were also compared to the TIME-GCM model. The temperature field produced by the model was similar to observations, but large discrepancies occurred in the horizontal wind field. The lidar data was also used in other studies such as the O mixing ratio [Hecht et al., 2004b] and atmospheric diffusivity [Bishop et al., 2004].

6

Fro ow through 2006, the UIUrevision involves moving the system to another low latitude site and developing autonomous receivers in order to become independent of the large USAF telescopes which were becoming formidable to rent. This effort has been called the Maui MALT Enterprise and its plan can be found at http://eosl.csl.uiuc.edu/Research/Maui/. The Na Doppler lidar system is being

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assembling a vertical receiver array which is 1.8 m2 (18% of the Maui AMOS telescope) but with new sensors and improved coupling efficiencies, yielding a combined efficiency 5 times of the Maui MALT configuration. Initially, the system will be directed vertically to measure temperatures and vertical winds only. This upgrade is in development and will be tested for refielding in January 2007. Steve Franke and Gary Swenson of UIUC have visited two potential sites, Mauna Loa, the NOAA site on Hawaii, and a USAF site at Palahua, near Honolulu on Oahu for refielding the system. The site selection and refielding plan are under discussion within the community for consortium input. Subsequent upgrades are yet to be officially proposed, and will have to be DURIPs or NSF facility upgrade proposals. These upgrades will include increased array size to add capability for horizontal winds, adding a Rayleigh transmitter and sensors for temperature, upgrading transmitter for more output power, increased operation time, etc. The plan is outlined in the Maui MALT plan referenced above.

4. Proposed CRRL Motivation, Organization, and Coordination

r atmosphere observing tations around the globe and the recent increase in data assimilation schemes for numerical models

lysis procedures, and the

Na wind and tempera

As stated in the introduction, the continuing increase in middle and uppesindicates the growing movement in the community to address the middle and upper atmosphere as a complete global system to be studied over a range of spatial and temporal scales. As such, greater demands are being placed on the performance, reliability and operations of ground-based instrumentation designed for middle and upper atmosphere measurements. The middle and upper atmosphere lidar systems provide fundamental measurements of this region at temporal and spatial resolutions that are difficult to achieve by other means, and are, therefore, a key instrument for achieving the community’s goal – as exemplified in Section 3. Presently eight major lidar systems of various capabilities are either fully or partially funded by the NSF upper atmosphere research section (UARS), each having been developed by individual PIs. The success of these systems has made them an integral part of the scientific progress in upper atmosphere research, and new lidar developments are being planned and requested by the science community. However, with lidars reaching a level of systematic operations and technical maturity, the expectations of today shift from the individual research instrument to a networked group of instruments whose data collectively contribute to global scale scientific issues.

While technical advances and scientific results have been impressive to date, the future approach to operating and maintaining existing lidars, making lidar advances, developing data ana

dissemination of these data to the community must change to accommodate this new measurement paradigm. Given this, and the clear benefits in coordinating lidar technology developments, sharing of technologies and personnel, standardizing data processing, supporting science initiatives, enhancing lidar contributions to upper atmospheric science, and developing a long term vision for lidar in the community, the creation of a Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh lidars (CRRL) is understandable and arguably necessary. With this long term vision in mind, the near term priorities identified here, and echoed by the CEDAR lidar community in the Lidar Self-Assessment Report [Collins et al., 2004], are to maintain existing and productive lidar facilities, contribute technological developments for these lidar facilities, and provide technological developments for future generations of lidar systems.

It is recognized with great fiscal acuity that the priorities of the CRRL must be met through a consolidation of lidar resources and personnel. Thus, initially the CRRL will involve the

ture lidars at Ft. Collins, ALOMAR, and Maui MALT, managed by CSU, CoRA, and UIUC, respectively. The CRRL organization including its director and the director of the CRRL technology Center (CTC) – to be discussed below – will reside at the University of Colorado (CU). Once the CRRL is established, we anticipate this model of cooperation and coordination will be beneficial to other upper atmospheric lidar groups and their participation will occur naturally as the CRRL evolves. The goals of the CRRL, stated broadly in anticipation of future expansion to other lidar systems, are:

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1) to coordinate and perform state-of-the-art research at the CRRL lidars and increase their

2) to consolidate and advance lidar technology development and implementation more rapidly ,

3) to develop a long-term plan and vision with the NSF science community (CEDAR and

4) to develop and support an active undergraduate and graduate education and training program

4.a. Organization and intent

The CRRL will bring a new level of organization to the lidar community to advance its utility beyond

ion with user demand for the observations. The CRRL will

• y in management,

• function (database development;

contributions to NSF CEDAR and Aeronomy collaborative science activities by expanding lidar measurement capabilities and operations, standardizing processing schemes, and facilitating wider data usage; share lidar technologies and personnel more sufficiently, provide technical support for CRRL lidars, and ensure that all CRRL lidar facilities achieve their highest potential. These goals will be achieved by establishing a CRRL Technology Center (CTC) that will be the focus for CRRL development activities and that will collaborate with CRRL lidar groups, and others not presently within CRRL; Aeronomy), and establish a CRRL infrastructure allowing for inclusion of additional lidars and enabling the CTC to provide technical support to resonance and Rayleigh lidars within and outside CRRL (with guidance by a CRRL steering committee having both CRRL and community representation); and for future scientists and engineers, develop a summer-school lidar program and a vigorous, CRRL-funded, guest investigator program (GIP) at each CRRL facility.

that accomplished by individual efforts. This proposed level of commitment parallels the philosophy of a major facility considered by the NSF Upper Atmosphere Facility (UAF) Program. The UAF Program requires a “facility” to meet several criteria. These criteria help to distinguish between instrumentation that is developed and deployed under other grants and those supported as a facility. Under these NSF criteria, facilities have:

• A suite of multi-use instrumentatconsist of a suite of distributed lidar instruments whose capabilities are in high demand. Often these lidar systems are an essential part of an instrument cluster, like the Na wind and temperature system in the Maui-MALT program. A complexity in scale of operations and services that requires a need for stabilitoversight, and a long-term commitment to funding. The CRRL systems have established their ability to produce reliable and routine observations of key geophysical data, with some systems having recorded data for over 10 years. These systems still require a high level of training to operate and electro-optic expertise to improve system performance, thus ensuring high quality data and their products. Stable long-term funding will ensure continuity in observations and retention and recruitment of qualified lidar researchers. As stated in goal #1, the CRRL will work to standardize data formats, processing and dissemination to broaden community usage of lidar data. The continuous operation of the CRRL lidars and organization of these lidar data will require a significant amount of oversight and coordination. An integrating function that incorporates a community servicedata products; WebPages) or user support (specific experiments, hands-on guidance). Community service and user support will be of high priority in the CRRL. Regular workshops, working groups, summer lidar schools, a guest investigator program and better communications are all mechanisms to be employed by the CRRL to provide better integrated technology development, planning and support. Such mechanisms can also serve as opportunities to engage the user communities not only in the data products but also in the engineering developments. We do not plan on pursuing yet another database development project but will work from existing database schemes such as CEDAR, Madrigal, and the Network for Detection of Stratospheric

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Change. However, a CRRL web site for easy data access, instrument descriptions, tutorials, etc. will be developed. A community need• to continually have state-of-the art observations thus requiring focused

• ent for collaborative interactions with NSF in the oversight of the facility which

e propose the CRRL to initially include the three Na wind and temperature lidars currently receivin

igure 13. Proposed initial organizational structure of CRRL. Future additions could include other present

The director of the consortium will be Dr. Jeff Thayer of CU. Dr. Thayer has extensive experien

expertise in engineering research and development. The Na wind and temperature lidar systems within the CRRL represent the state-of-the-art observations in middle and upper atmosphere science. Rayleigh systems also provide unmatched capabilities for determining temperature, gravity waves and aerosol structures, such as polar mesospheric clouds, in the middle atmosphere. The CRRL systems are complex, requiring a continuing investment in engineering research and development. The results produced lead to cutting edge science, as illustrated in Section 3 of this proposal. A requiremimplies that funding is obtained as a cooperative agreement rather than a grant. Interactions with the NSF are essential and planned with the formation of a CRRL science steering committee that includes NSF UARS program managers as ex-officio representatives. Regular Meetings of the steering committee will assure that the plans of the CRRL are in line with NSF’s plan. Wg individual NSF CEDAR or Aeronomy funding: at Fort Collins (funded through CSU), at Maui

MALT (funded through UIUC), and at ALOMAR in northern Norway (funded through CoRA and CSU). We propose the CRRL to form a science steering committee, set up the CRRL director, and develop a CRRL Technology Center (CTC) for shared technology developments. The CRRL would have very lean management, including a scientific steering committee (CRRL-SSC) having community representation, a consortium director (Dr. Jeff Thayer of CU), a CTC director (Dr. Xinzhao Chu of CU), and the PIs of each of the initial lidars. The proposed structure of CRRL is illustrated in Figure 13. F

CRRL Science Steering Committee

CRRL Director Jeffrey Thayer

CSU Na Lidar

HIAPER? AMISR? Rayleigh?

UIUC Na Lidar Swenson

CTC Director Xinzhao Chu

Coordination Technology

CoRA Na Lidar

Fritts She

Rayleigh or resonance lidars, a new lidar supporting the AMISR, and/or a HIAPER lidar development effort.

ce in developing Rayleigh lidars, in facility management (having been project manager of the NSF upper atmospheric research facility at Sondrestrom, Greenland), and in middle and upper atmospheric research using radar and lidar systems. The CTC director will be Dr. Xinzhao Chu of CU. Dr. Chu has extensive expertise and experience in lidar technology development and implementation, in

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lidar field deployment and operation, and in middle and upper atmospheric research using lidar and radar systems. She will begin a tenure-track faculty position at CU in the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences (AES) starting mid-August 2005. The establishment and development of the CTC and the CRRL parallel the collaborative efforts that Drs. Chu and Thayer intend to establish by building a strong lidar remote sensing program at CU. CIRES and AES are also strong supporters of the consortium and CTC efforts, and will provide the necessary resources to help establish the CTC and the CRRL center at CU. Given two CRRL Na lidar organizations (CSU and CoRA) residing near or in Boulder, it is a natural choice to place the CRRL director and the CTC at CU, while keeping it independent of any specific lidar group. We believe such an arrangement would enhance the CRRL coordination, collaboration, and production.

The proposed CRRL steering committee will be composed of the CRRL director (Jeff Thayer), the CTC

.b. Additional CRRL participation

Middle and upper atmosphere lidars funded, either fully or partially, by NSF UARS are currently

t polar latitudes there are lidars at four sites. aska (65°N, 147°W), University of Alaska: Broadband

2. °W), SRI

3. ciates and Colorado State

4. °W): University of Illinois at Urbana

At mColorado State University: Narrowband resonance

6. SU): Broadband Rayleigh lidars.

rsity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with Maui Space

8.

ll be the initial focus of the CRRL. The lidars at Sondrestrom and Arecibo Observatory (AO) receive UAF funding and could either

director (Xinzhao Chu), the PI or PI’s representative from each CRRL facility (Chiao-Yao She for CSU, Dave Fritts for CoRA, Gary Swenson for UIUC) and CRRL collaborators (Jonathan Friedman for the Arecibo Observatory), one or both of the current NSF Aeronomy and Upper Atmospheric Facility (UAF) program managers (Robert Kerr and Robert Robinson), a representative of the greater aeronomy community (to be proposed by the NSF representatives), and possibly a representative of the international lidar community. The CRRL-SSC would provide guidance for the long-term scientific planning of CRRL and the technical planning for CTC, which would be reflected in the division of resources and responsibilities within CRRL. It would also provide guidance for the future expansion of CRRL to include other lidar facilities.

4

located at all latitudes. Different lidar technologies are used to conduct a variety of studies. A1. Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Al

resonance lidar, Broadband Rayleigh lidar (with Communications Research Laboratory) Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (67°N, 51International: Broadband Rayleigh lidar, Broadband resonance lidar. ALOMAR, Andoya, Norway (69°N, 16°E), Colorado Research AssoUniversity with Institute of Atmospheric Physics and Andoya Rocket Range: Narrowband resonance temperature/wind lidar (Na Doppler technique). Rothera Research Station, Adelaide Island, Antarctica (68°S, 68-Champaign with British Antarctic Survey: Broadband resonance lidar (Fe Boltzmann technique) iddle latitudes there are lidars at two sites.

5. Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W), temperature/wind lidar (Na Doppler technique) Logan, Utah (42°N, 112°W), Utah State University (U

In the tropics there are lidars at two sites: 7. Maui, Hawaii (21°N, 156°W), Unive

Surveillance Complex: Narrowband resonance temperature/wind lidar (Na Doppler technique) Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18°N, 67°W), National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center: Broadbandresonance lidar, Narrowband resonance lidar (K Doppler technique).

Of these eight lidars, the Maui, Ft. Collins, and Norway operations wi

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join CRRL formally or simply participate in the interactions and efficiencies enabled by CRRL, though their funding paths would likely remain as they are at present. It is also recognized that the Poker Flat and USU programs could provide added value to the CRRL while similarly benefiting from the CRRL infrastructure. The Poker Flat system is poised to pursue combined lidar and ISR measurement studies once the AMISR system is installed this coming year, and the Poker Flat lidar laboratory provides infrastructure for other types of lidar transmitters to be located either permanently or on a campaign basis at the site. This would open new opportunities to be explored, such as resonance scattering of laser light from aurorally produced N2

+ (Richard Collins, private communication, 2005). The USU system has a long database of Rayleigh lidar measurements and a tunable, solid state Alexandrite laser for potential wind and temperature applications. The USU program is also primed to test a multi-telescope design that will demonstrate this receiver technique for future lidar systems (Vince Wickwar, private communication, 2005). However, it must also be recognized that the CRRL should remain focused initially, with limited initial resources devoted primarily to the Na wind and temperature systems having the greatest commonality and potential synergistic benefits. Thus, it is not the intent to be exclusive, but to be realistic and focused in working out the details and structure of the consortium by employing a reduced number of lidars that use similar technologies and analysis. It is anticipated that, during the course of the project, other lidar facilities, such as those listed above, will join the consortium. Other lidars that we envision might join CRRL include those developed in association with new programs, such as the proposed Fe Doppler lidar for the NCAR HIAPER research aircraft, a proposed use of the Fe Boltzmann lidar system – recently returned from Rothera, and lidars proposed to support the AMISR program.

To join the CRRL would mean a commitment to the four goals presented earlier in this section and a level of effort commensurate with the other CRRL lidar groups. As the CRRL does not serve as a funding

ions currently outside CRRL by providin

tion of technology development efforts, as each lidar ystem within NSF Aeronomy has tended to pursue its own interests and technology needs. Exceptions

and non-CRRL lidar groups by establishing the CRRL Technology Center (CTC).

source, it is expected that a prospective lidar group achieve self-sufficiency in the funding of its operations, maintenance, analysis and research activities. Of course, to help establish funding, the lidar group can leverage from the CRRL and CTC infrastructure and its resources. Each case will be unique, but possible examples are for the CTC to be a funded collaborator on the proposal to bolster technical expertise in an area pursued by the lead institution, or for the proposal to provide added value to the consortium that as a whole makes the entire enterprise more successful.

There is also no requirement to join the CRRL to reap the benefits of its existence. An important aspect of the CRRL and CTC is to support individual PIs at institut

g them with solutions to problems that would be redundant to efforts ongoing within CRRL, enabling the PIs to expedite their instrument development and focus on the important measurements and science. If it is within CTC means, the CTC itself may be able to support an upgrade or provide personnel to help advance a specific lidar program. 4.c. CRRL Technology Center To date, there has been only limited coordinasare the use of CSU technology in some aspects of the initial UIUC lidar system, and the greater use of CSU innovations (specifically the SFG, AOMs, and FFs for seeding, tuning, and daytime operations, respectively) for the ALOMAR Weber lidar development. As a result, separate lidar teams have often engaged in parallel, sometimes redundant, and often costly, developments of the same or similar capabilities. Areas in which this has occurred include hardware, control and analysis software, and design and testing efforts. A major goal of CRRL is to advance and expedite technology development efforts that are beneficial to CRRL The CTC is intended to be a focus of such activity and a site from which such technologies can be offered to CRRL and other systems, as well as a center to which CRRL participants and others can bring technology development requests. There seems little value, for example, in requiring every CRRL or other lidar facility to design its own receiver system if a sufficiently versatile system can be designed to

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serve many purposes and which would save considerable labor costs. Similar arguments can be made for many other transmitter, amplifier, and receiver technologies as well.

While operations, maintenance, analysis, and research will be the responsibility of the individual lidar groups, the primary responsibilities of the CTC are to lead the technology development and implem

so has extensive experience with the UIUC Fe Boltzmann temperature lidar and the Are

igator program and graduate student training

reat benefit at the AFs) will be an infrastructure supporting a vigorous CRRL guest investigator program (GIP) and

y. A CRRL GIP

rsities, and at the University of Colorado’s CTC. A consolidation of educational ateria

entation, and to support the CRRL lidar facilities in maintaining robust and stable operations and implementing technological advances as these occur. Technological developments that will lead to the next-generation lidars, and/or benefit the CRRL lidars will be given the highest priority, though we anticipate some resources will also be used to explore more general lidar technologies as well. Thus, technical development activities and expenditures would be focused at CTC in collaboration with the individual groups managing each lidar facility. The CTC staff will consult the expertise spanning the spectrum of related technologies required by all lidar systems (e.g., seeding, transmitting, amplification, electronic frequency control and stability, optical design, and daytime operations). The goal of this strategy is to remove redundancy, streamline development activities, and more quickly transfer new technologies to the three present Na lidars and other sites that would benefit from the CTC technical advances and expertise.

The CTC director, Dr. Chu, is very familiar with both the UIUC and the CSU Na wind and temperature lidars, and al

cibo K Doppler lidar employing the injection-seeded alexandrite lasers that are one of the candidates for the next-generation lidars. Soon joining the CU CIRES and AES faculty, Dr. Chu will establish the CTC as well as a lidar remote sensing program at CU, in collaboration with Dr. Thayer. CU is an ideal location for the CTC given its proximity to the organizations having primary responsibility for managing and using the CSU and ALOMAR Na lidars (CSU and CoRA). As the director of CTC, Dr. Chu will select CTC members in collaboration with the CRRL director and each lidar PI. Potential candidates (with part-time support from CTC budget) include, e.g., Dr. Biff Williams of CoRA, and Dr. Joe Vance of CSU, given their diverse and recognized expertise in transmitters (lasers), receivers (telescopes, detectors and optics), and electronics (stability and control) and seed lasers, respectively. Dr. Jonathan Friedman of the Arecibo Observatory will serve as a CTC member, lending his extensive experience in laser, electro-optics, and lidar technology. The scope of his role as a CTC member is laid out in a support letter from the Arecibo Observatory Director, Dr. Sixto González, and is provided as supplementary documentation. Other members will be chosen depending on the need of technology development and implementation. 4.d. CRRL guest invest A key component of the CRRL concept (modeled on one that is employed to gUgraduate student research. We are eager to enhance the science benefit of our CEDAR lidars and their associated instrumentation, and plan to support, with correlative measurements and some CRRL resources, both scientists and graduate students interested in employing these facilities. The CRRL GIP will support measurements and participation by researchers. Such a program contributes significantly to the success of the UAFs, such as the Arecibo Observatorwould both make these observatories accessible to a much broader segment of the CEDAR and Aeronomy communities and greatly enhance the science returns on the CRRL investment. Such a visitor program would also be important in communicating the availability of these CRRL instruments for the broader community. Training and educating undergraduate and graduate students would occur at the lidar facilities, their associated univem l and coordinated activities amongst the CRRL members will give students the opportunity to perform scientific measurements, acquire data, perform scientific analysis, and be at the forefront of lidar technology developments. We anticipate significant training to become effective lidar operators and an overlap of science and technology involvement based on individual student interests. In addition, summer

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schools on lidar technology, data analysis and science will be organized for students and researchers to attend and participate. 5. Research Needs and Opportunities

e of the MLT

T reflects different wave influences at nd equatorial waves) contribute to the

onal mean circulation and thermal structure, re the global-scale tides and PWs. These motions interact significantly among themselves, and with the maller-

of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal structures, in both winds and temperatures, and their variability

pagation, transport, and instability rocesses make important contributions to large-scale atmospheric circulation, structure, and variability

5.a. Mean thermal and wind structur

The zonal mean circulation and thermal structure in the MLdifferent latitudes. Both GWs and planetary-scale motions (tides azonal wind structures and their temporal oscillations (the quasi-biennial oscillation, QBO, and the semiannual oscillation, SAO) at equatorial latitudes [Dunkerton, 1997; Garcia and Sassi, 1999: Baldwin et al., 2001]. At higher latitudes, GW transport and deposition of momentum plays an even larger role, closing the zonal mean jets and driving an inter-hemispheric residual circulation that results in a cold summer mesopause and a warm winter mesopause [Fritts and Alexander, 2003]. Despite our qualitative understanding of the basic processes and mean thermal structure [She and von Zahn, 1998: She et al., 2000], however, we have a poor understanding of 1) the details of the forcing at high latitudes, 2) the nature of the seasonal transitions, 3) the influences of tidal and PW filtering of GWs on the mean deposition of momentum, 4) the causes of temporal variability on short and long timescales, and 5) the causes of persistent features, such as inversion layers, that do not represent zonal means, but which may nevertheless have significant influences (via GW instability and filtering, for example) or signal important dynamics. These represent significant needs in our efforts to better characterize wave dynamics and their effects in our research and predictive modeling of the MLT and the atmosphere as a whole. 5.b. Tidal and PW structure and variability The dominant structures in the MLT, apart from the zas scale GWs (see below), resulting in spatial and temporal variability of amplitudes and phases ranging from daily to seasonal and inter-annual timescales. The global scale wave model (GSWM) and others now capture the major features of both migrating and non-migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides and have done much to improve our understanding of longitudinal variability of the diurnal tide via linear modeling [Hagan et al., 1995, 1999; Hagan, 1996; Talaat and Lieberman, 1999; Oberheide and Gusev, 2002; Hagan and Forbes, 2002; Forbes et al., 2003; also McLandress, 2002]. Similar advances have also occurred in understanding PW excitation and propagation. Despite these improvements, there are still significant differences in amplitude and phase of the mean semidiurnal tide when the GSWM and CMAM are compared with ground-based radar observations [Palo et al., 1997; Hagan and Forbes, 2003; Manson et al., 2003, 2004]. Theoretical and modeling studies [Palo et al., 1998, 1999] have likewise suggested mechanisms for observed diurnal and semidiurnal tidal variability on very short timescales, ~5 – 15 days [Fritts and Isler, 1994; Nakamura et al., 1997], but our understanding of these dynamics, the dominant modes of interaction, and their spatial variability is very poorly quantified and largely unknown at present. Resonance lidars and their correlative instrumentation are making significant contributions to the definitionat individual sites (see Figures 1, 4, 5, 8, and 9 above). Indeed, they have already contributed to comparisons with and constraints on tidal structures computed with the GSWM [Hagan et al., 1999; Hagan and Forbes, 2002, 2003; States and Gardner, 2000; She et al., 2002; Yuan et al., 2005]. 5.c. GW momentum fluxes and instability processes As noted above, it is now widely accepted that GW prop

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well into the thermosphere. Excited primarily by strong convection, topography, and wind shears in the lower atmosphere, GWs propagate upward, growing in amplitude due to atmospheric density decreases, are filtered by variable atmospheric winds, and transport energy and momentum from lower atmospheric sources to regions of wave dissipation [see the review by Fritts and Alexander, 2003]. The deposition of energy and momentum in the MLT arises from wave instability processes that result in strong local body forces and turbulent mixing, the impacts of which must be quantified more fully if we are to understand and describe these processes in models ranging from numerical weather prediction (NWP) to general circulation and climate dynamics. Important insights are coming from modeling of instability and turbulence processes [Fritts et al., 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003]; however, observations will be key to quantifying instability impacts on GW amplitudes, coherence, momentum fluxes, and spectral evolution in the MLT. Resonance lidars are making important contributions in defining mean, GW, and instability structures and dynamics at three proposed CRRL Na lidars [Fritts et al., 2004, Williams et al., 2004; Hecht et al., 2000, 2005; Sherman et al., 2003; She et al., 2004b; Liu et al., 2004; Li et al., 2005]. Such studies in parallel with measurements of GW momentum fluxes will provide the means to quantify GW forcing of the MLT to a far greater degree than has been possible previously. Indeed, besides UIUC lidar, two CRRL lidars (CSU and ALOMAR) can now also perform instability studies and momentum flux measurements simultaneously. The seasonal variation of momentum flux has been derived from UIUC lidar data at SOR [Gardner and Liu, 2005]. The ALOMAR lidar also performed momentum flux measurements for limited intervals [Williams et al., 2005a]. The resonance lidars proposed to comprise CRRL represent a critical measurement capability for su

Figure 14. Zonal momentum flux estimates with the Adelaide MF radar in 8-hr intervals for 3 days during a large-amplitude diurnal tide (after Fritts and Vincent, 1987). Note that peak values of ~30 m2/s2 are ~10 times the mean.

ch

y, tides (and PWs) re among the least understood and potentially most important

characterization of GW momentum fluxes and instability dynamics, as the details of these processes occur at spatial scales that are often too small to capture with radars or other measurement systems that imply significant spatial averaging. While GW momentum fluxes appear to be dominated by high-frequency GWs having large vertical scales (to allow large u') and large relative vertical velocities, w' ~ ωu'/N, where ω and N are the intrinsic and buoyancy frequencies (so that <u'w'> is also large), instability studies often demand sensitivity to spatial scales that are small fractions of radar sampling volumes, often a few km or less horizontally and a km or less in the vertical. 5.d. GW-tidal interactions GW interactions with, and filtering baprocesses contributing to MLT forcing and variability. Our lack of understanding has several causes. GW momentum fluxes can vary in response to tidal filtering by a factor of 10 or more about the mean value, and can thus have potentially dramatic effects on the tides and result in an altered mean forcing. Yet, neither observations nor modeling studies have been able to describe these interactions fully to date. An example of the modulation of GW momentum flux by the diurnal tide over Adelaide is shown in Figure 14. This displays a strong anti-correlation of the momentum flux and the zonal (mean plus tidal) wind. Similar anti-correlations of tidal (diurnal and semidiurnal) winds and momentum fluxes were observed over Poker Flat, Alaska [Wang and Fritts, 1991]. The GWs expected to be most significant in this way necessarily have large vertical

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scales, large momentum fluxes, and relatively high intrinsic frequencies (periods typically an hour or less). The greatest uncertainty over GW-tidal interactions is not the occurrence of GW filtering, but its

quantitative measurements of GW-tidal interactions can be found in the d

the above, there is a clear need to define the modulation of GW momentum fluxes by

5.e. Microphysics and chemistry studies

Both the CSU and ALOMAR lidars have contributed significantly to studies of microphysical

1. Polar ice particles and metal densities

hemical modeling has suggested that ice particles at the polar mesopause take up metallic atoms onto th

respond to GW and tidal perturbations would help define the key processes more completely.

effects on the tidal and mean structures. Strong modulations of momentum flux are observed at low and high latitudes (see above), and they occur due to both diurnal and semidiurnal tidal motions. However, there are very few instruments capable of momentum flux measurements, and to our knowledge none of these operate continuously. In this regard, we expect the CRRL lidars at CSU and ALOMAR to make significant contributions in this regard.

A demonstration of the need for iverse modeling results and parameterizations of this process that have been performed to date.

The first studies specifically addressed the influences on tidal structure of GW-critical level interactions [Walterscheid, 1981], the excitation or damping of PWs by GWs arising from variable source strengths [Holton, 1984], and the modulation of GW filtering [Miyahara, 1985; Miyahara et al., 1986]. These studies hinted at possibly important interactions and feedbacks, but offered no quantitative guidance. More recent studies revealed other possible influences on tidal (and PW) structures and variability. However, there remain significant disagreements and controversy over the impacts of GW-tidal (and GW-PW) interactions on tidal (and PW) amplitudes, annual variations, and mean momentum deposition. A number of studies suggest that such interactions damp tidal amplitudes [Forbes et al., 1991; Lu and Fritts, 1993; Meyer, 1999], another suggests amplification [Mayr et al., 1998], while others suggest little or no impact on amplitudes [McLandress, 2002], but a potential for altered mean momentum deposition [Lu and Fritts, 1993; McLandress and Ward, 1994]. These studies reveal that current GW parameterizations are sufficiently poor that they cannot be relied on to describe interactions with either mean or large-scale wave motions in a quantitative manner. But if this is the case, then the GCM and other large-scale models relying on these parameterizations are also likely to be much less quantitative at present than we would like to believe. Based ontidal structures, the residual mean forcing in the presence of tidal modulation, and the influences of such modulation on the tidal amplitudes in the MLT, provided we obtain sufficiently continuous (full diurnal) direct measurements of GW momentum fluxes and tidal amplitudes at key sites. The CRRL lidars (especially ALOMAR and CSU in their current configurations) can make clear and important contributions in this area, given their altitude coverage of approximately a tidal wavelength in altitude (~25 km), their ability to perform multiple-day, full diurnal measurements, and their ability to measure mean and tidal winds (and temperatures) and momentum fluxes at relatively high spatial and temporal resolution, particularly during winter or at nighttime. and chemical processes to date. The unknowns in this field are large, but the capabilities for advances are also significant through the combination of correlative measurements and modeling. Anticipated further studies enabled by the new, more capable CRRL lidars are described in Section 6 below.

C

eir surface. Using data from the Weber and RMR lidars and an MST radar at ALOMAR, we showed an anti-correlation of sodium density and noctilucent clouds and a weaker anti-correlation between sodium and polar mesospheric summer echoes [She et al., 2005], similar to previous results for potassium by Lübken and Höffner [2004] and for iron by Plane et al. [2004]. More detailed modeling is anticipated, and further observations of these correlations, their time scales, and the manner in which they

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2. Sporadic metal layers

layers of sodium sometimes having very high peak densities and generall found on the top side of the normal sodium layer. They are believed to form from the rapid convers

rs at low, middle, and high latitudes, and of their co

a airglow

thre ars have been co-located with passive optical instruments to study airglow chemistry. The first USU mesospheric temperature mapper (MTM) was operated in Colorado for one yea

lidars is their individual relevance to distinct geophysical onditions. These systems are not redundant; indeed they address complementary science goals, as there

n thermal and wind structure of the MLT

ean state with temperature and wind easurements of sufficient duration. This capability has already been well demonstrated at CSU and at

ALOMAR, where multiple-day observations are either routine, or have at least been performed on several

Sporadic sodium layers are thinyion of sodium ions to neutral sodium and are strongly correlated with the sporadic E layers

observed by ionosondes and other radars. Preliminary data suggests that, since 1999, they occur roughly 25% of the time at both ALOMAR (69oN) and CSU (40oN). This is in contrast with previous studies that showed a lower occurrence frequency at mid-latitudes [Senft et al., 1989]. At CSU, we observed a very large sporadic layer whose abundance was twice as high as the normal layer, which is the highest abundance we have seen reported to date [Williams et al., 2005b]. This sporadic layer happened on the same night as the largest sporadic E layer observed by the Boulder NOAA ionosonde for the entire year. At ALOMAR, we observed a smaller, but highly wave-perturbed, sporadic sodium layer during the MaCWAVE rocket campaign. The rocket measured enhancements in the electron density at the same height as the sporadic sodium layer [Williams et al., 2005c].

There remains much that is not known about the dynamics and chemistry of these layers, and future systematic studies of the occurrence of sporadic laye

rrelations with other optical and radar data, are anticipated to advance our understanding of these processes considerably.

3. OH and N All e proposed CRRL lid

r in 1997-98. On a night with an extremely strong GW leading to convective instability [Williams et al., 2002], Melo et al. [2001] were able to model the GW perturbation on the shape of the OH emission layer and demonstrate consistency with temperature measurements from the lidar and mapper. Dr. Mike Taylor of USU also deployed a MTM at Maui. By comparing the temperature measured by UIUC Na lidar with MTM results, the altitude of OH airglow layer is inferred, which shows strong tidal influence throughout the night [Zhao et al., 2005]. Additionally, a nightglow spectrometer was brought to ALOMAR by John Plane’s group in late 2004 to study the variability of the sodium D1/D2 ratio in conjunction with Weber lidar measurements of Na density and temperature. These measurements will likely be repeated at ALOMAR in the near future and, hopefully, also at CSU to take advantage of the large number of lidar observing hours at that site. As above, there is much that is unknown about these processes at present, and we are hopeful that the suite of instruments co-located with CRRL lidars at several sites will yield advances in understanding of the impacts of dynamics on airglow chemistry. 6. Proposed Research Directions A key benefit of the initial CRRLcare different scientific objectives and measurement requirements at low, middle, and high latitudes. Indeed, CRRL will advance the utility of these distributed sites with rapid dissemination of data, robust operations, quality control, and common development efforts in line with the future direction of CEDAR correlative science. 6.a. Mea All three CRRL lidars have the ability to define the mm

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occasions. The UI lidar will have the same potential when it is upgraded to a full diurnal measurement capability with the addition of FFs to its receiver channels and its operation is enhanced with independent telescopes planned with current NSF resources. These measurements at all sites will be most comprehensive during winter, when Na abundances are higher, nighttime measurements enhance photon counts (without requiring FFs in the detector channels), and the Na altitude extent is a maximum at higher latitudes (especially at ALOMAR). Specific studies planned at the CRRL lidars include definition of the seasonal (and inter-annual) variations in mean temperature and wind structure together, especially the transitions to and away from solstice conditions, where definition of the evolving mean state will aid in understanding the dynamics

Tidal structures can be determined in the MLT more comprehensively with resonance lidars than ents of both temperatures and winds

ver the full diurnal cycle. As seen above, this permits determination of mean tidal amplitude and phase profiles

1. Momentum fluxes

As noted above, both the CSU and ALOMAR lidars have full diurnal measurement capabilities the different telescope capabilities, however, their abilities to

easure momentum fluxes differ, with daytime (and nighttime) measurements requiring less averaging and pro

contributing most to the structure and temporal evolution of these transitions. This represents a significant enhancement relative to measurement abilities with most radars, because the mean temperature and wind fields are linked dynamically. But apart from meteor radars with high diurnal count rates [Tsutsumi et al., 1996; Hocking and Thayaparan, 1997], only the lidars can measure the two fields together with high precision. Such studies will require multi-day measurements at each site in order to average over tidal and PW structures and periodicities with confidence. Such measurements will also be important in defining the tidal and PW structures as deviations about these mean values. At ALOMAR, these studies will focus resources initially on the spring and fall transitions, as these transitions occur at very different rates and imply weaker and stronger dynamical forcing for the slower and faster transitions, respectively. At CSU, where we have already established a 15-yr nocturnal temperature data set (with the last 3-yr data having simultaneous T, U, V full diurnal observations), inter-annual and long-term trend studies are possible and are expected to be of increasing value. 6.b. Tidal and PW structure and variability

with any other instrument, given their ability to perform measuremo

that permit important comparisons with, and provide constraints on, models such as GSWM and WACCM tidal predictions. Performance of such measurements over as many consecutive days as possible, as has now also been done at CSU and ALOMAR (and with correlative instrumentation at ALOMAR), will also let us address the interactions among the various tidal and PW structures (see Figures 1, 2, and 9 above) that should yield significant insights into these dynamics. Correlative studies employing these data with similar data at other sites (in latitude and longitude chains as well as at a conjugate southern hemisphere latitude), and with GSWM and WACCM (see support letters), will greatly improve our understanding of such interactions on planetary and inter-hemispheric scales. 6.c. GW momentum fluxes and instability processes

(see Figures 1, 8, and 9). Because of m

viding greater confidence at ALOMAR with its new and larger mirrors. Thus we will need to design these measurements carefully, and likely employ longer spatial and/or temporal averages in momentum flux inferences at CSU than at ALOMAR. Because of the strong upwelling and Na attachment to NLC particles near the summer mesopause over ALOMAR, however, Na atom densities are much smaller and are confined to higher altitudes, at these times. A similar reduction in Na densities also occurs over CSU, but not to the same degree. For mean momentum flux estimates, however, this is not anticipated to be a problem, as we can average these data over several days per month in order to provide mean estimates in the presence of tidal and PW modulations. To ensure accurate mean momentum flux

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estimates, we will also need to average these measurements over a number of days in order to cover the range of variability in tidal and PW amplitudes and phases. Thus, monthly averages will be formed from multiple full-diurnal measurements when measurement conditions are suitable.

GW momentum flux measurements at CSU will employ the current Na lidar and two new 76-cm mirrors now being installed for dual-beam applications. This will increase the power-aperture (PA) product by ~5 times relative to current capabilities. Seasonal sensitivity of the current system shows that moment

shown in Figure 15 and indicates that reasonable momentum flux estimate

has been derived [Gardner and u, 200

al velocities (right) obtained with the ALOMAR Na lidar counts are high and uncertainties are low (~85 – 98

All three CRRL lidars have already been employed for studies of GW instability dynamics to arying , these studies have taken advantage of both the high spatial

resolution of the lidar and airglow measurements of small-scale structures to infer GW propagation, instabili

um flux measurements will be possible with the new mirrors at altitudes of ~80 to 100 km under winter nighttime conditions. The new system will achieve a peak accuracy of 1 K and 2 ms-1 with averaging of 3 km and 10 min between 84 and 100 km. Zonal momentum flux measurements will be obtained with beams directed east and west at 20o zenith angles and will exceed the capabilities already demonstrated at ALOMAR (see Figure 15 below). With the high utilization and number of diurnal measurements achieved with the CSU lidar in the past three years (~1260 hr/yr), we anticipate that quantification of monthly momentum fluxes and its inter-annual variability from fall to spring equinox will be a reasonable expectation.

Momentum flux measurements with the ALOMAR Weber lidar have been performed on several occasions over the past three years. An example of these measurements from January 2002 performed with 30o east and west beams is

s and vertical distributions can be obtained (even with the older and much less efficient mirrors) for intervals as small as 1 or 2 hours. Away from the highest and lowest altitudes (where small Na densities and photon counts cause larger measurement uncertainties), these data exhibit a shift from a westward momentum flux at lower altitudes to an eastward momentum flux at higher altitudes that is largely anti-correlated with the mean zonal wind (eastward below 85 km and westward above), and which is consistent with virtually all such measurements at other sites [Fritts and Alexander, 2003]. Measurement sequences at ALOMAR will occur approximately monthly throughout the year, but those having a significant momentum flux potential will occur preferentially from September through March. Momentum flux has been measured at SOR and Maui with the UIUC Na lidar, and its seasonal variationLi 5]. This measurement will continue after a separate receiver system is developed in order to provide an alternative to the very expensive use of the Air Force telescope employed previously.

Figure 15. East (solid) and west (dashed) radial velocity momentum flux (solid) inferred from the radiduring a 5-hr interval on 17 January 2002. Where photon

variances (left) and mean zonal wind (dashed) and

km), the wind and momentum flux trends in altitude appear to be anti-correlated. 2. Instability dynamics

v degrees. At CSU and Maui MALT

ty character, and their relation to the large-scale shears and stability. Instability studies at ALOMAR to date have employed Na lidar and in situ measurements of strong wind shears, temperature

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gradients, and turbulence. We also anticipate the arrival by the end of 2005 of an advanced mesospheric temperature mapper (MTM), to be installed by M. Taylor with Air Force DURIP funding, that will permit even more advanced instability studies because of its fine spatial resolution of GW and instability structures and temperatures.

Instability studies that will be pursued within CRRL will build on these previous successes with further, and more comprehensive, correlative measurements. Such studies will permit important comparisons with numerical studies of these same dynamics (i.e. the turbulence transition studies due to shear in

W-tidal interactions will be a high measurement priority for CRRL, given the current lack of mportance in determining both mean wind (and temperature)

tructures and tidal (and PW) amplitudes and phases at greater altitudes. Only the CRRL CSU and

2. Are diurnal or semidiurnal tides more effective at modulating (mean and variable) GW

3. an momentum fluxes vary under weak and strong tidal modulation?

omentum flux modulations?

we will design measurement program ossible studies

entified above.

Specific studies that we envision will be possible with the CRRL lidars, in collaboration with

3) OH and Na airglow.

ned to study the interaction of polar ice particles and sodium atoms w idar and ALWIN MST radar. We have performed qualitative studies of the interaction [Plane et al., 2004; She et al., 2005] based on earlier data, but more simultaneous sodium-

stability and GW breaking by Fritts and Werne, 2000, Fritts et al., 2003, and others) and help to quantify the effects of GW breaking and shear instability on GW momentum transport and deposition, spectral evolution, and responses to filtering by mean, tidal, and PW wind fields.

6.d. GW-tidal interactions

Gunderstanding of these dynamics and their isALOMAR lidars have the potential, at present, to examine GW-tidal interactions, because of the full-diurnal, and multiple-day, data sets required for such assessments. Because of its latitude, the ALOMAR lidar will provide primary sensitivity to the semidiurnal tide and PWs at polar latitudes. The CSU system, in contrast, will enable studies of GW momentum flux modulation by both diurnal and semidiurnal tidal fields. Key questions that we will address in these efforts include:

1. Are GW-tidal interactions and momentum flux modulation more important at high or middle latitudes?

momentum fluxes? How do me

4. What tidal parameters, wind and temperature amplitudes, vertical wavelength, period, etc., induce the greatest m

5. How do mean shear and stability influence GW-tidal interactions? 6. How do GW-tidal interactions and momentum flux modulation vary with altitude?

To accommodate these measurement needs and science goals, s designed to maximize measurement intervals and that enable the largest suite of p

id 6.e. Microphysics and chemistry studies other instrumentation and scientists elsewhere, include:

1) polar ice particles and metal densities; 2) sporadic metal layers; and

The Weber lidar is well-positioith the co-located RMR l

PMSE-NLC data is needed for a quantitative study. The Weber lidar cannot measure the temperature at the altitude of the ice particles because of the lack of sodium atoms, but it can measure the temperature,

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wind, and gradients of both just above the ice layers. This should help in the modeling of the ice particle formation, sodium chemistry, and any wave effects on both. The only other temperature measurements at polar summer mesopause altitudes are made by rocket-borne falling spheres or ionization gauge, but these provide only a single profile and the falling spheres having significant vertical smoothing above ~70 km. The physics of the sporadic Na layers is still not completely understood and more correlative observations are needed. The standard theory proposes that wind shears concentrate sodium ions which then react chemically to form atomic sodium [Cox and Plane,1998]. This theory explains most of the observations but has not been proven explicitly. Using all three sites will enable us to understand the latitudinal variation of the sporadic Na layers. Since the ionospheric conditions are quite different at low, middle, and high latitudes, this should enable a greater understanding of the sources of these layers. For example, it was previously believed that sporadic Na layers at mid-latitudes were a rarity, with a higher frequency of occurrence in the polar regions. In fact, we rarely observed sporadic Na layers at Fort Collins before 1999. Then, during the last few years, many more sporadic layers were observed and there does not seem to be a significant difference in the occurrence frequency or magnitude of the layers between 69oN and 40oN at first impression. We need to do a quantitative study using old and new data to determine the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variation of the sporadic Na layers. For example, the older CSU data were taken largely at night, so if the layers occur preferentially during the day, that would explain the apparent long-term change in frequency. If it is a real long-term change, it would be very interesting indeed. The three initial CRRL Na lidars are ideal for studying the chemistry of sodium at multiple latitudes. Studies for single sites have been performed in the past [Plane et al., 1999, for example], but a combined study using the latest chemical model is needed. The Swedish satellite ODIN measures the Na

nvestigating this

Despite the great contributions that the resonance lidars have made to the CEDAR program and d resonance lidars are vast, as

as been recognized by the CEDAR lidar community and are described in the CEDAR lidar self-assessm

dayglow in order to retrieve the Na density profile on a global basis. It has used the summer lidar Na density from Fort Collins during an ODIN overpass for calibration and model improvement.

Using data from the Keck telescope, Tom Slanger recently discovered that the sodium D1/D2 ratio is variable. This was unexpected and John Plane recently postulated that this was due to changes in the atomic oxygen profile. In conjunction with a spectrometer, the three Na lidars are ideal for i

effect, as they measure both Na density and temperature profiles. Operating a spectrometer in conjunction with any of the lidars may also enable us to investigate the odd oxygen chemistry at the mesopause, which has importance for chemical heating and many other effects. If the theory is confirmed, the D1/D2 ratio may provide information on the atomic oxygen profile and the total D1+D2 intensity that is thought to be proportional to the ozone density.

7. CTC Technology Development, Implementation, and Transfer

general Aeronomy sciences, the technical challenges in developing advanceh

ent report. Historically, CEDAR lidar development has been limited by single principle investigator (PI) programs. Although very successful, given the limited resources presently available, we cannot expect this model to be able to improve upon the current three Na wind and temperature lidars. For instance, it is clear that mobile solid-state wind and temperature lidars are the future direction for resonance lidars. To achieve such advanced and robust lidars, CRRL proposes to formalize this informal exchange of information by developing the lidar Consortium Technology Center (CTC) to consolidate community expertise and push the envelope of wind and temperature lidar technology to the future. Like the Consortium, its CTC will consist initially of the existing three Na wind and temperature lidars (CSU, UIUC, and CoRA) in order to bring together their related expertise on the resonance wind and temperature lidars. However, the technologies developed under this consortium will also benefit other lidar development, such as the Rayleigh wind and temperature lidars, or thermospheric lidars. The Consortium and its CTC welcome lidars other than the initial three Na lidars to join or collaborate on the

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technology development and science study. Our long-term goal is to establish the CTC as a university-based, leading community center of excellence for atmospheric lidar technology development.

The role of the CTC will be to advance and consolidate lidar technology development and implementation more rapidly, share lidar technologies and personnel more efficiently, provide technical support

table, robust, and high-quality measurements of CRRL existing lidars —

emperature Lidars

a ature lidars to ensure their continuing contributions to CEDAR science. As these systems

phere. This requires

w science opportunities;

cy and higher maximum count rates, a

e photon counting systems, and optimization of photon counting systems to increase their linear range and precise correction of nonlinearity.

to the CRRL lidars, and disseminate lidar technologies to the middle and upper atmosphere community. The CTC will lead the technology development and implementation while assisting individual PIs to upgrade existing lidars and to develop new lidars, through collaborations with lidar groups within and outside of the CRRL. By establishing this center of excellence for lidar technology, technology transfer and exchange will be more readily available, mutually beneficial, and rapidly implemented, to the benefit of the whole lidar community. The CTC will also pursue international collaborations to promote sharing of technologies and inter-comparison of lidar measurements between US and other institutions, among them the Leibniz Institute for Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in Germany, the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, and Shinshu University in Japan. Such collaborations will ensure the most efficient sharing of rapidly advancing technologies. Two primary tasks of the CTC — (1) to lead CRRL lidar technology developments and their dissemination, and (2) to ensure swill have equal weights, but may be given different priorities at different times. The research activities proposed below contain our visions for both the near-term priorities (this proposal) and the future directions of middle and upper atmosphere lidar technology (future proposals). They are fundamentally consistent with the CEDAR lidar self-assessment report, and they include additions that reflect new developments since publication of the lidar report. These future visions contain ideas beyond this 5-year proposal and the current makeup of the CRRL. However, their inclusion is necessary for a comprehensive vision of the future CRRL lidar development. Detailed work plans regarding technology development and implementation by the CTC and the CRRL lidar groups will be given in Section 8. 7.a Near-Term Priorities: Upgrade Existing CRRL Na Wind and T CTC efforts in the near term will emphasize high-priority upgrades to the pioneering CRRL Nwind and temperneither share, nor employ, all current state-of-the-art technology, CTC efforts, in collaboration with the three individual CRRL lidar groups, will lead to significant advancements and mutual benefits. Efforts believed to have the greatest potential for advancement and mutual benefit include:

1) enabling full-diurnal-cycle wind and temperature measurements that are required to characterize the thermal and dynamical structures of the middle and upper atmosimprovements in and standardization and implementation of Faraday filters designed to match different telescope sizes and enable daytime operations at all sites;

2) implementation of large-aperture telescopes for the CSU and UIUC lidars, as these will enable higher measurement precision, expanded operations, and ne

3) improvements in the Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) system engineering and electronics in order to achieve more robust and stable operations at the ALOMAR lidar;

4) improvements in the data acquisition and photon counting systems, including standardization of photon detectors and photon counting electronics having higher efficien

nd optimization of data acquisition software; and

5) improvements of receiver chains, including implementation of mechanical choppers with high speed, precision, and stability to prevent saturation of th

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e CEDAR ommun in t will be depen of estigating

key tec

s crucial to the nation’s interests in future CEDAR science

e measure

/s), which would enable new science studies, for example GW heat fluxes a

7.b Mid-Term Activities: Development of Next-Generation Resonance Lidars

Development of next-generation lidars and research in new technologies will be an ongoing focus of the CTC, as new technology is the major driver that will enable new and better science for thc ity the future. The majority of the funds to support this type of developmenin dent this proposal; however, the CTC can serve to start up such an initiative by inv

hnologies that are common to the middle and upper atmosphere lidars. Based on our current knowledge and judgment, and assuming continued interest and resources, several potential next-generation lidar technologies are described below.

The three CRRL Na wind and temperature lidars (UIUC, CSU, and CoRA) are operated at three fixed locations at low-, mid-, and high-latitudes (Maui MALT, Colorado, ALOMAR). Given the range of geophysical conditions in which we wish to perform lidar measurements, the development of a community mobile temperature and wind lidar i

studies and lidar technology developments. At present, the HIAPER (High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research) aircraft provides an excellent opportunity for the CEDAR community to develop airborne lidars to make global observations. An excellent choice for deployment aboard HIAPER is the Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler lidar proposed to the NSF Major Research Instrumentation by Drs. Chu and Thayer. This portable system is designed specifically for deployment on the HIAPER aircraft. Nevertheless, it can also be containerized for trips on a ship or truck to key scientific locations. If funded, the HIAPER Fe Doppler lidar will be developed in collaboration with the CTC, and become a CRRL instrument. The knowledge and technical expertise gained through this effort will be directly beneficial to CTC goals for the other existing CRRL systems.

Another option for a mobile system is a solid-state Na wind and temperature lidar, as it could provide not only mobility and high performance but also a replacement option for existing dye-laser-based CRRL Na lidars when necessary in the future. With the longer pulse duration of solid-state lasers, saturation of the Na layer will not be an issue, and higher pulse energy can be used to improve th

ment resolution and precision. Solid-state lasers offer several possible approaches, e.g., mixing of two Nd:YAG lasers with Doppler-free seeding technology, as proposed by Drs. She, Vance and Wu to the NSF AMISR Optical Instrumentation; Raman shifting of an alexandrite laser with amplifiers; and replacement of the current PDA (Pulsed Dye Amplifier) with an OPA (Optical Parametric Amplifier). The CTC will work closely with CRRL lidar groups to determine the best choice and support the lidar development. With the expertise in place at the CRRL lidar groups and funding beyond this proposal, pursuing the development of a solid-state Na lidar would result in a mobile lidar option as a spin-off of current Na lidar advances.

As resources permit, CTC also anticipates performing research into new physical and chemical effects, and the development of novel technologies. Such research will benefit the next-generation lidar development as well as the existing lidars. Areas of specific interest include, for example,

1) high-resolution laser spectroscopy in atomic and molecular physics of potential benefit to future temperature and wind measurements, e.g., isotope shifts of atomic Fe, iodine spectroscopy, and auroral and thermospheric species,

2) high-resolution spectral analysis on a pulse-by-pulse basis, which would have applications i) for future mobile Doppler lidars employing alexandrite lasers and ii) for further improvement of existing Na lidars. Such high-resolution spectral analysis would allow us to measure the vertical wind to much higher precision and accuracy (~ cm

nd turbulent transport. Once the spectral analysis equipment is developed, it can be implemented into existing lidars to enhance their performances;

3) photon detection and counting systems with high maximum count rates, which would be important for high power-aperture product lidars and for precise calibrations;

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4) active alignment optimization and maintenance. Such capabilities could be employed for existing and future lidars to ensure the best alignment between the outgoing laser beam and the telescope field-of-

ies and atmospheric study. Through consolidation of technology expertise, this center will push tec

onance lidars, such as being studied by Dr. Tepley at the Arecibo Observatory. The CTC will mon

h as the practica

stems, e.g., following the development of fiber lasers and diode-pumped solid-state lasers;

viding technica

mployed for CRRL lidars, as appropriate. For example, advances in solid-state and high-energy lasers and large-aperture and composite telescope mirrors would provide CRRL

view (FOV). 7.c Long-Term Goals: Establishment of Community Center of Excellence for Lidar

echnologies T

The long-term goal of CTC is to become a university-based, community center of excellence for lidar technolog

hnology development rapidly and benefit the whole community. Although the initial consortium and its CTC concentrate on the resonance wind and temperature lidars, the technologies developed and the experience gained through CTC will serve the development of other lidars as well, e.g., thermospheric N2

+ lidars could utilize the alexandrite laser technology developed for the Fe Doppler lidars; the Rayleigh Doppler wind and temperature lidar could use the narrowband lidar transmitter as well as the spectral stabilization and analysis methods developed for the resonance wind and temperature lidar. Certainly, different lidars will face different challenges along their respective roads, and unique expertise must be brought to bear on each. Rather than taking over all middle atmospheric lidar development, the CTC is intended to assist, support, and inform the individuals or lidar groups who are interested in pursuing these developments. Once the Consortium and its CTC are mature, any individual PIs who wish to seek the help or expertise from the Consortium in developing new lidars are welcome to write collaborative proposals, with CTC as the Co-investigator. Whether independently or through such collaborations, the technologies developed by the consortium and its CTC will become community heritage.

The CTC recognizes that much of the technology development that we benefit from today has come from the efforts of individual lidar groups, and that many of these groups continue to push the state-of-the-art. These groups have done yeoman work in identifying new technologies from which lidars benefit. With its long-term goals in mind, the CTC will monitor new concepts and technologies emerging both within and outside the lidar community in order to take advantage of advances that would be beneficial to the CEDAR/Aeronomy community. Where progress is being made within the lidar community, the CTC will be available as, at minimum, a resource and a means of dissemination of knowledge, and in some cases as a co-investigator, partnering to accelerate progress. In directions of scientific need where there are not active efforts within the lidar community, the CTC will, where possible, take on the burden of developing the required technologies. Areas of specific interest include, for example,

1) high-spectral-resolution receivers, which may enable temperature and wind measurements by broadband res

itor the development of these technologies and provide assistant and support if needed;

2) approaches to measure wind between 50 and 75 km with lidars, which is a topic we will explore, in coordination with monitoring the newest advances in the world on this topic, suc

bility and development of Rayleigh wind measurements with Fabry-Perot etalons vs. iodine filters;

3) high-energy lasers for Rayleigh lidar applications, which would improve the resolution of these sy

4) approaches to extend lidar measurements into the thermosphere by probing new species, e.g., N2

+, He, or Ba, in coordination with monitoring the development in the world on this topic, and prol support if needed;

5) new developments in laser, electro-optic, receiving, fiber, photon-detector, telescope and other technologies that could be e

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and the

CTC is also the center through which lidar technologies can spread to and from upper . The above proposed upgrades, improvements, and

roups within and outside the CRRL, and efforts from individu

stant members of the CTC will be Xinzhao Chu and Jonathan Friedman, with Ch

together to discuss technical needs, problems, solutions, and potential new develop

ia email, phone, and on-site service if necessary and resources permit.

ator program at the CRRL s

Many of the activities within the CRRL are specific to the three designated lidar systems, but the on user needs, data quality and fidelity, and technology transfer will impact

and involve other lidar systems and the larger science community. In this section we identify key

CEDAR community new opportunities to advance lidar technologies and enable further scientific advances.

7.d Technology Dissemination

heTatmosphere lidar groups within and outside the CRRLnew technology developments can benefit the lidar g

al lidar groups can also contribute to the CRRL technology development and implementation. For example, the improvements of Faraday filters, photon counting systems, and mechanical choppers can be applied to the K Doppler lidar at the Arecibo Observatory. At the same time, the technology development efforts performed at Arecibo, such as pulse-by-pulse laser spectral analysis, can contribute significantly to the CTC and the CRRL lidar groups.

The rapid technology dissemination between CTC and individual lidar groups will be facilitated by the following approaches –

1) The CTC will invite members from individual lidar groups, both within and outside the CRRL, to be the liaison between the CTC and their lidar group and it will invite them or others to become part-time members of CTC. Two con

u being the director of the CTC. Each of them has extensive experience and expertise. Potential candidates for other members of the CTC include, e.g., Biff Williams (CoRA), Joe Vance (CSU), Tao Yuan (CSU), Peter Dragic (UIUC), Josh Herron (USU), Andrew Gerrard (Clemson), Shikha Raizada (Arecibo Observatory). Depending on the needs of technology development and support to the lidar community, part-time CTC members including the potential candidates may be partially supported through the CTC budget.

2) In collaboration with the CRRL director and CRRL lidar PIs, the CTC will participate in lidar workshops and lidar summer schools. The goals are to provide a convenient occasion for the CEDAR lidar community to gather

ments, and to provide tutorial lectures to students and scientists on lidar technology and applications.

3) The CTC will help train operators for CRRL lidar facilities, train guest investigators if they are interested in operating the lidars by themselves, and provide technical support to upper atmosphere lidar groups v

4) The involvement of Friedman in the CTC will also bring in the support from the Arecibo Observatory to the CTC and the CRRL. Summer students can receive training at the AO lidar facility and participate in actual lidar operations and data collection. The CRRL guest investig

ites will also allow students and guest investigators to get real experience with lidar operation, data collection, and data analysis. 8. Work Plan

science productivity, focus

personnel and outline the five-year research plan for each of the CRRL lidar systems, for the Consortium Technology Center (CTC), and the CRRL management.

8.a Key Personnel

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The CRRL team must be involved in scientific community developments and must ensure the continuous evolution of lidar capabilities to match community needs. The CRRL must be managed

e overall coordination of the consortium and is designated

ing the continuous development of lidar capabilities e director of the CRRL Technology Center. As an

novations that led to the

-PI (and PI) for the ALOMAR Weber lidar following its

efficiently and cost effectively while assuring that CRRL will remain a leader in the science and technology fields involved in lidar remote sensing of the middle and upper atmosphere. The following provides further background on key project personnel, the combination of which makes for a very strong team with complementary expertise. Additional key people attached to a single lidar are included in the respective component budget documentation. The PI, Dr. Jeff Thayer, is responsible for thas director of the CRRL. He was PI of the NSF Sondrestrom upper atmosphere research project in Greenland from October 1998 through July 2004, and has extensive experience in developing Rayleigh lidars, facility management, and middle and upper atmosphere research. He will be responsible for managing the various sub-elements of the CRRL, working with the CRRL steering committee, assisting the CTC director, and collaborating with the CTC director to organize lidar workshops and schools for the community. His involvement in the scientific and lidar communities of NSF will ensure that progress within CRRL is aligned with the community needs. The Co-PI, Dr. Xinzhao Chu, is responsible for leadto match community needs and is designated to be themerging leader in this field, she has extensive expertise and experience in lidar technology development and implementation, lidar field deployment and operation, and middle and upper atmospheric research from the Polar Regions to mid- and low-latitudes. Her experience covers narrowband wind and temperature lidars, broadband Boltzmann temperature lidars, and Rayleigh lidars. She will be responsible for leading the lidar technology development, providing technical support to CRRL lidar groups, assisting individual lidar groups to upgrade systems to reach their highest potential, collaborating with the CRRL director to organize lidar workshops and schools, and bringing international collaborations in technology development and dissemination. Dr. Chu will be instrumental in leading the lidar technology development, implementation, and transfer, and contributing in the research area related to the middle and upper atmosphere studies across the polar-, mid-, and low-latitudes. Dr. Jonathan Friedman is an unfunded collaborator to the consortium and CTC. He has extensive expertise and experience in the K Doppler lidar, lasers, receiver optics, and electro-optics as well as the middle and upper atmosphere study in the tropical area. He will collaborate with Dr. Chu in developing lidar technology, providing technical support to individual lidar groups, and organizing lidar schools and workshops. The Co-PI, Dr. Joe She, was instrumental in several key CEDAR lidar incapability of Na resonance lidar measurements of both temperature and wind on a 24-hour basis. Dr. She will be responsible for the operation of the CSU lidar system and for partial technical support of the ALOMAR Weber lidar. He will also be in charge of research activities at the CSU site. During the first two years of the program, Dr. Titus Yuan will have the lion's share of the responsibility for observational campaigns and Dr. Dave Krueger will help to guide graduate students in data analysis. A transitional retirement to about half time teaching for Dr. She is anticipated in 2007. After that point, a younger research scientist (or faculty member), partially funded by CSU (see CSU budget justification for details), will be hired and will assume operational responsibilities, as Dr. She will continue his science study and switch to an advisory role administratively. The Co-PI, Dr. Dave Fritts, has been Coinstallation in 2000. Dr. Fritts was instrumental in specifying the initial lidar measurement capabilities at ALOMAR and has guided scientific applications of the Weber lidar, its coordination with rocket and ground-based measurement programs, and lidar and correlative data analyses since its inception. He also has extensive experience in guiding and/or performing measurement programs, including ground-based, rocket, balloon, and aircraft measurements on seven continents. Dave will continue as PI for the Weber

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lidar as primary responsibility for maintenance and operations of this lidar shifts to CoRA and the CTC within CRRL. He will also play a major role in guiding scientific foci for the CRRL lidars as a group based on evolving theoretical and modeling advances and needs. Assisting with a major share of the observations using the Weber lidar will be Dr. Biff Williams, who has played an active role in the installation, technical and capability developments, and continuing measurements with the Weber lidar since its inception. The Co-PI, Dr. Gary Swenson, has been the PI of the Maui MALT Na wind/temperature lidar for the

ast two years. Dr. Swenson will be responsible for the operation of, and the research activities

1, 2006:

pemploying, the UIUC Na wind/temperature lidar. The lidar system is currently at UIUC being upgraded and will be fielded again at a Hawaii location in January 2007 with an autonomous receiver array. Dr. Swenson is in charge of the Maui MALT Enterprise—a new initiative to improve performance, operations and system access — which is supported by both NSF and AFOSR. It is the intention that at the end of this proposal period (years 4 and 5), that Dr. Alan Liu will step up to be the Co-PI in charge of the UIUC system and Dr. Swenson will revert to a science role.

8.b Research Plan

YEAR 1, beginning January

l formulate the organizational structure of the CRRL and rm the CRRL steering committee – holding its first meeting at the CEDAR Workshop in June 2006. He

e three CRRL lidar systems. She will work closely with the PI’s of the individual lidar sites in

r will continue to observe on 24-hour continuous basis henever possible, weather and man-power permitting. Dr. Yuan will continue to organize these

campaigns, as w

CoRA/CSU Weber lidar. The Weber lidar, now stable and robust, will be operated with increasing frequency during 2006, with manpower from CoRA, CSU, and FFI (in Norway). Specific

CRRL Director. Dr. Thayer wil

fowill become familiar with issues related to the existing lidars, their required improvements and the potential technological enhancements. A lidar workshop will be organized for the 2006 CEDAR Workshop to introduce the CRRL to the community, stimulate discussions related to middle and upper atmosphere lidar activities within CEDAR, and encourage guest investigator and student involvement in our research activities. He will assist the CTC director in developing the instrument and technology plan. CTC Director. Dr. Chu will work on developing the instrument and technology plan for thdeveloping this plan, and documenting existing lidar expertise, system parameters, operation manuals and diagrams. She will become familiar with the intricacies of the CoRA/CSU Weber lidar, in particular, the SFG technology. She will be available to provide consultation on problems that arise during this first year with the three lidars, especially the UIUC system. She will collaborate with the CRRL director to organize the lidar workshop at CEDAR 2006.

CSU Lidar. The CSU lidaw

ell as to organize for publication the 3 year plus data set for climatology of mean-state and tidal perturbation studies. Dr. She will look into interesting cases of existing data for tide/GW and tide/PW interactions and engage graduate students as well as modelers for in-depth investigations. The larger telescopes (30” in dia.) will be on line and momentum flux measurements will be conducted in winter.

goals during the first year will include expanding the annual climatology (measurement campaigns during the spring and fall transitions in mean thermal and wind structures) and making multiple-day measurements of GW momentum fluxes to define seasonal variations and begin an assessment of tidal influences on this quantity.

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UIUC Lidar. In this first year, funds for UIUC will be those already awarded for the

plementation of the Maui MALT Enterprise activities, see Section 3.c. This effort involves upgrading imthe lidar receiver system and relocating the system to a more accessible location on the Hawaiian Islands. The receiver will include four telescopes totaling a total aperture area of 1.8 m2. This starter system will be directed vertically to enable temperatures and vertical winds to be measured.

YEAR 2, beginning January 1, 2007:

l begin to implement the recommendations of the CRRL teering committee and interact with the three lidar PI’s and CTC director to ensure cost-effective

r. Dr. Chu will begin to implement the instrument and technology plan. he will work in coordination with CSU on Faraday filter developments with the intention of improving

this technology

C to evaluate and enhance both SFG and Faraday filter technique using hardware at CSU as a test bed. Scientifically, in-depth studies of tidal-GW

urther improve the Weber SFG and assess s feasibility for replacing the tunable dye laser at the CSU and UIUC lidars. CoRA efforts will focus on

nd February 007 and new funds are requested in this proposal to operate the system. The UIUC lidar will be operated

CRRL Director. Dr. Thayer wilsspending and focused technical and scientific progress. He will organize the first lidar school to be held at the CEDAR 2007 meeting. He will assist Dr. Chu in the mentoring of a graduate student added to the program in this second year.

CTC DirectoS

for different size of telescopes. She will assist UIUC with their plans and instrumentation of deploying the wind and temperature system back to Hawaii in this year. She will work with CoRA and CSU in improving the SFG technology used in the Weber lidar system. She will advise a graduate student in this year. Also, partial support may be available for involving a post-doc in the CTC during this year. This may be accomplished through involvement of post-docs or research associates already active in one of the three lidar programs. She will collaborate with Dr. Thayer to organize and teach the lidar school at CEDAR 2007. If the HIAPER Fe Doppler lidar or the AMISR solid-state Na Doppler lidar is funded, Dr. Chu will assist PIs to develop these lidar systems.

CSU Lidar. Technically, we will assist the CT

interaction based on the interesting cases identified will be initiated in collaboration with Hanli Liu and others. Atmospheric instability studies with lidar temperature lapse rate and wind shear observations at Fort Collins with concurrent imagers at the nearby Platteville, in collaboration with Biff Williams of CoRA, and Yucca Ridge, in collaboration with Takuji Nakamura of Kyoto University, will be continued. On campaign basis, the momentum flux observation in winter nights will continue along with regular temperature and wind measurements. Administratively, we hope to hire a younger research scientist (or faculty member) to assume the leadership at the CSU facility. CoRA/CSU Weber lidar. CSU efforts will fitthe analysis of data collected during 2006 and the collection of an increasing volume of data in support of studies of mean state (wind and temperature) variability, GW momentum fluxes, and correlative studies of GW and instability dynamics with other ALOMAR instrumentation, especially the USU MTM. This effort is anticipated to include both student and postdoctoral participants beginning in Year 2. Significant scientific contributions are anticipated, based on the benefits of past collaborative activities. UIUC Lidar. The lidar funds supporting the Maui Malt Enterprise will e2for two 2-week campaigns this year by UIUC personnel under the current funding plan. Dr. Alan Liu will be the scientist in charge of the UIUC operations. The system will be configured with the four-telescope array pointed vertically for both temperature and vertical wind measurements with the Maui MALT consortium instrumentation including the meteor radar and optical systems.

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YEAR 3, beginning January 1, 2008: CRRL Director. Dr. Thayer will continue his role as CRRL director, coordinating CRRL g a third meeting of the steering committee at the 2008

EDAR Workshop to assess CRRL progress and direction. Additional efforts will be directed towards

ntation and staff to implement important upgrades to the three lidar systems. With the help from search assistants and associates who are partially funded by the CTC, Dr. Chu will upgrade receiver and

for publication a number f papers based on data already acquired. These will include climatologies, tidal variability (with GW and

d on planned collaborative studies involving other ALOMAR ground-based, rocket, and satellite strumentation, an active CRRL GIP, and expanding graduate student activities. Specific areas of

ill be in charge of the UIUC operations f the Maui MALT lidar. The long term interest is to increase the hours of operation to 600-1000 per

operations and interactions and organizinCstandardizing data processing and data dissemination of all three lidars during this year. Outreach activities will include student and GIP workshops, both at the annual CEDAR Workshop and through presentations and web page developments. The CRRL director and steering committee anticipate the consortium will be prepared in this year to work with prospective lidar groups interested in joining the CRRL. CTC Director. By this year the CTC will have evolved into a center equipped with the instrumeredata acquisition systems, implement active alignment optimization systems, and provide technical support for the CRRL lidars. Dr. Chu will assist UIUC to implement Faraday filters in the lidar receiver to enable daytime measurements in Hawaii, resources permitting. She will collaborate with Dr. Thayer to organize the lidar workshop or schools at CEDAR 2008. If the HIAPER Fe Doppler lidar or the AMISR solid-state Na Doppler lidar is funded, Dr. Chu will assist PIs to develop the lidar systems. CSU Lidar. With a younger leader on board by this time, Dr. She will play an advisory role administratively. With the help of Dr. She, the new leadership will organize oPW influences), atmospheric instabilities (with imagers), as well as the initial study of GW momentum flux. Such exercises and discussions will facilitate a renewed direction in the MLT science to match the new leadership at the CSU site. We also anticipate at this time a GIP program using new and archival data. CoRA/CSU Weber lidar. Activities at CoRA using the Weber lidar are expected to expaninresearch are expected to include GW-mean flow and GW-tidal interactions, instability dynamics, the structure and variability of the polar MLT, the microphysics of the polar MLT, and other topics of specific interest to graduate students and participants in the CRRL GIP. We anticipate an active visitor program by this time, with multiple collaborative activities and state-of-the-art measurements taking advantage of the high usage and functionality of the Weber lidar. UIUC Lidar. The UIUC lidar will be operated for three 2-week campaigns each year under the current funding plan by UIUC personnel. Dr Alan Liu woyear, a goal similar to that achieved by the radar facilities. This goal will potentially be reached assuming a local operator can be trained by the CTC and a cost-effective plan can be implemented for the increased operations and maintenance of the Na wind/temperature lidar. The funding plan outlined in the budget section is consistent with three campaigns per year, and increased operations will be sought through other funding opportunities.

YEARS 4 and 5, beginning January 1, 2009 and 2010:

The fourth and fifth year will continue the efforts established in the previous years. It is expected that the at the summer CEDAR Workshop and

at an additional lidar school will be conducted every second or third year. The CTC will be intimately CRRL steering committee will continue to meet each year

th

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involved in the various lidar operations, will be researching the development of new technology (e.g., high-resolution laser spectroscopy on interested atomic or molecular species, high-resolution spectral analysis on a pulse-by-pulse basis), and will be researching or assisting the development of next generation lidars. We also expect an increased level of lidar operations at each site, an active GIP and student involvement, and substantial collaborative activities taking advantage of collocated instrumentation at each site. These efforts may be accelerated by other funding opportunities to develop advanced systems, such as a mobile, solid state, wind and temperature lidar. Research will also be carried out in developing new novel approaches to lidar technology as outlined in Section 7. 8.c Budget Plan The proposed budget is for 5 years and is based on many years of experience of the CRRL team

ing wind and temperature lidar systems. As a collaborative NSF roposal, the budget sheets and justifications are provided by each contributing institution. The main

CRRL activities are anticipated to have relevance and broader impacts within and outside the These include 1) more efficient, cost-

effective, and continuous operations of the three initial Na lidars and of any other lidar(s) that may join

a ore ra

s. This

in operating, maintaining and enhancpcategories of project expenditures are the site operations and maintenance, project administration, equipment, travel costs, student education and training, software and hardware development and maintenance, user support, and scientific research. It is recognized that this collaborative budget cannot simply be an addition of budgets from the individual lidar programs. Significant efforts have been expended by all consortium members to consolidate resources and leverage assets from their respective institutes, all the while trying to put into place forward-looking consortium elements such as an organizing body for the CRRL and a CRRL Technology Center (CTC) at CU. For example, in CSU’s budget justification section, internal support funds from the university are allocated to cover some of the costs of a new young scientist to lead the CSU lidar program. CU has also invested in the technology center by providing internal funds to establish a lidar lab, build a new lidar observatory near CU campus for testing lidar systems, and purchase equipment or cover personnel salaries to support the CTC. The budget justification section for each of the collaborating institutions provides the complete details for the requested budgetary items. 9. Aeronomy/CEDAR Relevance and Broader Impacts

Aeronomy and CEDAR communities in a number of ways.

the CRRL in the future, 2) technology advances by CTC that will benefit lidar efforts within and outside CRRL, 3) an active Guest Investigator Program (GIP) to dramatically increase community involvement in lidar, and lidar-related, research, 4) enhanced graduate student involvement and education and outreach efforts to train our next generation of lidar researchers, and 5) expanded collaborative ground-based, in situ, satellite, and modeling research programs targeting larger problems and community needs than can be accomplished with single instruments at any site. Each of these is discussed in greater detail below. The lidars within CRRL will individually achieve efficiencies of operation and technology advances by avoiding redundant software and hardware development efforts and personnel costs. We anticipate a significant effort to standardize data processing procedures for CRRL (and other) lidars andm pid and convenient data distribution to community users. Resource savings will enable expanded measurements, expanded collaborative opportunities, and greater research and scientific benefits. Technology developments will be centralized in the CTC, and will pursue standardized methods of use to CRRL (and other) lidars as well as explore new promising technologies that may expand lidar measurement capabilities in the future, but which may also require significant development effortis expected to be a particular advantage to lidar groups that cannot afford such developments themselves. The CRRL GIP discussed above will hopefully expand significantly the Aeronomy and CEDAR user base of the lidars and the archived lidar data. This is expected to expand the breadth of scientific uses of CRRL lidars (more correlative studies and more diverse scientific topics) and access to lidar

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m ments by interested parties. For example, recent efforts by Joe She have demonstrated wide interest in collaborative activities using the state-of-the-art and long-term CSU lidar data (collaborations with colleagues from 24 different institutions and 15 publications during the past five years). Stable CRRL lidar funding, an expanded lidar measurement program and data base, frequent education, workshop, and outreach activities, and more active community involvement is expected to enable significantly expanded opportunities for graduate student research, both in lidar techn

easure

ologies and mosph

The CRRL lidar developments and scientific applications have all benefited from significant past LOMAR lidar was established and supported thereafter with

ir Force DURIP funding and continuing research contracts, and we include citation of these resources

re the facility and education elements supported with these sources. A grant supplement allowed us to acquire two new 30” telescopes, which arrived in the fall of

R, Tao wrote a thesis based on these studies

at eric applications. CRRL lidars have made impressive contributions to graduate student training to date (see below), and these efforts will expand under CRRL funding. This will ensure a vigorous lidar research program and scientific benefits from new technologies as the field continues it rapid evolution. Current CRRL lidars have proven to be nuclei for expanding collections of correlative instrumentation because of the more comprehensive scientific efforts that they enable. Both Maui MALT and ALOMAR have attracted significant additional instrumentation (ground-based and rocket-borne inthe case of ALOMAR) because of the clear value of Na lidar temperature and wind measurements for many scientific applications. We expect this trend to increase as lidar capabilities continue to advance. As such, CRRL lidars are influencing, and will continue to influence, the manner in which MLT science is done and the resources that can be brought to bear on the most relevant scientific questions. 10. Results From Prior NSF Support NSF CEDAR and Aeronomy funding. The AAfor credit and completeness. The CSU lidar was supported by two research grants during the past five years: a 5-yr grant that supported lidar operations and research and a 2-yr CEDAR postdoc. The ALOMAR Weber lidar was supported by two AFOSR contracts and two NSF grants to CoRA and CSU, respectively. The UIUC lidar operations at Maui MALT, the South Pole and Rothera were supported under five NSF grants. Research employing data with instrumentation at the Sondrestrom incoherent radar (ISR) facility was supported under two 5-year NSF UAF grants. Collectively, support for the CSU Na lidar lead to 25 publications, that for ALOMAR Na lidar lead to 17 publications, that for the UIUC Na and Fe lidars at Maui MALT, the South Pole and Rothera lead to over 47 publications, and that for the Sondrestrom lidar lead to 16 publications, or a total of 102 non-overlapping, peer-reviewed publications for consortium participants during the last five years of research support (three papers cited both CSU and ALOMAR research support). The publication list includes all papers citing these research grants, whether directly or indirectly employing lidar data. 1) NSF Grant ATM-0003171 (C.-Y. She, PI) $698,932; term: 1/2001 – 12/2005. The science highlights have been described earlier. We discuss here2004. One receiving telescope has been tested, yielding the expected increase in signal level; we are in the process of constructing fiber couplers for both telescopes for routine operations; and a new Faraday filter has been constructed. The new telescopes will be pointed 20o off zenith, east and west, while the two original 14” telescopes will point 30o off zenith to the north for meridional wind measurements. In this manner, we can measure, on a campaign basis, zonal momentum fluxes in winter months when the lidar signal is strong (by scaling from our measurements at ALOMAR). In summer months when the signal is weaker and the sky background is high, temperatures and horizontal winds will be measured by pointing both 30” telescopes 30o to northeast and the northwest. Tao Li, a Ph.D. student, is using the 9-day data set from September 2004 and two other long data sets, one summer and one winter, to investigate tidal perturbations related to GW-tidal and PW-tidal interactions. With the guidance of Hanli Liu of NCAand successfully defended his thesis on July 07, 2005.

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Joe She attended the annual ALOMAR Science Advisory Committee meeting in Hamburg and then visited IAP, Wuppertal University, and MPI, where he gave a talk and established a collaboration on

0; term: 1/2004 – 12/2005. This 2-yr CEDAR stdoc grant supports Titus Yuan for studies of seasonal variations in mesopause region temperatures,

PIs) $195,000 each; rm: 7/2002 – 6/2005. These collaborative research grants partially supported our joint measurements

) "Characterizing middle tmosphere thermal structure, polar mesospheric clouds and gravity waves at Rothera, Antarctica

long-term trends with D. Offermann, who operates the world’s longest OH temperature measurements (since 1980). He also established ties with G. Brasseur and H. Schmidt at MPI, Hamburg, where they have just begun to compare lidar data on solar cycle effects, long-term temperature trends, and diurnal and semidiurnal tides with the Harmonia-GCM outputs. 2) NSF Grant ATM-0353127 (C.-Y. She, PI) $160,00pozonal and meridional winds, climatology and variability of the mean-state, and diurnal and semidiurnal tides. Titus used the first year of full diurnal cycle data to complete his PhD thesis (Yuan, 2004). He began the CEDAR postdoc in July 2004 and has organized lidar campaigns since that time. A paper on dirurnal tides based on his thesis, supplemented with newer data is under review (Yuan et al., 2005) by JGR. He is also working on a paper on semidiurnal tides, where there appears to be considerable disagreement between observations and the GSWM and TIME-GCM models. At the end of his postdoc, he will have assembled 4 years of diurnal-cycle data or studies of the climatology and variability of the mean state and tidal perturbations in temperature and zonal and meridional winds. 3 & 4) NSF Grants ATM-0137354 and ATM-0137355 (D. Fritts and J. She,teand continuing upgrades with the Weber lidar at the ALOMAR observatory in northern Norway and significantly enhanced our measurement abilities relative to our base AFOSR funding, which will also end in 2005. Science contributions under these grants were significant and included both "stand-alone" measurements and extensive collaborative observations with other ground-based and in situ instrumentation. Weber lidar measurements included the first lidar measurements of GW momentum fluxes at high latitudes (Williams et al., 2005a), joint lidar and radar measurements of Na densities and PMSE (She et al., 2005), and joint Weber and Rayleigh lidar and satellite measurements of NLC (see Goldberg et al., 2004). Weber lidar measurements also contributed greatly to a number of rocket campaigns, among them the MIDAS (2001 and 2002) microphysics campaigns, the summer and winter MaCWAVE (2002 and 2003) dynamics campaigns (resulting in a special section of Geophys. Res. Lett. in December 2004 and a special issue of Ann. Geophys. that is now being assembled), and the very recent DELTA (12/2004) and ROMA (01/2005) campaigns, the data analyses for which are still in progress. To date, joint funding of the Weber lidar has led to 17 publications listed below. 5, 6, & 7) ATM-03-34357 (X. Chu, PI; C. S. Gardner and A. Liu, Co-Isa(67.5°S)", ATM-9616664 (C. S. Gardner, PI; X. Chu, Key person) "Coordinated studies of the middle atmosphere at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station", ATM-9612251 (C. S Gardner, PI; X. Chu, Key person) "Iron Boltzmann temperature lidar for studies of middle atmosphere global changes". $324,788, $527,825 and $800,000; term: 3/2004 – 2/2007, 7/1997 - 6/2000 and 9/1996 - 8/1999. These grants funded the development of the Fe Boltzmann temperature lidar and its airborne campaign that made the first direct range-resolved mesospheric temperature measurements over the North Pole; supported deployment, operation and data analysis of the Fe Boltzmann temperature lidar for two years at the South Pole and for three years at Rothera, Antarctica. These grants have resulted in more than 15 refereed journal papers on the subjects of 1) new lidar technology, 2) polar mesospheric clouds, 3) polar thermal structure from ground to 110 km, 4) mesospheric Fe and Na layers, 5) heterogeneous removal of Fe atoms by mesospheric ice particles, 6) GWs at polar latitudes, and 7) testing of general circulation and mesospheric chemistry models. More papers are expected within the next two years. These results provide new insights of the atmospheric structure, composition, dynamics, and the inter-hemispheric difference. These grants also supported theses of 1 PhD student (Weilin Pan), 3 master students, and 2 undergraduate students.

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8 & 9) NSF Grants ATM-0003198 (C. S. Gardner/G. Swenson, PIs; X. Chu and A. Z. Liu, Co-PIs)

Maui/MALT: Lidar studies of middle atmosphere composition, structure and dynamics" and

ondrestrom Facility into the Next illennium” and ATM-0334122 “Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility: A Vision for

of activities at the Sondrestrom facility can be und a

"ATM-0338425 (G. Swenson, PI; X. Chu and A. Z. Liu, Co-PIs) "Maui/MALT: Lidar investigation of mesosphere dynamics" $891,294 and $910,899; terms: 3/2004 - 2/2007 and 3/2004 – 2/2007. The first of these grants funded the observations of the UIUC Na wind/temperature lidar using a 3.5 m diameter telescope at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR) in Albuquerque, NM. The second and third grants supported the deployment of Na wind/temperature lidar at the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC), and the continuation of lidar studies at Maui/MALT. These grants also funded the analysis and interpretation of extensive wind, temperature, and Na density data gathered at SOR and Maui MALT. These grants have resulted in more than 25 refereed papers on the subjects of 1) atmospheric stability, 2) mesosphere thermal structure and large scale waves in mid- and low- latitudes, 3) GW directions, 4) vertical Na flux and heat flux, 5) vertical flux of horizontal momentum, 6) validation of meteor radar wind measurements, 7) validation of O2 and OH temperature mappers, and 8) TOMEX, a correlative study with a NASA rocket sounding. These grants also supported theses of 2 PhD students (Yucheng Zhao and Fe Li), 2 master students, and 2 undergraduate students. 10 & 11) NSF Grants ATM-9813556 (J. P. Thayer, PI) “SMScience, Service, Education, and Leadership” $11,100,826 and $12,495,543; terms: 10/1998 - 9/2003 and 10/2003 to 09/2008. During part of his tenure at SRI, Dr. Jeff Thayer was PI of the Sondrestrom Upper Atmosphere Research Facility near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland from October 1998 through July 2004. Over the past 5 years, the project has contributed to scientific advances enabled by the facility, community services and user support, educational and broader impact activities, facility infrastructure and maintenance, and instrument development through the implementation of an efficient management structure and cost-efficient budget. Many of the details regarding these advancements can be found in the publicly available SRI annual reports submitted to NSF. Dr. Thayer’s duties ranged from project management to scientific contributions in both lidar and radar fields. A web page that describes the broad range fo t http://isr.sri.com/. As director, Dr. Thayer was responsible for managing, staffing, operating, maintaining, and upgrading the NSF upper atmospheric research facility. Among his many duties Dr. Thayer initiated a post doctoral program within the project, created the graduate student research experience program, maintained relations with the Greenland and Danish authorities, performed lidar and radar experiments and instrument upgrades, published as first author or co-author over 30 papers related to the facility instruments and their data, and hosted two major NSF site review committees at the site. 12) NSF Grant ATM-04-37178 (J. P. Thayer, Co-I) “CEDAR: Polar Mesospheric Cloud Research

sing the Sondrestrom, Greenland Lidar” $270,000; term: 01/01/05 to 12/31/07. This is the first year

-0008 and F49620-03-C-0045 (D. Fritts, PI; C.-Y. She, Co-) $600,000 and $506,000, terms: 8/2000 – 8/2003 and 8/2003 – 12/2005. The ALOMAR Weber lidar

Uof a three-year CEDAR-funded research program to study the aspherical nature of polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) particles and the interaction of PMC particles with the mesospheric sodium layer. The work uses the Sondrestrom, Greenland lidar system to measure depolarization ratios at visible wavelengths. Early results indicate that PMC particles can at times be aspherical, that is a nonzero depolarization ratio from PMC backscatter has been detected by the lidar. The measurement and analysis project will evaluate the aspherical nature of PMCs at Sondrestrom through summer lidar measurement campaigns at Sondrestrom, data analysis of the depolarization measurements and the development of scattering models that account for aspherical particles. The study also investigates the interaction of sodium lidar measurements at Sondrestrom with PMCs. A paper describing our initial results on sodium and PMC interactions by Thayer and Pan is in press. 13 & 14) AFOSR Contracts F49620-00-CI

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http://isr.sri.com/

was constructed with Air Force DURIP funding, and has relied on AFOSR resources for maintenance, further system upgrades, and scientific applications since that time. It required several years to achieve the current robust and stable SFG configuration, as described above. Despite this, the Weber lidar was able to perform a number of impressive measurements, some of which were also discussed in Section 3.b above. More importantly, perhaps, our initial studies demonstrated the enormous scientific potential of a state-of-the-art resonance lidar having 1) large, versatile mirrors, 2) full diurnal temperature, wind, and momentum and heat flux measurement capabilities, 3) extensive co-located and correlative optical, radar, and rocket instrumentation at a geophysically significant location, 4) operational support in Norway that significantly expands our measurement capabilities, and 5) benefiting from very substantial instrument and maintenance investments by our European colleagues at minimal cost to our funding agencies. Research performed with the Weber lidar to date is reported in the series of publications listed below, in a number of other papers presently in progress, and speaks to the potential for this system as part of a CRRL research and guest investigator program. Ph. D. Theses supported by these research grants:

mical studies based on simultaneous temperature, zonal and meridional wind measurements with an upgraded Na fluorescence lidar, Ph.D., CSU, 2002.

Yuture and zonal and meridional winds above Ft. Collins, CO (40°N, 105°W) based on Na-Lidar

Li, ., CSU, July 2005.

issertation, UIUC, 2005.

Cum ers citing lidar research support during the past five years: . Arnold, K. S., and C. Y. She, 2003: Metal fluorescence lidar (light detection and ranging) and the middle

002, J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., submitted.

; Bremer, J.;

4. Be

s, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2002JD003079.

s. Res.

7. Ch

Sherman, J. P., Mesopause region thermal and dyna

Vance, J. D., The sum frequency generator seeded, ALOMAR Weber Na LIDAR and initial measurements of temperature and wind in the Norwegian Arctic mesopause region, Ph.D., CSU, 2004.

an, T., Seasonal variations of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal-period perturbations in mesopause region temperaobservation over full diurnal cycles, Ph.D., CSU, 2004. T., Na lidar observed variability in mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind: Planetary wave influences and tide-gravity wave interactions, Ph.D

Zhao, Y., Stability of the mesopause region: influence of dissipating gravity waves on the transport of heat, momentum and constituents, Ph.D. dissertation, UIUC, 2000.

Pan, W., Lidar studies of the middle atmosphere temperatures and iron layer at South Pole, Ph.D., UIUC, 2002.

Li, F., A dynamical study of gravity waves and instabilities in the mesopause region at Maui, Hawaii, Ph.D. d

ulative CRRL participant pap

1atmosphere, Contemporary Physics, 44, 35-49.

2. Becker, E., and D. C. Fritts, 2005: Enhanced gravity-wave activity and interhemispheric coupling during the McWAVE/MIDAS northern summer program 2

3. Beig, G.; Keckhut, P.; Lowe, R. P.; Roble, R. G.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Scheer, J.; Fomichev, V. I.; Offermann, D.; French, W. J. R.; Shepherd, M. G.; Semenov, A. I.; Remsberg, E. E.; She, C. Y.; Lübken, F. J.Clemesha, B. R.; Stegman, J.; Sigernes, F.; Fadnavis, S., 2003: Review of mesospheric temperature trends, Rev. Geophys., 41, No. 4, 1015, 10.1029/2002RG000121. llaire, P., C.-Y. She, and D. C. Fritts, 2000: Laser instrument probes the lower boundary of the ionosphere, AFOSR Research Highlights, Sept./Oct., 1-2.

5. Bishop, R. L., M. F. Larsen, J. H. Hecht, A. Z. Liu, and C. S. Gardner, 2004: TOMEX: Mesospheric and lower thermospheric diffusivities and instability layer

6. Chen, S. S., Z. L. Hu, M. A. White, D. A. Krueger and C. Y. She, Lidar observations of seasonal variation of diurnal mean temperature in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW), J. Geophy105, 12,371-12,379, 2000. u, X., C. S. Gardner, and S. J. Franke, 2005: Nocturnal thermal structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N), and Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico (35°N), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S03, doi:10.1029/2004JD004891.

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8. Chrctica (67.5˚S, 68.0˚W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,

9. Che South Pole, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8447, doi:8410.1029/2002JD002524.

t meteor trails during the 1998 Leonid

14. Chs meteor shower, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1807-1810.

ations,

16. Dispheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, accepted.

alysis, Geophys.

18. Dr"Diamond Ring", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 21517-21524.

ophys. Res., 107,

20. Fraove Maui, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 110,

21. Frawinds in the mesosphere above Urbana, IL, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 63,

22. Fri029/2001RG000106.

reaking, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D8, 8452, doi:10.1029/2002JD002406.

e gradients of wind and temperature near the

26. Frod stratospheric injection of smoke in Canada, J. Geophys. Res., in press.

for the chemistry and general circulation of the

29. Ga6/S1364-6826(1002)00047-00040.

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e, C. Y., S. Chen, B. P. Williams, Z. Hu, D. A. Krueger, and M. E. Hagan, 2002region over Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW) based on lidar temperature observations covering full diurnal cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001189.

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72. She, C.Y., T. Li, R. C. Collins, T. Yuan, B. P. Williams, T. D. Kawahara, J. D. Vance, P. Acott, D. A. Krueger, H.-L. Liu, and M. E. Hagan, 2004: Tidal perturbations and variability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W): Continuous multi-day temperature and wind lidar observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24111, doi:10.1029/2004GL021165.

73. She, C. Y., J. Sherman, T. Yuan, B. P. Williams, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, T. Li, L. Xu, J. D. Vance, and D. A. Krueger, 2003: The first 80-hour continuous lidar campaign for simultaneous observation of mesopause region temperature and wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 6, 52, 10.1029/2002GL016412.

74. She, C. Y., J. Sherman, J. Vance, T. Yuan, Z. Hu, B. P. Williams, K. Arnold, P. Acott, and D. A. Krueger, 2002; Evidence of solar cycle effect in the mesopause region: Observed temperatures in 1999 and 2000 at 98.5 km over Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW), J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys. 64, 1651-1657.

75. She, C. Y., J. D. Vance, B. P. Williams, D. A. Krueger, H. Moosmuller, D. Gibson-Wilde, and D. C. Fritts, 2002: A Unique Na Lidar for Atmospheric Dynamics Studies Near the Polar Mesopause, EOS, 83, 289-293.

76. She, C. Y., B. P. Williams, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, J. D. Vance, J. Fiedler, P. Acott, D. C. Fritts, U. von Zahn, F.-J. Luebken, 2005: Observation of anti-correlation between Na atoms and PMSE/ NLC in summer mesopause at ALOMAR, Norway (69N, 12E), J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., in press.

77. Shepherd, M. G., P. J. Esp, C. Y. She, W. Hocking, P. Keckhut, G. Gavrilyeva, G. G. Shepherd, and B. Naujokat, 2002: Springtime transition in upper mesospheric temperature in the northern hemisphere, J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., 64, 1183-1199.

78. Sherman, J., B. P. Williams, T. D. Kawahara, D. A. Krueger, and C. Y. She, 2003: A dynamical study of the winter mid-latitude mesopause region (80-105 km) based on initial simultaneous lidar measurements of temperature, and winds over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), Adv. Space Res., 32, 753-758.

79. Singer, W., R. Latteck, P. Hoffman, B. Williams, D. C. Fritts, Y. Murayama, and K. Sakanoi, 2005: Tides in the MLT and during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS summer rocket program, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.

80. Smith, S. M., M. J. Taylor, G. R. Swenson, C. Y. She, W. Hocking, J. Baumgardner, and M. Mendillo, 2003: A multidiagnostic investigation of the mesospheric bore phenomena, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1083, doi:10.1029/2002JA009500.

81. States, R. J., and C. S. Gardner, 2000a: Thermal structure of the mesopause region (80-105 km) at 40˚N latitude. Part I: Seasonal variations, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 66-77.

82. States, R. J., and C. S. Gardner, 2000b: Thermal structure of the mesopause region (80-105 km) at 40˚N latitude. Part II: Diurnal variations, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 78-92.

83. Stevens, M. H., R. R. Meier, X. Chu, M. T. DeLand, and J. M. C. Plane, 2005: Antarctic polar mesospheric clouds formed from space shuttle exhaust, Geophysical Research Letters, accepted.

84. Tang, J., F. Kamalabadi, L. G. Rumsey, and G. R. Swenson, 2001: Point-source suppression for atmospheric wave extraction from airglow imaging measurements, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, 146-152.

85. Tang, J., A. Z. Liu, and G. R. Swenson, 2002: High frequency gravity waves observed in OH airglow at Starfire Optical Range, NM: Seasonal variations in momentum flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1966, doi: 1910.1029/2002GL015794.

86. Tang, J., G. R. Swenson, A. Z. Liu, and F. Kamalabadi, 2005: Observational investigations of high frequency gravity wave momentum flux with airglow imaging, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2004JD004778.

87. Taylor, M. J., W. R. Pendleton, Jr., H.-L. Liu, C. Y. She, L. C. Gardner, R. G. Roble and V. Vasoli, Large amplitude perturbations in mesospheric OH Mwinel and 87-km Na Lidar temperatures around the autumnal equinox, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1899-1902, 2001

88. Thayer, J. P., and W. Pan, 2005: Lidar observations of sodium density depletions in the presence of polar mesospheric clouds, J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., accepted.

89. Thayer, J. P., M. Rapp, A. J. Gerrard, E. Gudmundsson, and T. J. Kane, 2003: Gravity-wave influences on Arctic mesospheric clouds as determined by a Rayleigh lidar at Sondrestrom, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D8), 8449, doi:10.1029/2002JD002363.

90. Thayer, J. P. and G. E. Thomas, 2005: Foreword: Special issue on phenomena of the summertime mesosphere, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., accepted.

91. Thayer, J. P., G. E. Thomas, and F.-J. Lübken, 2003: Foreword: Layered phenomena in the mesopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D8), 8434, doi:10.1029/2002JD003295.

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92. Vadas, S. L., and D. C. Fritts, 2004: Thermospheric responses to gravity waves arising from mesoscale convective complexes, J. Atmos. Solar Terres. Phys., 66, 781-804.

93. Vadas, S. L., and D. C. Fritts, 2005: Thermospheric responses to gravity waves: Influences of increasing viscosity and thermal diffusivity, J. Geophys. Res., in press.

94. Williams, B. P., C. Croskey, T. Blix, C. Y. She, and R. A. Goldberg, 2005: Sporadic sodium and sporadic-E layers observed during the summer 2002 MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, MaCWAVE special issue of Ann. Geophys., submitted.

95. Williams, B. P., D. C. Fritts, C. Y. She, G. Baumgarten, and R. A. Goldberg , 2005: Gravity wave propagation, tidal interaction, and instabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the winter 2003 MaCWAVE rocket campaign, MaCWAVE special issue of Ann. Geophys., submitted.

96. Williams, B., J. Vance, C.-Y. She, D. C. Fritts, F. J. Schmidlin, R. A. Goldberg, U.-P. Hoppe, R. Latteck, W. Singer, M. Rapp, and F.-J. Luebken, 2004: Evidence of unusually high gravity wave variability near the summer mesopause during the summer MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL020.

97. Williams, B. P., M. A. White, D. A. Krueger and C. Y. She, 2002: Observation of a large amplitude wave and inversion layer leading to convective instability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins CO (41N, 105W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1850-1853.

98. Wu, D. L., W. G. Read, Z. Shippony, T. Leblanc, T. J. Duck, D. A. Ortland, R. J. Sica, P. S. Argall, J. Oberheide, A. Hauchecorne, P. Keckhut, C. Y. She, and D. A. Krueger, 2003: Mesospheric temperature from UARS/MLS: retrieval and validation, J. Atmos. Solar-Terres. Phys., 65, 245-267.

99. Yuan, T., C. Y. She, M. E. Hagan, B. P. Williams, T. Li, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, P. E. Acott, J. D. Vance, D. Krueger, and R. G. Roble, 2005: Seas.onal variation of diurnal perturbations in mesopause -region temperature, zonal, and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105°W), J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

100. Zhang, S. P., J. E. Salah, N. Mitchell, W. Singer, Y. Murayama, R. R. Clark, A. van Eyken, and J. P. Thayer, 2003: Responses of the mesospheric wind at high latitudes to the April 2002 space storm, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 23, 2225, doi:10.1029/2003GL018521.

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Bills, R. E., C. S. Gardner, and C. Y. She, Narrowband lidar technique for sodium temperature and Doppler wind observations for the upper atmosphere, Opt. Eng., 30, 13-21, 1991.

Bishop, R. L., M. F. Larsen, J. H. Hecht, A. Z. Liu, and C. S. Gardner, TOMEX: Mesospheric and lower thermospheric diffusivities and instability layers, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2002JD003079, 2004.

Chen, H., C. Y. She, and E. Korevaar, "Na Vapor Dispersive Faraday Filter", Opt. Lett. 18, 1019-1021, 1993.

Chen, H., M. A. White, D. A. Krueger, and C. Y. She, Daytime mesopause temperature measurements using a sodium-vapor dispersive Faraday filter in lidar receiver, Opt. Lett., 21, 1093-1095, 1996.

Chu, X., A. Z. Liu, G. C. Papen, C. S. Gardner, M. C. Kelley, J. Drummond, and R. Fugate, Lidar observations of elevated temperatures in bright chemiluminescent meteor trails during the 1998 Leonid Shower, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1815-1818, 2000.

Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, and S. J. Franke, Nocturnal thermal structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N), and Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico (35°N), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S03, doi:10.1029/2004JD004891, 2005.

Cox, R. M. and J. M. C. Plane, An ion-molecule mechanism for the formation of neutral Na layers, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 6349-6359, 1998.

Drummond, J., B. W. Grime, C. S. Gardner, A. Z. Liu, X. Chu, and T. J. Kane, Observation of persistent meteor trails, 1: Advection of the "Diamond Ring", J. Geophys. Res., 106, 21517-21524, 2001.

Dunkerton, T. J., The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,053-26,076, 1997.

Forbes, J. M., J. Gu, and S. Miyahara, On the interactions between gravity waves and the diurnal propagating tide., Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1249-1257, 1991.

Forbes J. M., X. Zhang, E. R. Talaat, and W. Ward, Nonmigrating diurnal tides in the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1033, doi:10.1029/2002JA009262, 2003.

Franke, S. J., X. Chu, A. Z. Liu, and W. K. Hocking, Comparison of meteor radar and Na Doppler lidar measurements of winds in the mesopause region above Maui, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2003JD004486, 2005.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, G. E. Thomas, and A. Andreassen, Wave breaking signatures in noctilucent cluds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2039-2042, 1993.

Fritts, D.C., J. R. Isler, and A. Andreassen, Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions, 2. Three dimensional evolution and instability structure, J Geophys. Res., 99, 8109-8123, 1994.

Fritts, D. C., J. R. Isler, J. H. Hecht, R. L. Walterscheid, and A. Andreassen, Wave breaking signatures in sodium densities and OH nightglow, J Geophys. Res., 102, 6669-6684, 1997.

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Fritts, D. C., S. Arendt, and A. Andreassen, The vorticity dynamics of instability and turbulence in breaking internal gravity waves, Earth Planets Space, 51, 457-473, 1999.

Fritts, D. C. and R. A. Vincent, Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: Observations and a gravity wave/tide interaction model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 605-619, 1987.

Fritts, D. C. and J. A. Werne, Turbulence dynamics and mixing due to gravity waves in the lower and middle atmosphere, in Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 123, edited by D. E. Siskind, S. D. Eckermann, and M. E. Summers, pp. 143-159, AGU, Washington, D. C., 2000.

Fritts, D. C. and M. J. Alexander, Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere, Rev. of Geophys., 41(1), 1003, doi:10.1029/2001RG000106, 2003.

Fritts, D. C., C. Bizon, J. A. Werne, and C. K. Meyer: Layering accompanying turbulence generation due to shear instability and gravity wave breaking, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D8, 8452, doi:10.1029/2002JD002406, 2003.

Fritts, D. C., B. P. Williams, C. Y. She, J. D. Vance, R. Rapp, F.-J. Lübken, A. F. J. Schmidlin, A. Müllemann R. A. Goldberg, Observations of extreme temperature and wind gradients near the summer mesopause during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24S06, doi:10.1029/2003GL019389, 2004.

Garcia, R. R., and F. Sassi, Modulation of the Mesospheric Semiannual Oscillation by the Quasibiennial Oscillation, Earth Planets Space, 51, 563-569, 1999.

Gardner, C. S., and W. Yang, Measurement of the dynamical cooling rate associated with the vertical transport of heat by dissipating gravity waves in the mesopause region with the vertical transport of heat by dissipating gravity waves in the mesopause region at the Starfire Optical Range, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,909-16,927, 1998.

Gardner, C. S., Y. Zhao, and A. Z. Liu, Atmospheric stability and gravity wave dissipation in the mesopause region, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 64, 923-929, doi:910.1016/S1364-6826(1002)00047-00040, 2002.

Gardner, C. S., and A. Z. Liu, Seasonal Variations of Vertical Heat, Na, and Momentum Fluxes and Their Relationships to Gravity Wave Activity and Atmospheric Stability in the Mesopause Region at Starfire Optical Range, NM, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2005.

Goldberg, R. A., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, F.-J. Lu¨bken, M. Rapp, W. Singer, R. Latteck, P. Hoffmann, A. Mu¨llemann, G. Baumgarten, F. J. Schmidlin, C.-Y. She, and D. A. Krueger, The MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket and groundbased measurement of polar summer dynamics: Overview and mean state structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 , L24S02, doi:10.1029/2004GL019411, 2004.

Hagan, M. E., J. M. Forbes, and F. Vial, On modeling migrating solar tides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 893-896, 1995.

Hagan, M. E., Comparative effects of migrating solar sources on tidal signatures in the middle and upper atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,213-21,222, 1996.

Hagan, M. E., R. G. Burrage, J. M. Forbes, H. Hackney, W. J. Randel, and X. Zhang, GSWM-98: Results for migrating solar tides, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 6813-6828, 1999.

Hagan, M. E., and J. M. Forbes, Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the middle and upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24)-ACL-6(1-15), 4754-4769, 2002.

Hagan, M. E., and J. M. Forbes, Migrating and nonmigrating semidiurnal tides in the upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A2)-SIA-6(1-14), 1062-1075, 2003.

Hecht, J. H., C. Fricke-Bergemann, R. L. Walterscheid, and J. Hofner, Observations of the breakdown of an atmospheric gravity wave near the cold summer mesopause at 54N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 879-882, 2000.

Hecht, J. H., Instability layers and airglow imaging. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG1001, doi:10.1029/2003RG000131, 2004.

Hecht, J. H., A. Z. Liu, R. L. Bishop, J. H. Clemmons, C. S. Gardner, M. F. Larsen, R. G. Roble, G. R. Swenson, and R. L. Walterscheid, An overview of observations of unstable layers during the

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Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX), J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2002JD003123, 2004a.

Hecht, J. H., A. Z. Liu, R. L. Walterscheid, R. G. Roble, M. F. Larsen, and J. C. Clemmons, Airglow emissions and oxygen mixing ratios from the photometer experiment on the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX), J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2002JD003035, 2004b.

Hecht, J. H., A. Z. Liu, R. L. Walterscheid, and R. J. Rudy, Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) observations of the evolution of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows formed near 86 km altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S10, doi:10.1029/2003JD003908, 2005.

Hocking, W.K., and T. Thayaparan, Simultaneous and co-located observation of winds and tides by MF and Meteor radars over London, Canada, (43N, 81W) during 1994-1996, Radio Sci., 32, 833-865, 1997.

Holton, J. R., The generation of mesospheric planetary waves by zonally asymmetric gravity wave breaking, J. Atmo. Sci., 41, 3427-3430, 1984.

Hu, X., A. Z. Liu, C. S. Gardner, and G. R. Swenson, Characteristics of quasi-monochromatic gravity waves observed with lidar in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, NM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2169, doi:2110.1029/2002GL014975, 2002.

Li, T., C. Y. She, Bifford P. Williams, Tao Yuan, Richard L. Collins, Lois M. Kieffaber and Alan W. Peterson, Concurrent OH imager and Na temperature/wind lidar observation of localized ripples over Northern Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2005.

Li, F., A. Z. Liu, and G. R. Swenson, Characteristics of instabilities in the mesopause region over Maui, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2004JD005097, 2005.

Liu, A. Z., W. K. Hocking, S. J. Franke, and T. Thayaparan, Comparison of Na lidar and meteor radar wind measurements at Starfire Optical Range, NM, USA, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 64, 31-40, 2002.

Liu, A. Z., R. G. Roble, J. H. Hecht, M. F. Lasen, and C. S. Gardner, Unstable layers in the mesopause region observed with Na lidar during the turbulent oxygen mixing experiment (TOMEX) campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02S02, doi:10.1029/2002JD003056, 2004.

Liu, A. Z., and C. S. Gardner, Vertical dynamical transport of mesospheric constituents by dissipating gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 66, 267-275, doi:210.1016/j.jastp.2003.1011.1002, 2004.

Liu, A. Z., and C. S. Gardner, Vertical heat and constituent transport in the mesopause region by dissipating gravity waves at Maui, Hawaii (20.7°N), and Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico (35°N), J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2004JD004965, 2005.

Lübken, F-J., and J. Höffner, Experimental evidence for ice particle interaction with metal atoms at the high latitude summer mesopause region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08104, doi:10.1029/2004GL019586, 2004.

Lu, W., and Fritts, D. C., Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes III, Gravity-tide interactions, J. Atmo. Sci., 50, 3714-3727, 1993.

Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, S. K. Avery, S. D. Thorsen, Ionospheric and dynamical characteristics of the mesosphere-lower thermosphere region over Platteville (40ºN, 105ºW) and comparisons with the region over Saskatoon (52ºN, 107ºW), J. Geophys. Res.,108, 4398, 2003.

Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, Maura Hagan, X. Zhang and Y. Luo, Global Distributions of Diurnal and Semi-Diurnal Tides: Observations from HRDI-UARS of MLT Region and Comparisons with GSWM-02 (Migrating, Non-migrating Components), Ann. Geophys. 22, pp 1529-1548, 2004.

McLandress, C., and W. E. Ward, Tidal/gravity wave interactions and their influence on the large-scale dynamics of the middle atmosphere: Model results, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8139-8155, 1994.

McLandress C., Interannual variations of the diurnal tide in the mesosphere induced by a zonal-mean wind oscillation in the tropics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.1029/2001GL014551, 2002.

Melo, S. M. L., R. P. Lowe, W. R. Pendleton Jr., M. J. Taylor, B. Williams and C. Y. She, Effects of a large mesospheric temperature enhancement on the hydroxyl rotational temperature as observed from the ground, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 30,381-30,338, 2001.

Miyahara, S., Suppression of stationary planetary waves by internal gravity waves in the mesosphere, J. Atmo. Sci., 42, 100-107, 1984.

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Miyahara, S. Y. Hayashi, and J. D. Mahlman, Interactions of gravity waves and planetary-scale flow simulated by the GFDL “SKYHI” general circulation model, J. Atmo. Sci., 43, 1844-1861, 1986.

Nakamura, T., D. C. Fritts, J. R. Isler, T. Tsuda, and R. A. Vincent, Short-period fluctuations of the diurnal tide observed with low-latitude MF and meteior radara during CADRED: evidence for gravity wave/tidal interactions, J Geophys. Res., 102, 26,225-26,238, 1997.

Oberheide J., and O. A. Gusev, Observation of migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the equatorial lower thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2167, doi:10.1029/2002GL016213, 2002.

Palo, S.E., M.E. Hagan, C.E. Meek, R.A. Vincent, M.D. Burrage, C. McLandress, S.J. Franke, W.E. Ward, R.R Clark, P. Hoffmann, R. Johnson, D. Kurschner, A.H. Manson, D. Murphy, T. Nakamura, Yu.I. Portnaygin, J.E. Salah, R. Schminder, W. Singer, T. Tsuda, T.S. Virdi, and Q. Zhou, “An intercomparison between the GSWM, UARS and ground based radar observations: A case study in January 1993”, Ann. Geophys, 15, 1123-1141, 1997.

Palo, S.E., R.G. Roble and M.E. Hagan, “TIME-GCM results for the quasi-two-day wave”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3783-3786, 1998.

Palo, S.E, R.G. Roble and M.E. Hagan, “Middle atmosphere effects of the quasi-two-day wave determined from a general circulation model”, Earth Planets Space, 51, 629-647, 1999.

Plane, J. M. C., C. S. Gardner, J. R. Yu, C. Y. She, R. R. Garcia, and H. C. Pumphrey, Mesospheric Na layer at 40oN: Modeling and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3773-3788, 1999.

Plane, J. M. C., B. J. Murray, X. Chu, C. S. Gardner, Removal of meteoric iron on polar mesospheric clouds, Science, 304, 426-428, 2004.

Rapp, M., B. Strelnikov, A Mullemann, F.-J. Lubken, and D. C. Frits, Turbulence measurements and implications for gravity wave dissipation duting the MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket program, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24S07, doi:10.1029/2003GL019325, 2004.

Senft, D. C., R. L. Collins, and C. S. Gardner, Mid-latitude lidar observations of large sporadic sodium layers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 715–718, 1989.

She, C. Y., H. Latifi, J. R. Yu, R. J. Alvarez II, R. E. Bills, and C.S. Gardner, Two-frequency lidar technique for mesospheric Na temperature measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 929-932, 1990.

She, C. Y., J. R. Yu, and H. Chen, Observed thermal structure of a midlatitude mesopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 567-570, 1993.

She, C. Y., and J. R. Yu, Simultaneous three-frequency Na lidar measurements of radial wind and temperature in the mesopause region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1771-1774, 1994.

She, C. Y., and J. R. Yu, Doppler-Free Saturation Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Na Atoms for Atmospheric Applications", Appl. Opt., 34, 1063-1075, 1995.

She, C. Y. and U. von Zahn, The concept of two-level mesopause: Support through new lidar observation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5855 - 5863, 1998.

She, C. Y., S. S. Chen, Z. L. Hu, J. Sherman, J. D. Vance, V. Vasoli, M. A. White, J. R. Yu, and D. A. Krueger, Eight-year climatology of nocturnal temperature and sodium density in the mesopause region (80 to 105 km) over Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW), Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3289 - 3292, 2000.

She, C. Y., S. Chen, B. P. Williams, Z. Hu, D. A. Krueger, and M. E. Hagan, Tides in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW) based on lidar temperature observations covering full diurnal cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001189, 2002.

She, C. Y., and D. A. Krueger, Impact of natural variability in the 11-year mesopause region temperature observation over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), Adv. Space Phys., 34, 330-336, 2004.

She, C.Y., T. Li, R. C. Collins, T. Yuan, B. P. Williams, T. D. Kawahara, J. D. Vance, P. Acott, D. A. Krueger, H.-L. Liu, and M. E. Hagan, Tidal perturbations and variability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W): Continuous multi-day temperature and wind lidar observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24111, doi:10.1029/2004GL021165, 2004a.

She, C. Y.,T. Li, B. P. Williams, T. Yuan, and R. H. Picard, Concurrent OH imager and Na temperature/wind lidar observation of a mesopause region undular bore event over Fort Collins/Platteville, CO, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D22107, doi:10.1029/2004JD004742, 2004b.

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She, C. Y., B. P. Williams, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, J. D. Vance, J. Fiedler, P. Acott, D. C. Fritts, F.-J. Lübken, Simultaneous observation of sodium atoms, NLC and PMSE in the summer mesopause region above ALOMAR, Norway (69N, 12E), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., in press, 2005.

Sherman, J., B. P. Williams, T. D. Kawahara, D. A. Krueger, and C. Y. She, A dynamical study of the winter mid-latitude mesopause region (80-105km) based on initial simultaneous lidar measurements of temperature, and winds over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), Adv. Space Res., 32, 753-758, 2003.

States, R. J., and C. S. Gardner, Influence of the diurnal tide and thermospheric hear sources on the formation of mesospheric temperature inversion layers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1483-1486, 1998.

States, R. J., and C. S. Gardner, Thermal structure of the mesopause region (80-105 km) at 40˚N latitude. Part I: Seasonal variations, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 66-77, 2000a.

States, R. J., and C. Gardner, S., Thermal structure of the mesopause region (80-105 km) at 40˚N latitude. Part II: Diurnal variations, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 78-92, 2000b.

Swenson, G. R., A. Z. Liu, F. Li, and J. Tang, High frequency atmospheric gravity wave damping in the mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., 32, 785-793, 2003.

Talaat, E. R., and R. S. Lieberman, Nonmigrating diurnal tides in mesospheric and lower-thermospheric winds and temperatures, J. Atmo. Sci. 56, 4073-4087, 1999.

Tang, J., A. Z. Liu, and G. R. Swenson, High frequency gravity waves observed in OH airglow at Starfire Optical Range, NM: Seasonal variations in momentum flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1966, doi: 1910.1029/2002GL015794, 2002.

Tao, X., and C. S. Gardner, Heat Flux observations in the mesopause region above Haleakala, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2829-2832, 1995.

Taylor, M. J., D. C. Fritts, and J. R. Isler, Determination of horizontal and vertical structure of an unusual pattern of short period gravity waves imaged during ALOHA-93, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2837-2840, 1995.

Tsuttsumi, M., T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura and S. Fukao, Wind Velocity and Temperature Fluctuations due to a Two-day Wave Observed with Radio Meteor Echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9425-9432, 1996.

Walterscheid, R. L., Dynamical cooling induced by dissipating internal gravity waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 1235-1238, 1981.

Wang, D.-Y. and Fritts, D. C., Evidence of gravity wave/tidal interactions observed near the summer mesopause at Poker Flat., Alaska, J. Atmo. Sci., 48, 572-583,1991.

Williams, B., J. Vance, C.-Y. She, D. C. Fritts, F. J. Schmidlin, R. A. Goldberg, U.-P. Hoppe, R. Latteck, W. Singer, M. Rapp, and F.-J. Luebken: Evidence of unusually high gravity wave variability near the summer mesopause during the summer MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL020, 2004.

Williams, B., D. C. Fritts, C.-Y. She, and J. Vance, First measurements of gravity wave momentum fluxes with the Weber Na lidar at ALOMAR in northern Norway, in preparation, 2005a.

Williams, B. P., J. Sherman, C. Y. She, and F. T. Berkey, Coincident extremely large sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah, in preparation, 2005b.

Williams, B. P., C. Croskey, T. Blix, C. Y. She, and R. A. Goldberg, Sporadic sodium and sporadic-E layers observed during the summer 2002 MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, MaCWAVE special issue of Ann. Geophys., submitted, 2005c.

Williams, B. P., M. A. White, D. A. Krueger and C. Y. She, Observation of a large amplitude wave and inversion layer leading to convective instability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins CO (41N, 105W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1850-1853, 2002.

Yuan, T., C. Y. She, M. E. Hagan, B. P. Williams, T. Li, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, P. E. Acott, J. D. Vance, D. Krueger and R. G. Roble, Seasonal variation of diurnal perturbations in mesopause-region temperature, zonal, and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105°W), J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2005.

Zhao, Y., A. Z. Liu, and C. S. Gardner, Measurements of atmospheric stability in the mesospause at Starfire optical range, NM, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 65, 219-232, 2003.

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Zhao, Y., M. J. Taylor, and X. Chu, Comparison of simultaneous Na lidar and mesospheric nightglow temperature measurements and the effects of tides on the emission layer heights, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S07, doi:10.1029/2004JD005115, 2005.

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Curriculum Vita - Chiao-Yao (Joe) She Education:1957 - B.S., Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 1961 - M.S., North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 1964 - Ph.D., Stanford University, Stanford, California Experience: 1975-Present Professor of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 1968- 1971 Assistant Professor of Physics, Colorado State University 1971- 1975 Associate Professor of Physics, Colorado State University 1964 - 1968 Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering, The University of Minnesota Honors, Memberships and Services:Fellow of the Optical Society of America Member of APS, AGU; Associated Member of IEEE 1976 Research Publication Award, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 1978 President of the Rocky Mountain Section of OSA. 1987 Burlington Northern Faculty Achievement Award, Colorado State University 1988-1989 Golden Screw (Teaching) Award, Colorado State University 1988, and 1995 On NSF Review Panels for Research Initiation Awards, Lightwave Technology Program,

and Optical Science and Engineering, respectively 1992-1994 Member, AMS Committee on Laser Studies of the Atmosphere 1993-1995 Member, CLEO/IQEC Program Committee 1994-1997 Member, Arecibo Users and Scientific Advisory Committee, National Astronomy 1990- Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, CIRA, Colorado State University 1997-2000 Member, NSF CEDAR Science Steering Committee 2000-2001 Fulbright Research Award, Norway 2003 NSF/CEDAR Workshop – CEDAR Lecture Prize 2003 AGU Editor’s Citation – Outstanding Reviewer for GRL Book Chapter and EditingWilliam B. Grant, Edward V. Browell, Robert T. Menzies, Kenneth Sassen and Chiao-Yao She (Editors), Selected Papers on Laser Applications in Remote Sensing, SPIE Milestone Series, MS 141 (1997).

Research Publications Professor She has co-authored ~145 papers in refereed journals. A selected list since 1998 follows: 109. She, C. Y. and U. von Zahn, The concept of two-level mesopause: Support through new lidar

observation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5855 - 5863, 1998. 110. She, C. Y., S. W. Thiel and D. A. Krueger, Observed episodic warming at 86 and 100 km between

1990 and 1997: Effects of Mount Pinatubo eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 497 - 500, 1998. 114. She, C. Y., and R. P. Lowe, Seasonal temperature variations in the mesopause region at mid-latitude:

comparison of lidar and hydroxyl rotational temperatures using WINDII/UARD OH height profiles, J. Atmo. Solar-Terr. Physics, 60, 1573-1583, 1998.

134. She, C. Y., and D. A. Krueger, Impact of natural variability in the 11-year mesopause region temperature observation over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), Adv. Space Phys. 34, 330-336, 2004.

136. She, Chiao-Yao, Initial full-diurnal-cycle mesopause region lidar observations: Diurnal-means and tidal perturbations of temperature and winds over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), PSMOS 2002, J. Atmo. Solar-Terr. Phys. 66, 663-674, 2004.

139. She, C. Y.,Tao Li, Biff P. Williams, Tao Yuan and R. H. Picard (2004), Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature/wind lidar observation of a mesopause region undular bore event over Fort Collins/Platteville, CO, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D22107, doi:10.1029/2004JD004742.

140. She, C.Y., T. Li, R. C. Collins, T. Yuan, B. P. Williams, T. D. Kawahara, J. D. Vance, P. Acott, D. A. Krueger, H.-L. Liu, and M. E. Hagan (2004), Tidal perturbations and variability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W): Continuous multi-day temperature and wind lidar observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24111, doi:10.1029/2004GL021165.

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DAVID A. KRUEGER (970) 491-7381 [email protected] Education: 1967 Ph.D. in Physics, University of Washington 196l B.S. in Physics, Montana State University Member: American Physical Society American Association of Physics Teachers Professional Career: 2001-present Chair, Dept. of Physics, Colorado State University 1980-present Professor of Physics, Colorado State University 6/86-8/86 Consultant, Marathon Res. Center, Littleton,Colorado 8/85-6/86 Visiting Fac., Marathon Res. Center, Littleton, CO. (Sabb. leave) 10/84-9/85 Consultant, Sandia National Laboratories 1984 summer Visiting Faculty, Sandia National Laboratories 1980 summer Visiting Faculty, Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, D.O.E. 5/78-8/79 Mem. Tech. Staff, Sandia Nat. Lab.,(Sabb.leave) 8/77-12/77 Acting Chairman, Department of Physics, Colorado State Univ. 8/77-5/78 Consultant, Sandia National Laboratories 1977 summer Visiting Faculty, Sandia National Laboratories 7/75-7/76 Consultant, IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 4/75-7/75 Visiting Faculty, IBM Research Center August 1974 Aspen Physics Institute, Aspen, Colorado August 1973 NSF Short Course on Lec. Demon. in Phys., U.S. Naval Acad. 1973-1978 Associate Chairman, Colorado State University 1972-1980 Associate Professor of Physics, Colorado State University 1969-1972 Assistant Professor of Physics, Colorado State University 1967-1969 Research Associate, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin She, C. Y., and D. A. Krueger, Impact of natural variability in the 11-year mesopause region temperature observation over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), Adv. Space Phys.34, 330-336, 2004. She, C. Y., Tao Li, Tao Yuan, Takuya Kawahara and David A. Krueger, Tidal perturbations and variability in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W): Continuous multi-day temperature and wind lidar observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24111, doi:10.1029/2004GL021165. R.A. Goldberg, D.C. Fritts, B.P. Williams, F.-J. Lubken, M. Rapp, W. Singer, R. Latteck, P. Hoffman, A. Mullemann, G. Baumgarten, F.J. Schmidlin, C.-Y. She, and D.A. Krueger, The MacWAVE/MIDAS rocket and groundbased measurement of polar summer dynamics: Overview and mean state structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24S02, doi:10.1029/2004GL019411. She, C. Y., Jim Sherman, Tao Yuan, B. P. Williams, Kam Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, Tao Li. LiFang Xu, J. D. Vance and David A. Krueger, The first 80-hour continuous lidar campaign for simultaneous observation of mesopause region temperature and wind, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 52-1-4 (2003).

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Tao Yuan

[email protected]

EDUCATION 1999 -2004 PhD in Physics Department of Colorado State University

1994 -1997 Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (CIOM) Master’s degree in Physics Department 1990 -1994 Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Bachelor’s degree in Physics department

WORK HISTORY

May 97-July 99: Optical Engineer in Laser Department of Chinese Institute of Atomic Energy

Aug. 99-May 01: Teaching Assistant in Physics Department of Colorado State University

May 01-July 04: Research Assistant in Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) group at


July 04 – now CEDAR Postdoc at Na Lidar Facility of Colorado State University

Academic Award 90-91: First Academic Scholarship as Top Student in Physics Department of CIOM 91-92: Second Academic Scholarship as Top Student in Physics Department of CIOM 92-93: Second Academic Scholarship as Top Student in Physics Department of CIOM 04-06: CEDAR Postdoctoral Fellowship, awarded by National Science Foundation Publications: Yuan, Tao, Tao Yuan, C. Y. She, Maura E. Hagan, B. P. Williams, Tao Li, Kam Arnold, Takuya D. Kawahara, P.

E. Acott, J. D. Vance, David Krueger and Raymond G. Roble (2005), Seasonal variations of diurnal tidal-period perturbations in mesopause region temperature zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105°W), (Journal of Geophysical Research, under review)

Li, Tao, C. Y. She, Bifford P. Williams, Tao Yuan, Richard L. Collins, Lois Kieffabar and Alan Peterson (2005), Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature/wind lidar observation of localized ripples over Northern Colorado (Journal of Geophysical Research, in press)

She, C. Y., Tao Li, Richard L. Collins, Tao Yuan, Bifford P. Williams, Takuya Kawahara, Joe D. Vance, Phil Acott, David A. Krueger, Han-Li Liu and Maura E. Hagan (2004), Tidal perturbations and variability in mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W): continuous multi-day temperature and wind lidar observations, Geophysical Research Letter, 31, L24111, doi:10.1029/2004GL021165.

She, C. Y., Tao Li, Biff P. Williams, Tao Yuan, and R. H. Picard (2004), Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature/wind lidar observation of a mesopause region undular bore event over Fort Collins/Platteville, CO, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D22107, doi:10.1029/2004JD004742.

She, C. Y., Jim Sherman, Tao Yuan, B. P. Williams, Kam Arnold, T. D.Kawahara, Tao Li, LiFang Xu, J. D. Vance, P. Acott and David A. Krueger (2003), The first 80-hour continuous lidar campaign for simultaneous observation of mesopause region temperature and wind, Geophys. Res. Lett.30, 10.1029/2002GL016412.

She, C. Y., Jim Sherman, Joe Vance, Tao Yuan, Zhilin Hu, B. P. Williams, Kam Arnold, Phil Acott, and David A. Krueger (2002), Evidence of solar cycle effect in the mesopause region: Observed temperatures in 1999 and 2000 at 98.5 km over Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW), J. Atmo. Solar-Terr. Phys. 64, 1651-1657.

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SUMMARYPROPOSAL BUDGET

FundsRequested By

proposer

Fundsgranted by NSF

(if different)

Date Checked Date Of Rate Sheet Initials - ORG

NSF FundedPerson-months

FOR NSF USE ONLYORGANIZATION PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (months)

Proposed GrantedPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR AWARD NO.

A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI’s, Faculty and Other Senior Associates (List each separately with title, A.7. show number in brackets) CAL ACAD SUMR

$ $1.2.3.4.5.6. ( ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSTIFICATION PAGE)7. ( ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1 - 6)

B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS)1. ( ) POST DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES2. ( ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.)3. ( ) GRADUATE STUDENTS4. ( ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS5. ( ) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY)6. ( ) OTHER TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B)

C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C)

D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.)

TOTAL EQUIPMENTE. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS)

2. FOREIGN

F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS1. STIPENDS $2. TRAVEL3. SUBSISTENCE4. OTHER TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( ) TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTSG. OTHER DIRECT COSTS1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION3. CONSULTANT SERVICES4. COMPUTER SERVICES5. SUBAWARDS6. OTHER TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G)I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A)(SPECIFY RATE AND BASE)

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A)J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I)K. RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECTS SEE GPG II.C.6.j.)L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) $ $M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $ AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY

INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATIONORG. REP. NAME*

*ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REQUIRED FOR REVISED BUDGET

1YEAR

1


Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

X

X

X

She

She

She - Prof 1.50 0.50 1.00 16,500David A Krueger - Prof 0.50 0.00 0.50 5,500

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 02 2.00 0.50 1.50 22,000

1 6.00 0.00 6.00 21,0000 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 45,0000 00 00 0

88,00010,349

98,349

0$equipment item 1

02,0002,000

0000

0 0

8,7951,000

000

38,470 48,265

150,614

65,386FirstIndirectCostItem (Rate: 46.0000, Base: 142144)

216,0000

216,0000

Vincent bogdanski

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FundsRequested By

proposer

Fundsgranted by NSF

(if different)











2. FOREIGN






2YEAR

2


Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

X

X

X

She

She

She - Prof 1.50 0.50 1.00 17,160David A Krueger - Prof 0.40 0.00 0.40 4,576

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 02 1.90 0.50 1.40 21,736

1 12.00 0.00 0.00 43,6800 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 46,8000 00 00 0

112,21614,964

127,180

0$equipment item 1

02,0802,080

01,5001,900

0

1 3,400

4,6811,000

000

39,294 44,975

179,715


260,0010

260,0010

Vincent bogdanski

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FundsRequested By

proposer

Fundsgranted by NSF

(if different)











2. FOREIGN






3YEAR

3


Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

X

X

X

She

She

She - Prof 1.50 0.50 1.00 17,846David A Krueger - Prof 0.40 0.00 0.40 4,759TBA X TBA - ResSci 6.00 0.00 0.00 32,500

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 7.90 0.50 1.40 55,105

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 51,9170 00 00 0

107,02213,591

120,613

0$equipment item 1

02,1632,163

03,0003,800

0

2 6,800

9,9411,000

000

40,777 51,718

183,457


265,0000

265,0000

Vincent bogdanski

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FundsRequested By

proposer

Fundsgranted by NSF

(if different)











2. FOREIGN






4YEAR

4


Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

X

X

X

She

She


0 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 8.90 0.50 1.40 62,943

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 53,9930 00 00 0

116,93615,891

132,827

0$equipment item 1

02,2502,250

04,5005,700

0

3 10,200

9,8891,500

000

41,708 53,097

200,624


290,0010

290,0010

Vincent bogdanski

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FundsRequested By

proposer

Fundsgranted by NSF

(if different)











2. FOREIGN






5YEAR

5


Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

X

X

X

She

She


0 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 9.90 0.50 1.40 71,319

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 03 63,1720 00 00 0

134,49118,769

153,260

0$equipment item 1

02,3402,340

04,5005,700

0

3 10,200

8,4441,000

000

44,053 53,497

221,637


320,0000

320,0000

Vincent bogdanski

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FundsRequested By

proposer

Fundsgranted by NSF

(if different)











2. FOREIGN






Cumulative

C


Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

Chiao-Yao

X

X

X

She

She


0.00 0.00 0.00 03 30.60 2.50 7.10 233,103

2 18.00 0.00 6.00 64,6800 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

15 260,8820 00 00 0

558,66573,564

632,229

0$

010,83310,833

013,50017,100

0

9 30,600

41,7505,500

000

204,302 251,552 936,047

414,955 1,351,002

0 1,351,002

0

Vincent bogdanski

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Budget and Justification The proposed budget is for 5 years and is based on many years of experience at CSU and ALOMAR in operating, maintaining and enhancing wind and temperature lidar systems. The main categories of expenditures are the site operations and maintenance, project administration, equipment, travel costs, student education and training, software and hardware development and maintenance, user support, and scientific research. The Other Direct Costs (lines G6) include $38,470, $39,294, $40,477, $41,708, and $44,053 for the years 1-5 respectively which covers graduate student tuition of $8,470, $8,894, $9,961, $10,459, and $12,354 and a laser maintenance contract $30,000, $30,400, $30,816, $31,249, and $31,699. Funds under the Participant category (lines F2 and F3) are for the Guest Investigator program discussed in the proposal text. The CSU program will have 0, 1, 2, 3, and 3 participants in years 1-5 at a cost of $0, $3,400, $6,800, $10,200, and $10,200, respectively. The CSU budget consists of all expenditures (for research and operation) at the CSU facility in Fort Collins, CO. It also covers CSU’s share (21%) of the expenses to conduct experiments at the ALOMAR facility in Norway with the remainder (79%) paid by the Colorado Research Associates (CoRA). The personnel budget covers on the average of 1.9 months faculty, 7.8 months research associate/scientist, and 32 months of student support per annum. The inflation rate is 4%. Since Joe She anticipates a phased retirement beginning the summer of 2007, Colorado State University will furnish bridge support (target of 6, 5, 4, and 3 months for calendar years 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 respectively) to hire a Research Scientist starting approximately July 1, 2007, to assume the full-time leadership of the CSU upper-atmospheric component of the Consortium for Resonance and Rayleigh Lidar. The balance of the Research Scientist support will be covered by funds requested in this proposal. This scenario ensures critical overlap of the Research Scientist with Joe She. In the event that a new academic faculty member is hired to lead the CSU lidar program, the university support for the Research Scientist will be redirected to start-up support for that faculty member.

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Current and Pending Support – p.1

The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.

Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be

P. I. : Chiao-Yao She Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: Collaborative Research: A Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $ 1,351,000 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/06-12/31/10 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 1.5 Acad: 0.5 Sumr: 1.0 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: A transportable lidar for observing mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $ 183,800 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/06-12/31/08 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 1.0 Acad: Sumr: 1.0 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: CEDAR: Geophysical Study of the Mesopause Region: Completion of One Solar Cycle Lidar Observation at Fort Collins, CO (41oN, 105oW)

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $698,932 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/01-12/31/05 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 0 Acad: 0 Sumr: 0 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: Correlative Dynamics Studies Using the Weber Sodium Lidar and Associated Instrumentation at the ALOMAR Observatory

Source of Support: AFOSR (subcontract from NWRA/CoRA) Total Award Amount: $189,490 Total Award Period Covered: 08/01/03-12/31/05 Location of Project: NorthWest Research Associates, CoRA Division Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 0 Acad: 0 Sumr: 0

Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: Collaborative Research: Studies of MLT Dynamics, Structure and Variability Using the Weber Sodium Lidar and Other Optical and Radar Instrumentation at ALOMAR

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $195,000 Total Award Period Covered: 07/01/02-6/30/05 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 0 Acad: 0 Sumr: 0 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: CEDAR-Postdoc: Seasonal variations in mesopause region temperatures, zonal and meridional winds – Climatology and tides

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $160,000 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/04-12/31/05 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal:0 Acad: 0 Sumr: 0

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Current and Pending Support – p.2The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal

Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal hasP. I.: Chiao-Yao She

Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: Observations of Sodium lidar for Fort Collins Mesopasue Temperature and Winds with TIMED Science Source of Support: NASA Total Award Amount: $250,000 Total Award Period Covered: 08/01/05 – 12/30/06 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 1.0 Acad: 1.0 Sumr: 0

Current and Pending Support The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.


Co. I. : David A. Kruger Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Collaborative Research: A Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $ 1,351,000 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/06-12/31/10 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: 0.5 Acad: Sumr: 0.5

Current and Pending Support The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal.


Co. I. : Tao Yuan Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Collaborative Research: A Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $ 1,351,000 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/06-12/31/10 Location of Project: Colorado State University Person-Months (total) Committed to the Project. Cal: 18 Acad: Sumr: Support: Pending *Transfer of Project/Proposal Title: CEDAR-Postdoc: Seasonal variations in mesopause region temperatures, zonal and meridional winds – Climatology and tides

Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $160,000 Total Award Period Covered: 01/01/04-12/31/06 Location of Project: NorthWest Research Associates, CoRA Division Person-Months (in 2006) Committed to the Project. Cal:6.0 Acad: 0 Sumr: 0

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FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT & OTHER RESOURCES

Continuation Page:

NSF FORM 1363 (10/99)

LABORATORY FACILITIES (continued):

lidar transmitter and receiver systems which constitute more than $1M inlasers and related equipment. The equipment support request in theproposal is primarily to maintain the transmitter and receiver systems.The optical group operates a remote facility on High Cross road wherelidar development and testing take place (5 miles from the main campus). The labs are equipped with computers and related network infrastructure tosupport data analysis of all forms required for the success of thisproposal. The optical siting in Hawaii is under consideration as describedin the proposal and being investigated by both AFOSR and NSF programmanagers.

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Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources The Colorado State University Sodium Lidar is an operational system. All the

equipment were purchased mainly from NSF grants over the years and supplemented by University contributions from time to time. Most equipment needed to conduct the proposed research are available and installed in the CSU Christman Field Lidar Facility. Due to the long-period operations and campaigns, two of the lasers, the Millennia-5 and Model Pro230-50, ND:YAG are now under service contracts.

Major items are listed below: Laser systems and lidar transmitter: 5 W c.w. YAG laser, Model Millennia-5, Spectra Physics. Model 899-21, frequency stabilized ring dye laser, Coherent. Model Pro230-50, ND:YAG pulsed laser/amplifier

with injection seeding, Spectra Physics. Model PDA-1, high gain dye amplifier, Spectra Physics-Quanta Ray. 2 Innolight c.w. Yag lasers for SFG development,

one 1W at 1064 nm and the other 0.4 W at 1319 nm Optical Diagnostics: Burleigh wavemeter. Power meters, cw and pulsed, one each. Receiver: Two 14" telescopes and two 30” telescopes Two home-constructed Faraday filters Data acquisition and processing system: Model SR 250 boxcar integrator, three, Stanford Research. A/D converter, SR 245, two, Stanford Research. Textronics, Model 2022 digital oscilloscope

Optec counter board, model FDC 700M IBM compatible computers, Pentium 2 and 3 models compatible with data interface.

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0545353

21 June 2005

Dr. Xinzhao ChuElecto-Optics Systems LaboratoryUniversity of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL

Prof. Jeffrey ThayerAerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO 80309-0429

Dear Xinzhao and Jeff,

I am happy to be able to write this letter of support for and collaboration with your proposal forthe CEDAR community Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars. I expect Arecibo to bean active participant in future lidar developments and progress in lidar science. The creation ofthe CRRL and the involvement Arecibo promises for a strong future. I expect Arecibo cancontribute early on, in introducing students and non-students to the technologies developed here,and training them in many lidar techniques through our guest investigator program.

An important element of the SAS mission at Arecibo is in the development of new methods forachieving forefront scientific results. Thus, support of the development and dissemination of newscientific instrumentation is important to us. Much of the development and implementation oftechnology for Doppler-lidar studies of the mesospheric potassium layer were carried out atArecibo. The experience we have gained in developing these technologies is a strong addition tothe CRRL Technology Center, thus we expect to have an active exchange of ideas and sharing ofexperience that will greatly enhance the connection of Arecibo with the University of Colorado.

We look forward to the coordination of the CEDAR community resonance and Rayleigh lidarprograms. It promises to advance the science goals of the US mesosphere and lowerthermosphere research community. The CRRL will help to identify and focus energy and fundingto the most important research needs of the community, especially with regards to thedevelopment of portable lidars that would take advantage of the HIAPER platform or supportAMISR.

With Kindest Regards,

Dr. Sixto A. GonzálezDirector, Arecibo Observatory

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13th July 2005

Dr. Gary SwensonRe: Support for lidar consortium activities at Maui

Dear Gary,

I am writing to express my intention to continue our productive collaboration involving joint observationswith the Na lidar and meteor radar systems currently deployed on Maui under the Maui MALT initiative. Iunderstand that you are proposing to bring the Maui lidar activities into the proposed lidar consortium inMarch, 2007. This is an exciting development which will undoubtedly improve prospects for continued rapiddevelopment of new lidar technologies. I look forward to participating in future collaborative investigationsusing products from the instruments operated by the consortium, and by you and the other members of theMaui MALT correlative instruments team.

Sincerely,

Steven J. Franke, Professor

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0545704

Documents

02 INFORMATION ABOUT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/PROJECT … · 02 INFORMATION ABOUT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/PROJECT DIRECTORS(PI/PD) and co-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/co-PROJECT DIRECTORS