399

Index

Africa, 20–21, 30, 37, 49, 53–56 passim, 127, 269, 271, 304. See also Angola; Mozambique

Agamben, Giorgio, 11–12, 63–64, 334n18

Ah-Ma Temple, 41, 216, 322n17 aiguo aixiang, 143, 144, 339n14.

See also patriotism Albuquerque, Afonso de, 37, 38,

39 Alvares, Jorge, 40 Amaral, João Maria Ferreira do

(governor of Macau, late 1840s), 46–47, 250, 287, 288; streets named for, 190, 191, 347n22; statue of, 211–12

ambivalence, 31, 58, 80, 208, 264, 273–74, 291–92, 297–98, 301

ancestry, see descent Ang, Ien, 19, 108, 334n17 Anglo-American hegemony, 30,

57, 58, 148, 150, 311 Angola, 49, 55, 136, 327n46 Aomen, 43, 44, 46, 322n21. See

also Macau Aomen ren (Macau people), see

oumuhn yahn

apabico (Macanese dumpling), 22–23, 105, 312, 318n14

Apolinário, Manuel António, 69, 72, 93–94

Areia Preta, see northern district Asian financial crisis (1998), 7,

25 Asian People’s Theatre Festival

Society, 266 Auden, W. H., 299, 304 autonomy, 17, 112, 119, 340n15;

in one country, two systems, 7, 27, 92, 135, 139; of Macau, 26, 28, 42–45 passim, 48, 77, 153, 156–57, 278, 324n30; of Macau schools, 153, 156, 157

Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro, see San Ma-Louh

bandits, 64, 69, 76, 77, 81, 82, 95, 97

Baptista, António Marques, 88, 89. See also Rambo

Basic Law (of Macau under the PRC), 7, 25, 28, 106, 116, 177, 249, 333n11

Basso, Keith, 181, 187

400 Index

Beijing, 6, 59, 147, 244, 321n12 belonging, see sense of belonging Big Spender (Cheung Tze-keung,

Hong Kong gangster), 87, 92 binaries, 18–19, 304. See also

either-or rhetorics blood (as vector of collective iden-

tity), 14, 76, 101, 110–11, 114, 124–27, 129–31, 171, 179, 282. See also jus sanguinis; xuetong

Bretton-Woods Agreement, 67 bridge (image of Macau as), 28–29,

31, 138, 145–50 passim, 153, 158, 167, 175, 243, 261. See also East-meets-West rhetoric

Broken Tooth Koi (triad leader), 87–95, 305

Brubaker, Rogers, and Frederick Cooper, 19

Butler, Judith, 62 Camões, Luís Vaz de (Portuguese

poet, ca. 1524–80), 68, 327n3, 358n6

Cantonese (dialect), 21, 25, 103, 165, 216, 270, 309, 311, 358n11

capitalism: in China, 4, 107, 142, 143, 180, 339n12, 340n15; in Macau, 7, 24, 67–68, 145, 161, 206, 209, 227–28, 301; and sov-ereignty, 10, 12–13, 32, 96; and modernity, 67, 150; transna-tional, 282, 292, 339n10

Carvalho, Nobre de (governor of Macau in 1960s), 48

Casino (film), 88–90, 94, 330n25 casinos, 24, 69, 72, 74, 83, 88, 215,

227, 310–11. See also Gambling; STDM

Catholic church, 36, 38–39, 42, 149, 154, 350n36. See also Jesuits, Padroado Real; Rites Controversy

Catholicism, 102–3, 147, 242; converts to, 244, 284–85

Catholic schools (in Macau), 154, 157, 159, 252, 280, 284, 285

Cavaco Silva, Aníbal, see Silva, Aníbal Cavaco

censorship, 267–68, 357n5 Chan Kai-kit (Macau legislator),

76 Cheung Tze-keung, see Big

Spender Chinese Chamber of Commerce,

26, 48, 206, 284, 359n16 Chinese Communist Party

(CCP), 81, 107, 131, 142, 339n12, 340n16, 345n4; and Macau, 4, 48–49, 50, 78, 135, 139; and Chineseness, 16, 260, 334n16; and sovereignty, 78, 180, 305; antipathy toward, 80, 114, 296

Chineseness, 6, 20, 143–44, 179, 275, 295–96, 303; of Macau, 21–23, 135, 158, 160, 229, 277; of Macau Chinese, 3, 115, 126–27, 144, 168, 263, 276–78, 285, 300; and sover-eignty, 15–19, 24, 31–34 pas-sim, 58, 80, 100, 112, 130, 248–49, 263, 278; sort-of, 22, 23, 99, 100, 125, 130, 131, 135, 261; limits of, 23, 100–101, 108, 130; in law, 108–9, 128–29, 132. See also under

Index 401

identity; Macanese; nationality; xuetong

Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, 51, 109

chunambo (building material), 202, 234

Cidade do Nome de Deus na China (City of the name of god in China), 36, 42, 43

citizenship, 16, 31, 132, 264, 280, 296–97; flexible, 32, 123, 280–82, 292, 295, 297, 358n14; dual, 131, 336n30. See also nationality

civic associations, 77, 152, 206, 276, 280

civilization, 2–3, 10, 133, 175, 189, 241, 260, 277, 340n19; Chinese, 18, 33, 57, 108, 141, 249, 277; and lusotropicalism, 52, 54, 326n42; and Macau, 60, 65, 67, 145–53 passim, 158, 175, 189, 242–45 passim, 272; as scale, 141, 144, 148, 174

coffee, 20, 275, 289 Colégio de São Paulo, see São

Paulo Seminary collective memory, 212, 259,

353n18 Coloane Island, 24, 91, 158, 170,

183, 238, 351n1 colonialism, 7, 133, 159–60, 188–

89, 300, 301; Portuguese, 2, 27, 35, 45, 49–52 passim, 77–79, 130, 146, 170–71, 194; in China, 4, 19, 180; in Macau, 6, 15, 36, 46, 144, 155–56, 191, 290; British, 6, 56, 67, 77, 79, 115, 158, 170, 327n46, 333n13. See also Hong Kong; luso-

tropicalism; national humilia-tion

coolie trade, 67, 188, 250, 271 corruption, 26, 57, 76, 82–84,

107, 158, 186, 209, 273, 312 cosmopolitanism, 10, 54, 281,

242; and Chineseness, 3, 17, 142, 345n3; of Macau, 138, 148, 149, 175, 243, 300

Cotai, 183, 187 Cultural Heritage Department,

187, 200, 230 Cultural Institute of Macau

(ICM), 201, 208, 230, 266– 67, 268

Cultural Revolution, 49, 78, 107, 277

Deng Xiaoping, 4, 329n17,

344n38 descent (ancestry), 102, 116, 118,

126–28, 279, 337n35. See also blood; xuetong

difference (uniqueness) of Macau, 22–23, 27–28, 68, 79, 96, 204–6 passim, 227, 246–49 passim, 265–66, 273–78 passim; from PRC, 219–20, 260, 312; fragility of, 20–21, 29, 198–99, 208, 263, 308

docks, the (as docas), 196–97, 309

Dominguez, Virginia, 120 dumpling, 22, 237, 246, 265, 271,

358n9. See also apabico; won-ton

East-meets-West rhetoric, 3, 134,

152, 268, 280, 302. See also bridge

402 Index

education, in Macau, 27, 29, 79, 166, 342n29; poor quality of, 27, 144, 150, 155, 156; history of, 144–53 passim, 159, 160; char-acteristics of, 153–55, 156, 175, 302–3, 338n3, 342n30; reform of, 156–57, 159, 160

either-or rhetorics, 9, 46, 100, 109, 125, 131, 141, 181, 298

empire, 10, 67, 150, 152, 212, 241, 313; Chinese, 85, 108, 249; Por-tuguese, 36–37, 49, 56, 158, 232

Escola Comercial, 171–72, 342n29

Escola Portuguesa 168, 171–73, 344nn44–45

Escola Pui Ching, 161–64, 166, 344n41

Escola Secundária Luso-Chinesa Luís Gonzaga Gomes (ESLC), 165–68, 174

“Essentials of Macau History” (textbook), 157–59, 161, 163, 164, 166

Estado da Índia, 37, 320–21n9 ethnicity, 79–80, 110–11, 135,

143, 220, 251, 337n33 Eurasians, see Macanese fado, 262, 357n1 flag (of Macau SAR), 138, 249,

306, 310 flexible citizenship, see under citi-

zenship Fok, K. C., 45 Fong, Henry (film producer), 89,

90 Fortaleza São Paulo do Monte, see

Monte Fort

Foucault, Michel, 11, 12, 13, 317n6, 318n9, 318n10

14K triad, 83, 87, 88, 91, 329n12, 330n25

Freyre, Gilberto, 52–54, 55, 56, 58, 325nn38–39, 326n40, 326n42. See also luso-tropicalism

Fujian (province in China), 40, 41, 85, 323n24

Fujianese in Macau, 41, 216, 217–18, 350n39, 351n40

gambling, 3, 72, 90; industry in

Macau 25, 29, 67, 71, 227, 250; inspectors, 69, 70, 83, 93–94. See also casinos; Ho, Stanley; STDM

gaps, 152, 194, 228–29, 248, 251, 258

global, the, 140–45 passim, 159, 173–75 passim, 182, 280, 339n10, 339n12. See also un-der scale

globalization, 3, 10, 12, 15, 19, 34, 62, 153, 174, 180

Goa, 2, 37, 38, 48, 49, 324n32 Goodman, Bryna, 141 Guangzhou, 40, 48, 74, 87, 92,

162, 207, 232, 321n12, 344n41

Gupta, Akhil, 62 Handler, Richard, 226, 265 handover, the (huigui), 21, 29, 36,

60, 65, 80, 131, 249, 298, 305–10; as end of imperialism, 6, 7, 141, 175, 300; as source of anxiety, 21–22, 25, 111, 113, 160, 173, 203, 199, 219,

Index 403

296; as deadine for projects, 92–94 passim, 185, 208, 225; clock (in Beijing), 6, 59, 199

Haojing, 44, 322nn21–22 He Xin, 57 heritage, 180, 226, 228, 356n36;

cultural, 28, 201, 229, 233–39 passim, 245–51 passim, 255–56, 259–61; architectural, 31, 185, 187, 200, 201–11 passim, 245, 265, 286–87, 348n26; in law, 203, 205, 206, 348n29. See also UNESCO World Heritage Site

Hershatter, Gail, 145 Hinsley, F. H., 8 history (of Macau), 107, 125, 144–

52 passim, 259–60, 302, 308, 310; and Macau identity, 2, 3, 5, 14, 29–31, 57, 96, 133, 204, 312; and Chineseness, 17, 33–35, 130, 275–76, 278, 297–98; al-ternative interpretations of, 36–37, 60, 65–67, 136, 159, 206, 208–9, 212, 298; as colonial, 44, 46, 289–91; and scale, 143–46, 148, 161, 166–67, 174, 175; and place, 188–91, 194–95, 204, 213, 218–19; instruction of, 133–36, 157–70, 172–74; united front on, 159, 164, 298. See also past

Ho, Edmund (first chief executive of Macau SAR), 305, 339n14

Ho, Stanley Hung-sun (head of STDM), 26, 71, 75, 103, 310, 331n5

Ho Yin (prominent Macau Chi-nese in 1960s), 284, 305, 359n16

Hong Kong, 36, 47–51 passim, 137, 196, 269–71 passim, 280–87 pas-

sim, 293–95, 338n8; and one country, two systems, 4, 7, 25, 92, 143, 300, 338n9; likened to Macau, 6, 50, 145, 160, 198; contrasted to Macau, 15, 25–27, 30, 40–41, 56–57, 68, 153, 161, 275–78; as model for Macau, 24–25, 153–54, 162, 165, 206; British imperi-alism in, 30, 41, 46, 56, 57, 66, 79, 107, 115, 169–70; repre-sentations of Macau in, 60, 72–73, 82, 87–90, 95, 268; triads in, 74, 81, 83, 86, 92; Eurasians in, 103, 116–17; handover of, 114, 276, 308

huigui, see handover hybridity: of Macau, 14, 28, 31,

202, 208, 249, 272–73, 278; in lusotropicalism, 53–57 pas-sim, 304, 326n40; of Maca-nese, 106, 248, 333n10

identity: 19–20, 264–65, 297,

302, 357nn2–3; of Macau, 2, 105, 135, 202; government rhetoric of, 3–5, 14, 28–31, 137, 143, 223, 263, 272–73, 282; and Chineseness, 16, 20, 274–75, 295, 303; Macanese, 102, 105, 111–12; alternative views of, 170–71, 229, 256, 274–76, 277

imperialism: and sovereignty, 9, 55, 153, 175; in China, 44, 107, 180, 333n13; Portuguese, 58, 150, 152, 171, 301, 304; in Macau, 158, 234, 298, 311. See also colonialism; luso-tropicalism

404 Index

Japan, 1, 36, 42, 50, 66, 74, 147, 167, 244, 252

Jesuits, 1, 39, 146, 147, 148–49, 231, 232, 244, 342n26. See also Ricci, Matteo; Rites Contro-versy

Jiang Zemin, 307, 308–9 jianghu, 84, 86, 87, 90,

330n24 Jin Yong (author), 87 Joint Declaration, see Sino-

Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau

jumble, 27, 207, 225 jus sanguinis, 108–9, 128, 132 jus soli, 108–9, 132 Kangxi (Qing dynasty emperor),

147, 148, 244, 323n24, 341–42n26

KMT, 34, 48, 285, 291, 325n35, 334n16

knight (in chess), 105–6 land reclamation, 67, 183, 184,

186, 196–97, 202, 206, 213, 319n17, 346n10

Lan Kwai Fong (Macau and Hong Kong), 196–97, 307

law, 4, 110, 132, 153, 157, 297, 331n3; and sovereignty, 12, 63, 106, 120–21; in Macau, 26, 66–68, 76, 92, 95, 106, 138, 185; and triads, 71, 74–75, 95; and Macanese, 100–101, 103, 106–7; in China, 106–7, 113, 118, 131, 333nn12–14; and heritage, 205, 287, 348n29. See also Basic Law; jus sanguinis; jus soli; nationality law; rule of law

lawlessness, 59–60, 65–66, 68, 73, 74, 81, 87, 95, 100

Leal Senado, 43, 150, 191, 193, 201, 211, 284, 287, 306, 307, 311

Li Peng, 115–16 Liampo (Portuguese settlement

in China), 40, 321–22n15 Liang Guangda (mayor of Zhu-

hai), 26 Liceu Nacional (in Macau),

150–51, 152, 166, 168–71, 172, 275, 344n43

liminality, 60, 63–65, 82, 87, 97–98, 106

Lisbon, 36, 37, 185, 196–97, 243, 269

local, the (locality), 31, 132, 135–40 passim, 144–53 passim, 167–68, 173, 175, 303, 338n4

localization, 135, 138–40, 146, 152, 175, 305

lusotropicalism, 52–58 passim, 301, 304, 326–27nn42–46

Macanese, the, 220, 263, 292,

295, 331n5, 332nn9–10; Chi-neseness of, 22–23, 103, 113, 115, 120, 123, 125, 130–31, 167; and Resolution on Na-tionality, 99–101, 112–13, 116–32 passim, 336n30, 337n33; Chinese name of, 104, 124, 332n6; patuá, 104–5, 270; cuisine, 105, 246, 265; and Portuguese colonialism, 103, 106, 109–10, 114, 125, 130, 335n23; inclusive defini-tion of, 110–12, 335n22; as

Index 405

“locals,” 139, 166–67, 198; edu-cation of, 152, 159, 168–69, 171–73, 342n29; in Museum of Macau, 238, 246–49, 250, 254, 355n27; in Macau One Two Three (stage play), 266, 268–70, 272–73; individuals, 22, 77, 136, 155, 156, 171, 204, 211, 224

Macau: location of, 2, 20, 24; population of, 24–25, 101, 110, 115, 185–86, 198, 213–14, 319n17, 350n37; economy of, 7, 24–26, 29–30, 36, 66–68, 74, 185–86, 214, 311; names of, 36, 41–44, 46, 49; Portuguese set-tlement of, 40–42, 44–46, 164; Dutch attack on (1622), 232–34, 243, 352n11. See also Aomen; Haojing

“Macau formula,” 45 Macau One Two Three (stage play),

262–63, 266–67, 268–74 Macau Portuguese state (govern-

ment): 14–15, 31, 103–6, 110, 115, 190, 295, 319n19; identity project of, 2–5 passim, 20, 23, 28–31 passim, 143–44, 178, 199, 272–75 passim, 282, 289; and multiculturalism, 3, 5, 57, 302; and sort-of sovereignty, 14, 64–65, 68, 77, 79, 98, 278, 308; his-tory of, 6, 35, 47–48, 67, 191; and gambling, 25, 67, 69, 71–72, 227; and crime, 61, 65, 72, 76, 82–84 passim, 91, 95; as not co-lonial, 2, 6, 36, 49–50, 55, 170–71; as colonial, 4, 15, 36, 46–47, 155–56, 191, 233, 291, 301; popular perceptions of, 26, 92, 183, 229, 271; as illegitimate,

74, 80, 156, 236, 309; as cor-rupt, 76, 83, 88, 98, 186, 305; as ineffective, 30, 74–77 pas-sim, 90, 96–97, 174; laissez-faire policies of, 68, 79, 156, 161, 175, 276; as failed sover-eign, 76, 79, 80–82, 96, 301; role in education, 133–34, 144, 149–60 passim, 164, 165, 168, 303; and architectural restoration, 2–3, 5, 185, 187, 200–204, 206–9, 211–12, 287; and urban development, 186, 205–6, 213–15, 218; and mu-seums, 223, 230–32, 235, 251, 256, 260; and censorship, 263, 266–68, 357n5

Macau Sempre, 111 Malacca, 37, 38, 39, 216, 321n12,

341n23 Maoism, 15, 16, 34, 142, 329n16,

334n16, 339n12 marginality, 64; of Macau, 65–69,

137, 161, 175; of state, 82; mythologies of, 64, 68, 82, 84, 87, 97, 98

matter out of place, 82, 98 Mendes, Manuel da Silva, 151–

52, 183 Mesquita, Vicente Nicolau de

(statue of), 211, 287 mestiçagem (mixing), 52–54, 57,

58, 171 mestiços, 38, 47, 320n9 MGTO (Macau Government

Tourism Office), 227, 230, 233, 265, 277

Ming (dynasty, 1368–1644), 39–41, 44, 45, 66, 158, 164, 232, 235

406 Index

mixing (racial/cultural), see mes-tiçagem

modernity, 5, 8, 16, 107, 137, 142–43, 148, 149, 180; capitalist, 67, 150, 206, 209

Monge, Manuel (undersecretary for security), 75

monopoly system, 67, 71, 310 Monte Fort (Fortaleza São Paulo

do Monte), 221, 231–34, 235, 236, 241

Mozambique, 15, 49, 55, 269 multiculturalism, 3, 5, 57, 302 Municipal Council (Senado da

Câmara), 42–43 Museum of Macau: visitors in,

221–22, 223–25, 252–54, 256–58; purpose of, 225, 229–31; sensual approach of, 226, 251, 256, 261; as heritage project, 226–28, 251–52; Chineseness in, 229, 248, 260, 261; location of, 231–36; criticisms of, 233, 235–36, 259–60; objects in, 236–41; representative strategies of, 241–44 passim, 246, 248, 249, 251; planning of, 225–26. See also under value

myths (mythologies), 56, 64–65, 68, 82–84, 86–87, 91, 95, 97–98, 108

national humiliation (China), 4, 18, 57–58, 148, 233, 259, 305, 345n4

nationalism, 44, 52, 58, 123, 139, 152–53, 164, 175, 296; in China, 141–42, 179–80, 259, 275–76, 179–80, 259

nationality: dual, 109, 113–17 passim, 122, 125–27, 337n31; Chinese, 115, 122–24, 126–28, 131; Portuguese, 109, 115, 122, 123–24, 126, 129; and choice, 116–25 passim, 127–28, 130, 296

Nationality, Resolution on, 99–101, 112, 116–29, 130–32, 331n1, 335–36n27, 336n30, 337n35

nationality law, 30, 108–9, 113, 116, 127, 128, 336n30, 337n35

National People’s Congress (NPC), 99, 116, 118, 127, 128, 338n9

nation-state, 15, 21, 108, 152, 161, 244, 302, 303; Chinese, 4, 17, 128, 143, 219, 260, 301, 305; sovereignty, 8, 10, 131, 282

native place, 19, 142, 178–79, 198, 213, 218, 220, 279, 281, 297, 334n19, 345n3

neighborhood associations, 26, 78, 139, 154

neoliberalism, 10, 12, 181, 313

New China News Agency (Xin-hua she), 26, 81

new immigrants, 27, 165, 198, 214–20 passim, 350n37

Ng Kuok Cheong (Macau legis-lator), 78–79

niche, 280, 302–3 Nobre de Carvalho (Macau gov-

ernor in the 1960s), 48

Index 407

Nogueira, Franco (Portuguese for-eign minister, ca. 1967), 48, 54–55, 58

non-place, 182, 195, 198, 208 northern district (of Macau), 213–

20 passim, 271, 279 nostalgia, 178, 187, 205, 211, 255,

263, 272, 287, 298; anticipated, 28, 202; colonial, 4, 202–3, 208, 301, 349n33

one country, two systems, 7–8, 27,

35, 42, 65, 139, 211, 300, 301; historical antecedents, 6, 42; in Hong Kong, 25, 92, 143, 300, 338n9; and the local, 132, 135, 143, 174, 175; as patriotic, 4, 291, 340n16

123 incident (1966–67), 47–49, 78, 211, 250, 267, 268, 271–72

Ong, Aihwa, 11, 14, 17, 62, 143, 280–81, 282, 292

opium, 67, 250, 283, 284, 285, 324n31, 354n21

Opium War (1839–1842), 16, 41, 46

organized crime, 30, 73, 75, 79, 215. See also triads

oumun yahn (Macau people), 27, 198, 220, 334n19, 351n40

outlaw, 84, 86–87, 92, 96, 98, 298 overbuilding, 67, 186–87, 209 overseas Chinese, 143, 333n16 overseas provinces (of Portugal),

49, 55 Padroado Real, 36, 38, 146, 320n7 passports, 21, 109, 114, 115, 121–

32 passim, 281, 291–97, 335n25

past, the, 6, 29, 69, 136; and re-lationship to present/future, 10, 34, 57, 133, 135, 173, 175, 177, 201, 206; in China, 33–35, 274–75, 353n18; and scale, 141–43, 145, 153; and place, 188, 203–5, 210, 220; in the Museum of Macau, 223–26, 229–36 passim, 246, 248–51, 255–58, 260–61, 356n33; commodification of, 29–30, 226–27, 254; objectification of, 226–28, 238. See also his-tory; value

patrimony, see heritage patriotism, 4, 81, 85–86, 150,

260, 291–92, 297, 329n17, 340n16. See also aiguo aixiang

patuá (Macanese creole lan-guage), see under Macanese

People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 50, 81, 308, 310

People’s Republic of China (PRC), 20, 21, 48, 50–51, 80–81, 92, 178, 259, 311; Macau’s integration into, 4, 6–7, 14, 67, 164, 173, 220; in-fluence in Macau, 25, 29, 153, 154; constitution of, 25, 107, 117, 127, 128, 131, 138; and nationality, 99, 107, 109, 113, 116–19 passim, 122, 124, 127–28, 296

petri dish, 136, 155, 261, 303 pirates, 38, 40, 41–42, 66, 164,

170, 322n19 place, 3, 5, 14, 176–82 passim,

208–9, 286–87, 297, 338n4; sense of, 178, 198–99, 205, 210, 212, 213, 218–19, 289,

408 Index

291; place-names, 16, 188–89, 190, 194, 195, 196–98. See also native place

Portugal, 6, 51, 81, 92–94 passim, 146, 221, 231, 256; presence in Macau, 2, 30, 36, 39, 42–43, 46–51, 57, 151, 189, 302; as marginal, 5, 68, 149, 150; and the Macanese, 102, 105, 112, 114, 122–23; nationality, 109, 115, 122, 123, 126, 129; and education, 153, 161, 164, 168–72; in Museum of Macau, 232, 234, 244

Portuguese colonialism, see under colonialism

Portuguese empire, see under em-pire

Portuguese imperialism, see under imperialism

Portugueseness, 103, 115, 117–19, 123, 127, 150–51, 208

potentiality, 109–10, 112, 116, 119, 125, 128

Praia Grande, 69, 183, 271, 347n19

Qing Dynasty, 16, 45, 46–47, 66,

84, 85, 108, 321n12, 322n21, 323n24, 324n28, 329n19, 333n16, 353n20, 354n21

race, 52, 55, 57–58, 119–20, 199,

295 race-mixing, see mestiçagem racism, 104, 125, 216, 269, 272,

285, 300; and lusotropicalism, 49, 54, 326n42, 327n46

“Rambo, ” 88, 92. See also Baptista, António Marques

rectification of names, 35–36 Redinha, Pedro (Broken Tooth’s

lawyer), 93, 94 renqingwei, 68, 277–78 Resolution on Nationality, see

Nationality, Resolution on Ricci, Matteo, 41, 146, 147, 244.

See also Rites Controversy Rites Controversy, 148,

341nn25–26 Rofel, Lisa, 8 Romance of the Three Kingdoms,

84, 86 ruins, 199–200, 203–4, 206, 209–

10, 220, 301, 350n34. See also São Paulo Ruins

rule of law, 95, 107, 118, 131, 333n12, 339n

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira

(prime minister of Portugal, 1932–68), 48, 49, 54, 56, 326nn40–42

San Ma-Louh, 190, 200, 205, 206, 208, 255, 284, 288, 307

São João island, 146, 170 São Paulo Church, 1, 231, 238 São Paulo Ruins (São Paulo Fa-

çade), 1–5, 28, 30, 72, 189–90, 200, 221, 234, 244

São Paulo Seminary, 146, 147, 148, 149, 235

scale, 140–45, 148, 150, 153, 161, 164, 167, 173–75

Searle, John, 74 self-determination (of nations), 9,

19, 49, 54–55, 299 Seminário de São José, 147, 284 Senna Fernandes, Henrique de,

183, 354n32

Index 409

sense of belonging, 5, 14, 110, 167–68, 178, 198–99, 263, 273; lack of, 27, 134, 155, 172, 198, 216, 263, 282, 287; inculcation of, 199, 212, 264

seuiseuhng yahn (“water-borne peo-ple”), 245, 250, 354n23

Silva, Aníbal Cavaco (prime min-ister of Portugal, 1985–95), 115

Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau (1987), 7, 35, 57, 113, 122, 153, 156, 290

Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friend-ship and Commerce (1887), 47, 164, 250

Soares, Mário, 57, 327n45 socialism, 7, 50, 56, 57, 143, 219,

269 Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões

de Macau (STDM), 24, 26, 71–72, 92, 310, 344n44

sort-of Chinese, see under Chi-neseness

sort-of sovereignty, see under sover-eignty

sovereignty: shared, 3, 14, 31, 224, 234, 244, 245; and Macau’s transition, 6, 8, 21, 80, 175; theories of, 9–13, 318n8; mean-ing of, 8–9, 14–15, 52, 60, 224, 299–300, 305, 309, 312–13; and transnational capitalism, 10, 32, 62, 143, 264; ethnography of, 14, 61, 64, 96–97; edges of, 15, 67, 173, 194; and subjectivity, 15, 31, 265–66, 274, 280, 282, 297; and Chineseness, 16–20 passim, 23–24, 31–34 passim, 58, 100, 112, 125, 130, 248–49, 263,

278; contested claims to, over Macau, 30, 36, 41, 44, 46, 49, 164, 324n30, 325n35; norms of, 48–49, 80, 82, 97, 278, 301; and the law, 51, 107, 109, 128, 331n3, 333nn12–13; “sort-of ” (alternative forms of), 51, 58, 61, 64–65, 68–69, 77, 87, 96–97, 98, 133, 300–304; and representation, 62–63, 81–82, 97; and the state, 61–63, 64, 76–80 passim, 96, 108, 120–21, 131; failed, 62, 65, 80, 81, 82, 208, 301; and the local, 135, 140, 144, 150, 157; and place-making, 178–82, 187, 188, 189, 190–91, 194–95, 206, 218–19

Special Administrative Region (SAR), 7, 25, 143

Special Economic Zone (SEZ), 24, 143, 180, 318– 19, 340

Speculation (real estate), 67, 186–87, 202, 205, 288

St. Paul’s College, see São Paulo Seminary

state, the, 14–15, 82, 150, 228, 282; and sovereignty, 9–13 passim, 61–65, 68, 76, 79, 80, 96–98, 131, 180–81; and Chineseness, 16–17, 123, 295, 303. See also Macau Portu-guese state

statues, 197, 211–12, 286–87, 348n25, 350n35

STDM, see Sociedade de Tur-ismo e Diversões de Macau

stepping-stone mentality, 27, 137, 198, 301

410 Index

Stone Commune, 266–67, 268, 307, 357n2

street names, 188–93, 196, 213, 347n21

Strike Hard Campaign (1998), 80 subjectivity: collective, 15, 19, 34,

110, 140, 153, 174, 175, 251–52; and sovereignty, 16, 23, 24, 31–32, 63, 282, 297, 300–303 pas-sim. See also Chineseness; flexi-ble citizenship

subjects: colonial, 3, 291; creation of, 5, 11, 13–14, 34, 106, 228, 254, 261, 280, 317n6

Sun Yat-sen, 68, 162, 196, 249, 327n3, 329n17

system (of Macau), 4–7 passim, 27, 65, 68–69, 106–7, 135, 156, 248, 301–4 passim. See also one coun-try, two systems

Taipa Island, 24, 47, 183, 217,

218, 245, 279, 280, 283–89 passim

Taiwan, 6, 16, 50, 223, 281, 293, 295, 303, 322n17; and educa-tion, 153–54, 160–61, 174, 343n30, 343n34; and reunifica-tion, 107, 128, 320n4

tanka (boat) people, see seuiseuhng yahn

te-se (characteristics), 265 Third World, The (book by Franco

Nogueira), 54–55 tianxia, 16, 142 Timayya, 37 Timor, 2, 105, 324n30, 324n32 tourism (in Macau), 24–26 passim,

29–30, 67, 72–74 passim, 203, 206, 227, 311. See also MGTO

trade, 37–40, 45, 66–68 passim, 147, 158, 312; civilizing ef-fects of, 4, 225, 243. See also coolie trade

treaties, 16, 41, 46, 47, 107, 146, 164, 250

treaty port cities, 47, 180, 345n4 triads, 71–79 passim, 83–86; and

violence, 59–60, 69–71, 82, 215; as patriotic, 81, 85–86, 329n17; mythologization of, 82, 84, 87, 88–91, 98

Tsing, Anna, 140, 145, 339n10 Tu Weiming, 17 unequal treaties, 47, 164 UNESCO World Heritage Site,

202, 228, 312, 349n32 uniformity, 19, 152, 155, 301–4

passim uniqueness (of Macau), see dif-

ference United Nations, 49–50, 54–55,

94, 325n34, 333n12 universities, in Macau, 68, 73,

145–47, 155, 163–64, 217, 310

urban environment (landscape), 181–82, 188–89, 191, 194, 204–5, 207, 209, 218; changes to, 177, 182–87, 213–14, 310

value: of Macau’s pasts, 224, 229,

248, 251, 254, 259, 261; in heritage projects, 202, 226, 228–29; of museum, 227–28, 230–31, 253; of objects, 225–27, 231, 235–41, 256

Vasco da Gama, 39–40, 271, 327n3, 358n6

Index 411

Vieira, Vasco Rocha (last Portu-guese governor of Macau), 15, 28, 68, 221, 225, 267, 307, 309

violence, see under triads Wan Kuok-koi, see Broken Tooth

Koi Wang Gungwu, 17, 20, 336n30 Wen Yiduo, 43–44 Williams, Patricia, 100 Wittgenstein, 105–6 wonton, 22–23, 312 Woo, John, 72, 328n11 World Heritage Site, see UNESCO

World Heritage Site

Xinhua she, see New China News Agency

xuetong, 108–10, 113, 116, 123, 126, 128–29, 130, 131. See also ancestry; blood; descent

Zheng He (Ming Dynasty

admiral), 39, 242, 271 Zhu Rongji, 186, 307 Zhuhai (Special Economic Zone),

24, 26, 29, 185, 217, 297, 318, 340