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Growth and differentiation of the larval mosquito midgut Kathryn Ray a , Maria Mercedes, Doris Chan, Chi Yan Choi and James T. Nishiura b * Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210 Abstract Aedes aegypti Culex pipiens Ae. aegypti Cx. pipiens Ae. aegypti Keywords: metamorphosis, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens, BrdU Abbreviations: BrdU: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine Correspondence: a [email protected], b [email protected] * *Corresponding Author Received: 6 December 2007 | Accepted: 23 August 2008 | Published: 15 July 2009 Copyright: This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits unrestricted use, provided that the paper is properly attributed. ISSN: 1536-2442 | Vol. 9, Number 55 Cite this paper as: Ray K, Mercedes M, Chan D, Choi C, Nishiura JT. 2009. Growth and differentiation of the larval mosquito midgut. 13pp. Journal of Insect Science 9:55, available online: insectscience.org/9.55 Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 9 | Article 55 Ray et al. Journal of Insect Science | www.insectscience.org 1

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Growth and differentiation of the larval mosquito midgut

Kathryn Raya, Maria Mercedes, Doris Chan, Chi Yan Choi and James T. Nishiurab*Biology Department, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210

Abstract

Aedes aegypti Culex pipiens

Ae. aegypti

Cx. pipiensAe. aegypti

Keywords: metamorphosis, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens, BrdUAbbreviations: BrdU: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridineCorrespondence: [email protected], [email protected] **Corresponding AuthorReceived: 6 December 2007 | Accepted: 23 August 2008 | Published: 15 July 2009Copyright: This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits unrestricted use, provided thatthe paper is properly attributed.ISSN: 1536-2442 | Vol. 9, Number 55

Cite this paper as:Ray K, Mercedes M, Chan D, Choi C, Nishiura JT. 2009. Growth and differentiation of the larval mosquito midgut. 13pp. Journal of Insect Science9:55, available online: insectscience.org/9.55

Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 9 | Article 55 Ray et al.

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Introduction

Aedes aegypti

Ae. aegypti Culex pipiens

Ae.aegypti

Cx. pipiens

Ae. aegypti

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Materials and Methods

Culture of mosquito larvaeAe. aegypti

Cx. pipiens

Ae. ae-gypti Cx. pipiens

Larval midgut staining

5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling

BrdU immunohistochemistry

Measurement of cell and nuclear area

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Figure 1. Growth and development of the Aedes aegypti larval midgut. Midguts from 1st through 4th instars were dissected, fixed andstained with Hematoxylin and DAPI. First through 3rd instar midguts were dissected approximately 12 hours after the molt. Fourth instarmidguts were dissected 24 hours after the molt. The left side image of each pair was taken using autofluorescence (green) or bright field(red), to emphasize the boundaries of the cells. The right side image is the same field of view showing DAPI stained nuclei. All images weretaken at the same magnification and the scale bar represents 200 m. Large nuclei are indicated by downward pointing arrow heads. Interme-diate sized nuclei are indicated by upward pointing arrow heads. Small oval nuclei are indicated by left pointing arrows. (a) 1st instar anteriormidgut had uniformly spaced large nuclei with interspersed small nuclei. (b) 1st instar posterior midgut had uniformly spaced large nuclei withinterspersed small nuclei. (c) 2nd instar anterior midgut had uniformly spaced large nuclei and more interspersed smaller and intermediatesized nuclei. (d) 2nd instar posterior midgut had uniformly spaced large nuclei and numerous interspersed smaller and intermediate sized nuc-lei. (e) 3rd instar anterior midgut had uniformly spaced large nuclei that were surrounded by numerous intermediate and small sized nuclei. (f)3rd instar posterior midgut had uniformly spaced large nuclei and many intermediate and small sized nuclei surrounding the large nuclei. (g)4th instar anterior midgut had large and intermediate sized nuclei surrounded by small elongate nuclei. (h) 4th instar posterior midgut alsohad large and intermediate sized nuclei surrounded by elongate small nuclei.

Results

Cytology of Ae. aegypti larval midgut growth

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Ae. aegypti

Cytology of Cx. pipiens larval midgut growthAe. aegypti

Cx. pipiens

Cx. pipiensCx. pipiens

Cx. pipiens

Cx. pipiens Ae. aegypti

Measurement of A. aegypti and Cx. pipiensmidgut growth

Ae. aegyptiCx. pipiens

Ae. aegypti Cx.pipiens

. aegyptiCx. pipiens

Ae. aegypti

Cx. pipiens

Ae. aegypti

Ae. aegypti

Cx. pipiens

Ae. aegypti

C. pipiens

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Figure 2. Growth and development of the Culex pipiens larval midgut. Midguts from 1st through 4th instars were dissected, fixed and stainedwith Hematoxylin and DAPI. First through 3rd instar midguts were dissected approximately 12 hours after the molt. Fourth instar midgutswere dissected 24 hours after the molt. Each subfigure has a left side image, taken using autofluorescence (green) or bright field (red), to em-phasize the boundaries of the cells. The right side image is the same field of view to show DAPI stained nuclei. Large nuclei are indicated bydownward pointing arrow heads. Intermediate sized nuclei are indicated by upward pointing arrow heads. Small oval nuclei are indicated byleft pointing arrows. All images are taken at the same magnification and the scale bar represents 200 m. (a) 1st instar anterior midgut haveevenly spaced large nuclei with a few small nuclei between them. (b) 1st instar posterior midgut has evenly spaced large nuclei with moresmall nuclei between them. (c) 2nd instar anterior midgut has evenly spaced large nuclei and a few intermediate sized nuclei between them.(d) 2nd instar posterior midgut has evenly spaced large nuclei with many small and intermediate sized nuclei between them. (e) 3rd instar an-terior midgut has evenly spaced large nuclei with a few intermediate sized nuclei between them. (f) 3rd instar posterior midgut has evenlyspaced large nuclei with many intermediate and small sized nuclei between them. (g) 4th instar anterior midgut has evenly spaced large nuclei,a few intermediate sized and small nuclei between them. (h) 4th instar posterior midgut has many small and intermediate sized nuclei sur-rounding the large nuclei.

BrdU incorporation in Ae. aegypti 2nd and3rd instars

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Figure 3. Measurements of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens midgut growth. Bright field and fluorescence images of midguts were used to measure growth in 1stthrough 3rd instar midguts that were dissected 12 hours after the molt. The areas of anterior midgut regions bounded by 10 adjacent cells with large nuclei weremeasured (black bars). An example is shown in Figure 1c. The areas of interstitial small and intermediate sized cells within the 10 cell regions were measured (greybars). The number of interstitial small and intermediate sized nuclei within the 10 cell regions were counted. Areas are measured in pixels using ImageJ software. (a)Growth of anterior midgut from 1st to 3rd instars. Ten cell area (black bars); interstitial small and intermediate sized cell area (grey bars). (b) Fraction of anteriormidgut growth due to interstitial small and intermediate sized cells. (c) Number of interstitial small and intermediate cell nuclei. (d) Sizes of nuclei in Ae. aegypti 1stthrough 3rd instars. Nuclei identified by their chain-like arrangement and circular shape (stippled bars). Small oval nuclei interspersed between larger nuclei(crosshatched bars). Intermediate sized nuclei, round in shape, and interspersed between largest nuclei (grey bars). Largest nuclei surrounded by small and intermedi-ate sized nuclei (black bars). (e) Distribution of cell sizes in anterior midguts of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens 4th instars. Squares with the dimensions of 0.3mm long by0.3mm wide were marked in autofluorescence images of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens 24 hour postmolt 4th instar anterior midguts and the sizes of the cells within thesesquares were measured.

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Figure 4. Endoreplicating and diploid cells of 2nd and 3rd instars incorporate BrdU. Aedes aegypti 1st through 3rd instars were exposed to100 g/ml BrdU for 24h. BrdU labeled large nuclei are indicated by solid downward pointing arrow head. Large nuclei not labeled with BrdUare indicated by open downward pointing arrowhead. Intermediate sized nuclei are indicated by upward pointing arrow head. Small oval nuc-lei are indicated by left pointing arrow. Scale bar represents 100 m. (a) Anterior midgut of 2nd instar showing small oval, intermediate andlarge sized nuclei were BrdU labeled. (b) Posterior midgut of 3rd instar showing small oval and intermediate sized nuclei were labeled byBrdU. Large nuclei were not labeled. (c) Same field of view as presented in Figure 4b illuminated to reveal DAPI stained nuclei. Large nucleiare brightly fluorescent but unlabeled by BrdU. (d) Gastric caecum (gc) of 3rd instar showing labeled large nuclei and labeled diploid nuclei atthe base of the gastric ceacum. (e) Cardia (cd) of 3rd instar showing labeled large nuclei and small nuclei at the base of the cardia.

DNA synthesis during Ae. aegypti midgutmetamorphosis

Discussion

Growth of the mosquito larval midgut

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Figure 5. BrdU incorporation during midgut metamorphosis in Aedes aegypti 4th instars exposed to 100 g/ml BrdU for the time intervals indicated below. Stainingwas performed as described in the Methods. BrdU labeled large nuclei are indicated by a downward pointing arrow head. Intermediate sized nuclei are indicated by anupward pointing arrow head. Small oval nuclei are indicated by left pointing arrow. All images were taken at the same magnification and scale bar represents 100 m.(a) Anterior midgut of 4th instar exposed to BrdU from the time of molt to 14 hours after the molt, showing large, intermediate sized and small oval nuclei incorpor-ated BrdU. (b) Same field as in Figure 4a but illuminated to detect DAPI staining. Most large nuclei were brightly fluorescent but not BrdU labeled. (c) Anterior midgutof 4th instar exposed to BrdU from 14 to 24 hours after the molt. Large, intermediate sized and small oval nuclei incorporated BrdU. (d) Posterior midgut of 4th in-star exposed to BrdU from 14 to 24 hours after the molt. Incorporation by small oval nuclei greater than in Figure 5c. A few intermediate sized nuclei incorporatedBrdU. (e) Anterior midgut of 4th instar exposed to BrdU from 24 to 36 hours after the molt. BrdU incorporation was predominately in small oval nuclei. (f) Posteriormidgut of 4th instar exposed to BrdU from 24 to 36 hours after the molt. Labeled small oval nuclei were more numerous but a few intermediate sized cells werelabeled. (g) Anterior midgut of 4th instar exposed to BrdU from 38 to 48 hours after the molt showed very little incorporation. (h) Posterior midgut of 4th instar ex-posed to BrdU from 38 to 48 hours after the molt showed many labeled diploid nuclei and no labeled large nuclei.

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Ae. aegypti

Cx. pipi-ens

Cx. pipiens

Ae. aegypti

Ae. aegypti

Ae. aegypti

Ae. aegypti

Ae. aegypti

Ae. aegypti

. aegypti Cx. pipi-ens

Cx. pipiens

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Growth of the larval midgut in other insects

Lepisma saccharina

Locusta migratoria

anduca sexta

Drosophila melanogaster

Ae. aegypti D. melanogaster

DNA synthesis during mosquito meta-morphosis

Ae. aegypti

Ae. ae-gypti

Growth and metamorphosis of the mosquitolarval midgut

Ae. aegypti

Acknowledgments

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