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Taub Center For Social Policy Studies in Israel taubcenter.org.il Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series TAUB CENTER for Social Policy Studies in Israel מרכז טאוב לחקר המדיניות החברתית בישראלIsraeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh

בואט זכרמ TAUB CENTER · market incomes – all elderly market incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs disposable incomes – all elderly disposable incomes – elderly

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Page 1: בואט זכרמ TAUB CENTER · market incomes – all elderly market incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs disposable incomes – all elderly disposable incomes – elderly

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taubcenter.org.il

Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series

TAUB CENTER for Social Policy Studies in Israel

מרכז טאוב לחקר המדיניות החברתית בישראל

Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective

Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh

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Labor productivity, 1970-2012

Data: Central Bureau of Statistics, Bank of Israel, OECD

Source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2009), Taub Center (updated)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012

GDP per work-hour in 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars

Israel

G7

G7

Israel

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market

incomes

disposable

incomes

market

incomes

disposable

incomes

67%

1992

70%

2011

44%

1992

57%

2011

47%

1992

57%

2011

37%

1992

50%

2011

30%

1992

27%

2011

14%

1992

13%

2011

Haredim (ultra-Orthodox Jews)

Arab Israelis

market

incomes

disposable

incomes

Jewish

non-Haredim

* Using same national poverty line in all cases.

Excluding East Jerusalem.

Percent of households under the poverty line*

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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13%

15%

17%

19%

21%

23%

25%

27%

29%

31%

33%

35%

1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

market incomes – all households

market incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs

disposable incomes – all households

disposable incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs

Percent of households under the poverty line* 1992-2011

* Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion. Data for 1992-96 and

2000-01 do not include East Jerusalem. No data available for 1994.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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Percent of elderly (65+) under the poverty line* 1992-2011

* Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion.

Excluding East Jerusalem.

17%

22%

27%

32%

37%

42%

47%

52%

57%

62%

market incomes – all elderly

market incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs

disposable incomes – all elderly

disposable incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs

1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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Income inequality Gini coefficient*

market

incomes

0.504

1992

0.490

2011

0.350

1992

0.370

2011

0.482

1992

0.446

2011

0.336

1992

0.332

2011

disposable

incomes

All

market

incomes

disposable

incomes

excluding Haredim and

Arab Israelis

* Based on individual weights

Excluding East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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Actual number of individuals

Standardized

number of

individuals

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Israel

LIS

Weights used for standardizing the

number of individuals in households LIS* weights versus National Insurance Institute weights

* Luxembourg Income Study

Appendix 1

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: LIS, National Insurance Institute

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0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010

* based on individual weights

Poland

Hungary

United States

Sweden

Spain

Norway

Netherlands

Italy

Greece

Germany

France

Estonia

Denmark

Czech Rep

Canada

Austria

United Kingdom Ireland

Finland

Belgium

Australia

Luxembourg

Israel Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem)

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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0.18

0.20

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.32

0.34

0.36

0.38

0.40

1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

United States

United Kingdom

Sweden

Spain

Poland

Norway

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Italy

Ireland

Hungary

Greece

Germany France

Finland

Estonia

Denmark

Czech Rep

Canada

Belgium

Australia

Austria

Disposable income inequality Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010

* based on individual weights

Israel Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem)

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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Percent reduction in income inequality* From market income Gini to disposable income Gini, mid 2000s

-22.2%

-25.3%

-27.1%

-29.8%

-30.8%

-31.2%

-33.2%

-33.4%

-33.9%

-37.1%

-37.9%

-41.0%

-41.6%

-42.4%

-42.7%

-42.8%

-44.0%

-45.1%

-47.2%

-47.5%

-47.6%

-47.8%

USA 2004

Israel 2005

Canada 2004

Spain 2004

UK 2004

Greece 2004

Australia 2003

Estonia 2004

Italy 2004

France 2005

Ireland 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Norway 2004

Austria 2004

Netherlands 2004

Poland 2004

Germany 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Finland 2004

Denmark 2004

Hungary 2005

Sweden 2005

* Ginis calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.

Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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26.7%

25.4%

28.4%

24.4%

25.4%

25.2%

28.5%

30.1%

30.8%

25.9%

28.8%

28.8%

31.4%

31.6%

33.9%

31.1%

30.3%

29.0%

31.4%

33.1%

31.9%

32.6%

Top income decile as a fraction of total income* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

19.6%

20.2%

20.4%

21.2%

21.4%

21.7%

22.2%

22.4%

22.4%

22.5%

23.2%

23.9%

23.9%

24.3%

24.6%

24.9%

24.9%

25.1%

26.0%

26.4%

26.8%

27.5%

Denmark 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Sweden 2005

Austria 2004

Netherlands 2004

France 2005

Australia 2003

Finland 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Spain 2004

Germany 2004

Canada 2004

Poland 2004

Ireland 2004

Hungary 2005

Norway 2004

Israel 2005

Greece 2004

Italy 2004

Estonia 2004

USA 2004

UK 2004

disposable incomes

* Deciles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.

Israel includes East Jerusalem.

market incomes

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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6.3%

4.5%

5.3%

4.3%

4.5%

6.4%

5.0%

6.0%

6.8%

5.8%

6.5%

6.4%

6.7%

7.7%

7.6%

7.0%

8.0%

8.3%

9.2%

8.4%

8.3%

9.8%

Top 1 percentile as a fraction of total income* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

3.4%

3.7%

3.7%

3.7%

4.1%

4.1%

4.2%

4.4%

4.7%

4.9%

4.9%

5.0%

5.1%

5.1%

5.3%

5.5%

5.6%

6.5%

6.8%

6.9%

7.3%

8.8%

Luxembourg 2004

Denmark 2004

Spain 2004

Austria 2004

Sweden 2005

France 2005

Australia 2003

Czech Rep 2004

Greece 2004

Estonia 2004

Netherlands 2004

Canada 2004

Poland 2004

Hungary 2005

Israel 2005

Germany 2004

Finland 2004

Ireland 2004

Italy 2004

USA 2004

UK 2004

Norway 2004

disposable incomes

* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.

Israel includes East Jerusalem.

market incomes

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 90/50 and 50/10* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

1.68

1.69

1.65

1.71

1.75

1.71

1.81

1.84

1.89

1.85

1.93

2.07

2.23

2.27

2.16

2.21

2.03

2.16

2.08

2.07

2.72

2.75

1.60

1.63

1.65

1.72

1.75

1.80

1.81

1.84

1.86

1.88

1.88

1.95

1.97

1.99

2.00

2.00

2.03

2.04

2.13

2.16

2.18

2.32

Denmark 2004

Norway 2004

Sweden 2005

Finland 2004

Netherlands 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Austria 2004

Hungary 2005

Luxembourg 2004

Germany 2004

France 2005

Ireland 2004

Canada 2004

Spain 2004

Poland 2004

Italy 2004

Australia 2003

Greece 2004

Estonia 2004

UK 2004

USA 2004

Israel 2005

ratio of 90th percentile to 50th percentile

* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.

Israel includes East Jerusalem.

ratio of 50th percentile to 10th percentile

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 75/25* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

1.68

1.68

1.69

1.74

1.77

1.77

1.81

1.81

1.84

1.85

1.90

2.07

2.11

2.14

2.16

2.17

2.20

2.21

2.22

2.28

2.50

2.81

Denmark 2004

Norway 2004

Sweden 2005

Czech Rep 2004

Finland 2004

Netherlands 2004

Hungary 2005

Austria 2004

Germany 2004

Luxembourg 2004

France 2005

Poland 2004

Canada 2004

Estonia 2004

Ireland 2004

Greece 2004

Spain 2004

UK 2004

Italy 2004

Australia 2003

USA 2004

Israel 2005

* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method.

Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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33.5%

28.0%

39.4%

47.5%

34.0%

25.0%

33.5%

30.5%

28.2%

37.8%

32.6%

30.5%

30.1%

32.9%

45.5%

28.2%

29.6%

29.6%

25.6%

29.5%

30.2%

25.0%

Percent of individuals under the poverty line* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

18.3%

24.1%

14.1%

14.0%

13.5%

12.9%

12.1%

11.4%

10.3%

10.2%

10.0%

9.8%

9.7%

8.4%

7.2%

7.2%

6.9%

6.0%

5.5%

4.8%

4.1%

4.0%

Israel 2005

USA 2004

Italy 2004

Poland 2004

Spain 2004

Canada 2004

Greece 2004

UK 2004

Australia 2003

France 2005

Ireland 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Estonia 2004

Germany 2004

Hungary 2005

Netherlands 2004

Austria 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Norway 2004

Sweden 2005

Finland 2004

Denmark 2004

by disposable incomes

by market incomes

* Calculations according to Israeli Social Security method.

Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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Percent reduction in poverty rates* From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s

-28.2%

-34.5%

-48.2%

-60.2%

-62.4%

-63.6%

-63.8%

-64.2%

-67.9%

-68.0%

-69.3%

-70.5%

-73.0%

-74.6%

-74.6%

-76.5%

-78.6%

-79.8%

-83.8%

-84.1%

-84.2%

-86.3%

Israel 2005

USA 2004

Canada 2004

Spain 2004

UK 2004

Australia 2003

Greece 2004

Italy 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Estonia 2004

Ireland 2004

Poland 2004

France 2005

Netherlands 2004

Germany 2004

Austria 2004

Norway 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Sweden 2005

Denmark 2004

Hungary 2005

Finland 2004

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social

Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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20.6%

20.3%

19.1%

18.3%

17.6%

17.3%

17.0%

17.0%

16.8%

16.7%

16.6%

16.0%

15.4%

15.4%

15.0%

14.1%

13.9%

13.5%

13.4%

13.1%

11.5%

9.9%

Germany

Italy

Greece

Sweden

Austria

Finland

Estonia

Spain

France

Hungary

Denmark

United Kingdom

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Norway

Canada

Luxembourg

Australia

Poland

United States

Ireland

Israel

Share of 65+ year-olds in population, 2010

OECD Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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50.2%

62.2%

78.7%

78.1%

63.6%

81.9%

69.6%

75.7%

78.7%

83.2%

79.8%

79.7%

85.7%

76.4%

84.7%

50.1%

77.5%

92.3%

87.0%

67.1%

70.1%

82.7%

20.7%

19.8%

16.1%

15.8%

9.9%

8.5%

7.7%

6.4%

6.4%

5.9%

3.7%

3.3%

3.2%

3.1%

2.5%

2.4%

2.4%

1.7%

1.6%

1.4%

1.2%

0.9%

Percent of elderly under the poverty line* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

Israel 2005

USA 2004

Spain 2004

Greece 2004

UK 2004

Italy 2004

Australia 2003

France 2005

Ireland 2004

Germany 2004

Austria 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Poland 2004

Estonia 2004

Finland 2004

Canada 2004

Sweden 2005

Netherlands 2004

Hungary 2005

Denmark 2004

Norway 2004

Czech Rep 2004

by market incomes

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social

Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

by disposable incomes

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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Percent reduction in elderly poverty rates* From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s

-58.7%

-68.2%

-79.5%

-79.7%

-84.4%

-89.0%

-89.6%

-91.5%

-91.9%

-93.0%

-95.2%

-95.4%

-95.9%

-96.0%

-96.2%

-96.9%

-97.1%

-97.9%

-98.1%

-98.1%

-98.3%

-98.9%

Israel 2005

USA 2004

Spain 2004

Greece 2004

UK 2004

Australia 2003

Italy 2004

France 2005

Ireland 2004

Germany 2004

Canada 2004

Austria 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Estonia 2004

Poland 2004

Sweden 2005

Finland 2004

Denmark 2004

Netherlands 2004

Hungary 2005

Norway 2004

Czech Rep 2004

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social

Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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by market incomes

40.4%

30.2%

32.1%

42.6%

26.6%

27.9%

34.8%

26.9%

28.8%

34.6%

34.7%

24.0%

20.2%

23.2%

15.2%

22.8%

40.3%

20.2%

22.0%

18.2%

16.5%

18.1%

34.1%

25.1%

24.1%

22.4%

19.9%

18.9%

18.1%

17.1%

16.1%

15.7%

15.0%

14.8%

14.5%

13.6%

12.0%

11.8%

11.7%

10.5%

6.5%

6.1%

5.0%

4.8%

Percent of children under the poverty line* 22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

Israel 2005

USA 2004

Italy 2004

Poland 2004

Canada 2004

Spain 2004

UK 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Australia 2003

Ireland 2004

France 2005

Estonia 2004

Greece 2004

Germany 2004

Netherlands 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Hungary 2005

Austria 2004

Sweden 2005

Norway 2004

Denmark 2004

Finland 2004

by disposable incomes

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social

Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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Percent reduction in children poverty rates* From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s

-15.6%

-16.9%

-20.8%

-24.8%

-25.3%

-28.2%

-32.2%

-36.3%

-38.4%

-41.6%

-44.1%

-47.4%

-47.9%

-48.0%

-48.3%

-54.7%

-56.8%

-66.6%

-69.5%

-70.2%

-70.9%

-73.8%

Israel 2005

USA 2004

Netherlands 2004

Italy 2004

Canada 2004

Greece 2004

Spain 2004

Luxembourg 2004

Estonia 2004

Germany 2004

Australia 2003

Poland 2004

UK 2004

Austria 2004

Czech Rep 2004

Ireland 2004

France 2005

Norway 2004

Denmark 2004

Sweden 2005

Hungary 2005

Finland 2004

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social

Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center

Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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70 80 90 100

* national average in math, science and reading exams

Israel, not including ultra-orthodox Jews = 100 (base)

Educational inequality Standard deviations in achievements in 25 OECD countries and in Israel, PISA 2009 exams

Korea

Finland

Portugal

Denmark

Norway

Spain

Canada

Hungary

Netherlands

Ireland

Slovak Rep

UK

OECD

Czech Rep

Iceland

Italy

USA

Switzerland

Sweden

Australia

Germany

Japan

Austria

New Zealand

France

Belgium

Israel

data from PISA source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2010, Taub Center (updated).

exam* year

number of

participating

countries (out of 25)

Israel’s

ranking

TIMSS 1999 14 first place

PISA 2000/02 23 first place

TIMSS 2003 14 first place

PISA 2006 25 first place

TIMSS 2007 11 first place

PISA 2009 25 first place

TIMSS 2011 11 first place

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163%

-47%

Situation on the Roads

data from the World Bank * average of 22 OECD countries

vehicles per kilometer road

Road Congestion

Israel relative to OECD average, 2008

per 1,000 people

Number of Vehicles

source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2010, Taub Center (updated).

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taubcenter.org.il

Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series

TAUB CENTER for Social Policy Studies in Israel

מרכז טאוב לחקר המדיניות החברתית בישראל

Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective

Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh