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*Imperialism
*What is it?
*Stronger/more powerful nations overtaking weaker ones
*1700s
*Why?
*Industrial Revolution – need more resources!!
*Power hungry – show industrial/military strength
*Advances in transportation and communication – easier to control
*New economic and political power
*Motives
*Economic Interests
*Political/Military
*Humanitarian/Religious
*Social Darwinism
Weakness of non-western states Advantages of westerners:
Strong economy Well-organized gov’t Powerful armies/Navy Technological and medical advances
How were westerners able to dominate so quickly?
*Results
*Resisting Imperialism/Western Domination
*Revolts
*Organize nationalist movements to get rid of westerners
Impose western
culture
French - French
officials
Local
rulers/sultans/chiefs
govern get
educated by
westerners
British
FORMS OF IMPERIAL RULE
Direct Rule Indirect Rule
Local rulers
follow advice of
westerners (trade,
missionary
activities, etc.)
Outside power has all of
the rights to trading
privileges
China – carved out
amongst many powers to
avoid conflicts among
themselves
FORMS OF IMPERIAL RULE (CONT.)
Protectorate Sphere of Influence
AfricaExplain European contact with Africa up to this point? What have we discussed so far?
Age of Exploration?Cape Colony (Cape of Good Hope) –
Control from the Dutch to the British; Boers resent British laws/customs so they migrate north and encounter the Zulus
Slave trade – mostly outlawed; US freed slaves – Liberia (independent republic)
European DominationMove into Africa’s interior
(transportation/medical advances)
Missionaries – paternalistic view of Africans
Map interior, trade, spread Christianity, gain wealth/fame
HURRY!!! Get your colony!!
King Leopold II (Belgium) – Control of Congo leads to Europe wanting a piece of the pie!
Berlin Conference – westerners divide up Africa diplomatically (no Africans were invited) New borders, no regard
for tribal lines/cultures/religions
Results? Exploitation of the raw materials/resources Brutalization of villagers Forced to work for little to no pay Beatings/mutilations Little to no role in gov’t Wealth went back to Europe, not to the natives Invasions/bloodshed African resistance Burning of crops/starvation to show strength of
west Ethiopia modernized so was able to fight off the
Italians – they remain free
How does this cartoon relate to what we have been discussing?
Boer War Boers descendants of Dutch settlers 1814 British take the Cape Colony from the
Dutch Discovery of gold/diamonds in Boer land
leads to conflict w/ GB Guerrilla warfare – GB wins New Gov’t run by whites and sets up a
system of complete racial segregation (apartheid until 1993)
Muslim Region
• Ottomans in the Middle East
• Safavids in Persia
• Mughals in India
Decline of All 3 Empires…• Central gov’ts lost control,
corruption was widespread, etc.
• Europeans won favorable trading rights
• Rise of reform movements including Wahhabi in Arabia (purity and simplicity in Muhammad’s original teachings)
Who was an infamous leader who practiced the Wahhabi faith?
Problems for the Ottomans• Local rulers increasing in
power• Economic issues• Corruption• Nationalism in multi-
ethnical empire• Revolts• Reforms were rejected
(Young Turks thought that reforms were the only way to save empire)
Armenian Genocide• Armenians – Christians • Muslim Turks accused the Armenians of supporting the
Russians against the Ottoman Empire• Armenians protested against Ott. Policies
• Sultan had thousands then killed• Over 25 yrs. 600,000 – 1.5 million Armenians were
killed/died from disease and starvation
Egypt• Semi – independent
from Ottomans in early 1800s
• Success due to Muhammad Ali• “Father of Modern
Egypt”• Political/econ.
Reforms = + world trade
• Built western/modern army
Suez Canal • After Ali’s death, Egypt became increasingly under foreign control
• French organized a company to build canal
• Egypt couldn’t afford to repay loans so they sold shares in the canal – GB bought the shares
• GB made Egypt a protectorate
Persia• Dictatorship but made
reforms • Russia wanted to protect
southern border/expand• GB wanted to protect
interests in India
•1900’s = OIL!!!!• Russia and GB granted
concessions (special rights given to foreign powers) – sent troops to protect interests
• Persian nationalists = outraged
India “The Crown Jewel”Mughal Empire – gave trading rights to the British East India CompanyIn decline b/c of diversity (not unable to unite
vs. British)Inferior
weapons
Sepoy RebellionProblems Sepoys (Indian soldiers)
– required to serve overseas (offense vs. high-caste Hindu religion)
Hindu women were now able to remarry under GB law
New rifle cartridges – greased with animal fat (cow and pig) which had to be bitten off to load them into rifles
Results:Sepoys brutally massacred British men, women and children
GB crushed revolt – revenge = torch villages/kill unarmed Indians
Left fear, hatred and mistrust on both sides
India now under direct British rule, sent more troops and increased taxes
Positive Negative
Impact of the British:
Improved infrastructure
Education/legal structure
Medical improvements
Social changes (equality/end slavery /caste systems)Banned sati
Tried to force Hindus/ Muslims to convert to Christianity
Unjust imprisonments (Sepoys)Destroyed villagesDeath tollTaxed Indians to pay the cost of
British troopsTurned to unskilled laborDeforestationFarms – grew cash crops, not
food
Indian Nationalism GrowsIndian National Congress – wanted self rule but western-style modernizationGrew increasingly Hindu controlled
Muslim League – formed to protect interests of Muslims once INC was gaining control by Hindus
Separate Hindu and Muslim state or cooperation in the future for India??
Previously had strict limits
on foreign trade (had a favorable balance of trade/trade surplus)
China entered a period of decline Industrial Rev = West needs more
(raw materials, trade, etc.) and gave them superior military power
China
British merchants making large
profits (mostly in silver) selling opium from India for tea – hurting the Chinese economy
Chinese became addicted to the drug
Chinese gov’t outlawed the drug/executed drug dealers
Chinese warships conflicted w/ British merchants starting the Opium War
China was easily defeated due to tech advances of GB
Opium War
Unequal treaty Britain received large indemnity
(payment for the loss in war) GB gained Hong Kong GB gained 5 ports and
extraterritoriality (live under own laws/tried in own courts)
Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)
Problems – Qing dynasty in decline,
flooding, population explosion, $ to imperial court, tax evasion by rich, corruption…
Peasants rebelled as a response After 14 yrs., the gov’t crushed the
rebellion (deaths of 20-30 million) Qing gov’t in power but now has to share
rule, Europe took opportunity to seize more control
Taiping Rebellion
China begins to modernize some –
doesn’t have a lot of gov’t / citizen support
Late 1800s = Sino-Japanese War Japan wins control of Taiwan Revealed China’s weakness
Spheres of Influence Open Door Policy No one consulted the Chinese
Reform?
Spheres of
Influence in ChinaHow does this
political cartoon explain what we’ve just
been talking about?
Boxer Rebellion
Anger grew Christian missionaries threatening Chinese
Confucianism foreign presence
Secret society – named Boxers by foreigners b/c of martial arts Drive out the “foreign devil” Boxers attacked foreigners across China Westerners and Japanese united – Boxers
defeated
China makes more concessions More reforms – education,
economically, socially Chinese nationalism spread – want
a stronger gov’t REPUBLIC – President Sun Yixian
(Sun Yat-sen)
Results
JAPAN
TOKUGAWA JAPAN
• 1603 Tokugawa family takes power • Reimposed feudalism• Closed ports to
foreigners• Forbade citizens to
travel abroad• Nagasaki – port w/
limited trade w/ Dutch• Japan - isolation
JAPAN OPENS UP• Matthew Perry (US) – Treaty of Kanagawa – Japan agrees
to open 2 ports
• US won extraterritoriality and Europeans wanted the same – Japan feared they would soon be like China
• Revolt put 15 yr. old Meiji “enlightened rule” in power; moved capital to Edo and renamed it Tokyo
MEIJI RESTORATION• Goal strengthen Japan
• Studied western ways and adapt them to Japanese needs
• Replaced feudal Japan with a new political and social system with modern industry/econ.
MODERNIZATION• Centralized government – constitution (all were
equal) but emperor had absolute power, a legislature (diet), limited voting rights
• Powerful banking and industrial families emerged; industry boomed, population grew
• Successful b/c of homogeneous society – common language/culture
• Revised the unequal treaties before the turn of the century
JAPAN’S MILITARY STRENGTH• Lacked resources / wanted to be = to the west
• Korea was isolated “Hermit Kingdom”
• Japan forced Korea to open to trade/accept unequal treaties
• Competition over Korea led to the Sino-Japanese War – Japan easily won and took control of Taiwan
• Japan challenged Russia for Korea and Manchuria – Russo-Japanese War
• Treaty of Portsmouth – Japan won Korea/parts of Manchuria
• 1st time an Asian power won over a European nation
