Το δημοκρατικό παράδοξο chantal mouffe

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Jobard-Sipa Press Le Nouvel Observateur

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: 2004

: 2007

Chantal Mouffe: The Democratic Paradox 2000, Chantal Mouffe

2004, , O 33, 105 51

.: 210-3643382, 210-3617993, fax: 210-3636501e-mail: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-960-435-029-2

CHANTAL MOUFFE

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, , - .1 - -. Chantal Mouffe - ; - ; ; E, - , , - , - ; , - ;

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1. Chantal Mouffe

Chantal Mouffe LouisAlthusser -, . - Westminster (). , -. , Gramsci andMarxist Theory [O Gramsci , 1979], Gramsci - , . - - , , - - . - , - - - .

, ( ) Ernesto Laclau 1985,

I A N N H T A Y P A K A K H

/ 8 /

Hegemony and Socialist Strategy [ ], -, Gramsci, ( Lacan, Derrida Foucault) . Laclau Mouffe - .2 , Lefort, , Laclau Mouffe - -. Mouffe -: - . ... - - , . - , , - .3

, Mouffe - , - , - -

P O O O

/ 9 /

. - The Return of the Political [ - , 1993], , Dimensionsof Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship and Community [- : , - , 1992] . - , , . Mouffe - .

Mouffe , - - . ( Mouffe - Rawls, Habermas, Giddens, ..) , , Mouffe .4 - - - - -.


/ 10 /

- ; - - . Mouffe - - () . O , -. Mouffe - , , -. . ;

Mouffe :T . , , - , , . , - , . - - . , -

P O O O

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, . , - , - -, - . Mouffe Claude Lefort.5 -. - . -, . - , - .

, Mouffe, . . , - Schmitt - , , , : (K. 2).6


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- , -. , , - : , - , , Rawls Habermas. , , - , - . -. - .7 , . - .

- - () - , - . , - - , , - , , ,

P O O O

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. - - : - - , - - [order]. , - , .8

Mouffe - : ; - : /- - -. , (K. 4). O - . A () - - (K. 5).9

Mouffe -


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. , -, - . - - , , / , - (. K): - - [ .. ] - , - . .

, - - -, Mouffe : - . -

P O O O

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, -.10 O, - , Schmitt (K. 2), , - , Wittgenstein (K. 3). - - Mouffe - .

2. Mouffe:

Chantal Mouffe. , -, - -. , - - . - Mouffe - -


/ 16 /

(K. 6). , - , - , Mouffe .

. - - . - - ;11 Badiou iek . O , - lorganisation politique, , , - .12 O , - ,13 - .14

- ; -

P O O O

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; ; - , , , -.15 , , Mouffe, - - ; , -, , -.16 , - , -: - - , - . - ... - .17

, , -


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. - - , , , , .18

, , - - . - -, -. , Philippe Schmitter Peter Gowan, , - , - - , . - .19 , Colin Crouch, - Jacques Rancire, - - ,

P O O O

/ 19 /

.20 - - ( - , , , ) - - - . K Blair - , , .21 - . - , , () - , - , - .

. O - . - -


/ 20 /

. - - - , , , O, , . Chantal Mouffe - - - . , K. 6 , , - Mouffe .

, - - : - - -. - , . , - , -. - , -

P O O O

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- - - .22

Mouffe - , - . -, Patrick De Vos Vlaams Blok , Mouffe.23 - Jospin Le Pen . Slavoj iek - Mouffe: - - . - ; , - , , -, (, ) .24


/ 22 /

, iek , -, Mouffe Le Pen Haider. - , , , - , . - , - , - . - , , -. .25 . Pierre Bourdieu: , , - , ,26 - , .

Mouffe. , -

P O O O

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- , LePen O. Le Pen, - , - .27 - Le Pen , Chirac Jospin, 38% , - .28 , - - Le Pen - -.29 O, O- . - - - .30

. , Mouffe - - -: - -


/ 24 /

. - , , - . Mouffe K , - ... . - , . - , - , -. , () - , , - .

Chantal Mouffe - - . -: - [ ] - .31 ,

P O O O

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.32 - - () - .33 : .34

- Sigmund Freud , , , , , , , - .35 Freud - , : - .36 - .37 , Freud -, - -, : - ... -, , -


/ 26 /

.38 . Freud, , - .39

- : , . - - . - -. ; Benedict Ander-son, - ... [] [ -, ] -.40 , . , - , - . Anderson, -

P O O O

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, .41 - , - . , -, . Mouffe - - .42 , .

- , . , . , , , , , - , - . , - Chantal Mouffe - -


/ 28 /

, - , -, . - , - . - , . .

1973 , . 1975 Tindemans , 1985 Adonnino - . , - . 1993 De Clerq .43 -, - . , - , - , ,. ( Erasmus, Leonardo,Socrates, Tempus).

P O O O

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- . - - . ; , - . . [ ] .44

, Jacques Delors, , .45 - .46 - - , , - .47

, , , , - [affective] -.48 , , ... - -,49 .50 , -


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-, - . , : - , , .51

N : - - -, - - - . , Jacques Derrida Jrgen Habermas: - - -, -.52

P O O O

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Mouffe - ; - ; - - , . -, , - , , - . - Derrida Habermas, -, - ,53 .

- . -.54 , , . , - -


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- O. , - - - - . /- /, - , -, , .55

. - . , -, -. , ,56 - - - .57 , - ,

P O O O

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- , modusvivendi - , - .58 - Mouffe .

, - , - ,59

. - Mouffe, () - , .60 - - , . , , - - O.61 O ,


/ 34 /

: -.62 , -, , .

3. : ,

. Mouffe, . - , -. Mouffe , . -, - -, K. 5( , - , , ).63 , , - ,

P O O O

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Mouffe. B, - Mouffe , () . - .

- , . - Robert Dahl. -, Dahl - . - - .64 O Dahl - : - [] , , - ... .65 , , .

- - , - ,66 . -


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, , : .67 .68 - - ,69 -, , (agenda setting) . - Dahl .70 O Dahl - : . - - ; O - - .71

- . , - . -

P O O O

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, - . ; , - -- , . Polanyi .72 , , . . O, , - -. , , , -, , . -, - . - Enron, Andersen, Parmalat, - . - - , , , -


/ 38 /

. .73

, main-stream Joseph Stiglitz . O Stiglitz, - Clinton - , , . , -, N - - , , - . - - . , Stiglitz : - -.74 , .

. , -

P O O O

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, , -. ., Fernand Braudel, , -, - . , .75 - . - , - , , . , , . , - . - , , ... O -, , , -.76 . - - ,


/ 40 /

. .

. , , , : - , .77 . / . Goran Therborn , - , .78 - - , , -. - - Robin Blackburn, Banking on Death.79 Blackburn - - .

O Blackburn -, , - -

P O O O

/ 41 /

, , , , -: , - Bill Gates.80 - - - - . - managers . O . , .. , -.81 - - Marx. O /- - , - .

; .82 ,


/ 42 /

. ; ; , - , ; / , , - , : - /- , , , - - . - , , , - .83

- , , - - . . : - ,

P O O O

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, . -. - , - - , -, ( - Tobin), - .84 - , - , . - , - .

. , , - - - , , . , sine qua non - , . , , , ,


/ 44 /

, - . , - Jacques Derrida . Derrida - , , : - ... , , -, , , .85

(-) , - , , - , , . O Derrida - . - , .86 - - -. , - ( -), , , - , ... , [demo-cracy to come/democratie a venir].87

P O O O

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O Derrida -. . .88 - () : N, -, , , , . - . -, , -: - , -, , , , , ;89 - - , , - . , . , , -.90 - ., - , , - -


/ 46 /

, - - , - .91

P O O O

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HMEIE I TOY POOOY

, N - , - Jacques Derrida, .

1. - : - ;, - (.) : N - , , , 2001, .417-22, Rawls: , . , , . 80, 2002, . 29-40.

2. - , . David Trend (.)Radical Democracy: Identity, Citizenship and the State, N , Rout-ledge, 1996.

3. Chantal Mouffe, Democracy Radical and Plural, Harriet Evans, Patrick Burke, CSDBulletin, . 9, . 1, , 2001-2002, . 10.

4. Mouffe . (. -, William Connolly, Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotia-

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tions of Political Paradox, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1991, Danilo Zolo, Democracy and Complexity, Cambridge, Polity, 1992, . 102-3.) . , , - , , , -. , , . John Dunn,Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1979.

5. . Claude Lefort, The Political Forms of Modern Society, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, 1986, Claude Lefort, Democracy andPolitical Theory, O, Polity, 1988.

6. -, ( ), - . - - . 1-1-4 .

7. . . . , -, . , , , 1986.

8. Ernesto Laclau Chantal Mouffe, Preface to the Second Edition,Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, 2 , , Verso, 2001, .xv. -, - - . , , , , - -

H M E I E I

/ 49 /

, -. , , - Outlook, , ; Laclau Mouffe - , - , .

9. . N Giddens, Mouffe. , Giddens -: - (, , ) -. , Mouffe, (. N , : - Anthony Giddens, , , 2001, . 31, 56 89). -, . N- M, A, . -, , , 1995.

10. - Habermas - . . , O ,. , , 1998, -, , . -, 1999, , , -- , . . ,

P O O O

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. , , -, , N , , 2001.

11. - .

12. . Peter Hallward, Alain Badiou,Ethics, , Verso, 2000, . 95-144.

13. - ( Lacan) , , , -. ; - , , - - , - .

14. . , Slavoj iek, On Belief, , Routledge, 2001,. 123. iek Badiou o Tony Negri, ( N, , . , ,, 2002, . 212).

15. - Ernesto Laclau. . , - , .-. , , -, 1997, . 98-101.

16. Oliver Marchart, Enacting the Unrealized: Political Theory and theRole of Radical Democratic Activism, Okwui Enwezor . . (.)Democracy Unrealized, Kassel: Hatje Cantz, Documenta 11, Platform 1,2002, . 257.

17. , . 266.18. Stuart Hall, Democracy, Globalization and Difference, Okwui

H M E I E I

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Enwezor . . (.) Democracy Unrealized, Kassel: Hatje Cantz,Documenta 11, Platform 1, 2002, . 23.

19. . Peter Gowan, Watchdogs of a Liberal Peace, New Left Review, .11, 2001, . 79-93.

20. . Colin Crouch, Coping with Post-democracy, , The FabianSociety, 2000, Jacques Rancire, Post-democracy, Politics andPhilosophy: An Interview with Jacques Rancire, Angelaki, . 1, .3, 1995, . 171-178.

21. . Philip Bobbitt, Blair, the Pioneer of a New Order, New Statesman,30 2002, . 26. - , -. , - . O , -, - . -, , , , ... ( , ;,O , 1 2004, . 70), -, ( - ) .

22. Mouffe,. - , 5 O 2003.

23. Patrick De Vos, The Sacralisation of Consensus and the Rise ofRight-wing Populism in Flanders, Studies in Social and PoliticalThought, . 7, 2002, . 3-29.

24. , !, . , , Scripta, 2003, . 180-181.

P O O O

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25. , , . , - , - , -, () .

26. Pierre Bourdieu, , , . N -, . , , , 2001, . 83-84.

27. Mark Neocleous Nick Startin, Protest and Fail to Survive: LePen and the Great Moving Right Show, Politics, . 23, . 3, 2003,. 146.

28. , . 150-151.29. , . 154.30. Ian Bruff, The Netherlands, the Challenge of Lijst Pim Fortwyn, and

the Third Way, Politics, . 23, . 3, 2003, . 156.31. Chantal Mouffe, Politics and Passions: The Stakes of Democracy, CSD

Perspectives, 2002, . 6 (. .: : - , . , ).

32. Mouffe, .., 2001-2002, . 10.33.

, , . Albert Hirschman, , (. , , , 2003).

34. - - affect emotion.

35. , ,. , . , , -, 1994, . 8.

36. , . 45, 52.37. , . 55.

H M E I E I

/ 53 /

38. , . 53.39. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents, , The Hogarth

Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1982, . 44.40. , :

, . -, , N, 1997, . 213.

41. .42. Mouffe, .., 2001-2002, . 11.43. . Melisa Pantel, Unity-Diversity: Cultural Policy and EU Legiti-

macy, Thomas Banchoff Mitchell Smith (.) Legitimacy and theEuropean Union, , Routledge, 1999 Bo Strath, Introduction:Europe as a Discourse, Bo Strath (.) Europe and the Other andEurope as the Other, , PIE Peter Lang, 2000 Bo Strath,Multiple Europes: Integration, Identity and Demarcation to theOther, Bo Strath (.) Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other,, PIE Peter Lang, 2000.

44. Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism, , Sage, 1995, . 125.45. Delors Robert Bideleux, What Does it Mean to be European?,

Martin Smith Graham Timmins (.) Uncertain Europe, -, Routledge, 2001, . 25.

46. Billig, .., . 121. 47. Sean Carey, Undivided Loyalties: Is National Identity an Obstacle to

European Integration?, European Union Politics, 2002, . 3, . 4, .397, 407.

48. Anthony Pagden, Europe: Conceptualizing a Continent, AnthonyPagden (.) The Idea of Europe, Washington: Woodrow WilsonCenter, 2002, . 33.

49. Arianne Chebel dAppolonia, European Nationalism and EuropeanUnion, Anthony Pagden, .., . 190.

50. David Dunkerley . ., Changing Europe: Identities, Nations and Citizens,, Routledge, 2002, . 120.

51. , , N,26 O 2003, . 35.

52. N , , , 8 2003, . 18-19.

53. , . 17.

P O O O

/ 54 /

54. , , ,, 2002.

55. , . 15.56. , . 139.57. , . 143.58. , . 142-143.59. , . 104.60. Mouffe, .., 2002, . 9.61. , .., . 137.62. Mouffe: -

, , . - , - . - - (Mouffe, .., 2002, . 16).

63. - - . - , . , - , - - , , - - , - (). Mouffe - . -

H M E I E I

/ 55 /

-: Radical Economic Democracy RED. , - () Hardt Negri, , K . Hardt Negri - -, - ( Mouffe), , , , (Michael Hardt Antonio Negri, ,. N , , Scripta, 2002, . 524-537). - Hardt Negri, . Ernesto Laclau, ;, . -, , . 82, 2003 ( O, . 113, 2003, . 21-28).

64. Robert Dahl, , . , . , , , 2001, . 210.

65. , 219.66. .67. , . 224.68. , . 228.69. , . 233.70. N ,

, - . - , - / (, .., . 99). - .

P O O O

/ 56 /

71. Dahl, .., . 239.72. . , O , . -

, , N, 2001.73. . Colin Leys, Market-driven Politics: Neoliberal Democracy and

the Public Interest, , Verso, 2001, - - . Guardian George Monbiot, Captive State: The Corporate Takeover ofBritain, , Macmillan, 2000, - , . , . Colin Crouch,Commercialisation and Citizenship: Education Policy and the Future of PublicServices, , Fabian Society, 2003.

74. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, , PenguinBooks, 2002, . 250.

75. Fernand Braudel, , , -, 1992, . 28.

76. , . 50.77. Diane lson, Socializing Market, Not Market Socialism, Leo Panitch

Colin Leys, Necessary and Unnecessary Utopias, Suffolk, MerlinPress, 1999, . 68. , - (-) . Marx , - - (Hardt Negri, .., . 282).

78. Goran Therborn, Capitals Twilight Zone, New Left Review, . 22,2003, . 135.

79. Robin Blackburn, Banking on Death, , Verso, 2002. Therborn . Therborn, .., . 135.

H M E I E I

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80. , . 6-7.81. , . 123.82. , . 163.83. , . 164.84. . , Michael Jacobs, Adam

Lent Kevin Watkins, Progressive Globalization: Towards an Inter-national Social Democracy, , Fabian Society, 2003. . Stiglitz, .., . 214-252, () .

85. Jacques Derrida, The University Without Condition, Without Alibi,Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2002, . 202. , . - : Jacques Derrida, L Universit sans condition, , Galile,2001, Jacques Derrida, , . B- M, , , .

86. , . 204.87. , . 205. 88. ,

, - , .

89. Derrida, .., . 206.90. -

- , . - Jean-Claude Michea, ,. , , , 2002. . , - , N (.) : , ,, 2003.

91. Derrida : - , - (

P O O O

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), , , - , , - . - , : -, , , , - (Jacques Derrida, - : ,.-. , , , 2002. . 47). : , - , , . ( , . 65).

* O - . - Lacan and the Political [O Lacan ] (1999) , , : (1999). - , (1998), Discourse Theory and Political Analysis [ - ] (2000), Lacan and Science [Lacan ] (2002).

H M E I E I

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Cest par le malentendu universel que tout le monde saccorde

Charles Baudelaire

Caminante, no hay camino,Se hace camino al andar

Antonio Machato

POO IKO HMEIMA

- [1995-2000]. , . , , - . E K - , , .

, , - . - , - .

Ernesto Laclau Hegemony and SocialistStrategy [ ], The Return of the Political [ ]. - , -

/ 65 /

-, . - - - , , .

, , , - . - , - , , - . .

C H A N T A L M O U F F E

/ 66 /

E IAH

TO HMOKAT IKO

, - . - , , , . -: - ; : , , - , , - , . -, , - . , Claude Lefort, :

/ 67 /

.1 , , . , - . , .

N , Lefort, - , . , , - -: , - . -, , - , , , - , - . -. , ,


/ 68 /

-. , , - , Rechtsstaat [ ], , - , .

- , . , , - , , - . -, . C. B. MacPherson, - . , , . , -, - - . , - . ,

T O H M O K P A T I K O A P A O O

/ 69 /

, F.A. Hayek, [] , - ,2 , . , , , - , , , -. , - - .

Rechtsstaat , - . , - , - - . , , . O -- : . -


/ 70 /

. , - .

Carl Schmitt K 2, - - , - . - - . , , - , - -. , . - . , - , , , - . , , . .


/ 71 /

- . , Wittgenstein, , - . - - , . - - , - . , , , - - , - - - - .

- , .


/ 72 /

- . eitgeist, , . - -, , .

- . - - . , -- , - - - . O, Blair Schrder, [triangulation] Clinton, . - - ,


/ 73 /

, . , - , - . , K- 5, - , - . - , , -. -, , . , , - - . , - - . - . -


/ 74 /

, - .

, , . - - , . , - , --, - , .

, , - . , , , . - - , - - , - ,


/ 75 /

- -.

, - - - . .3

, John Rawls Jrgen Habermas -, K 4. - - . , - , . Habermas, . , , Rawls Habermas , - : Rawls, Habermas. - -


/ 76 /

, . - . , , - -- . , - . , - .

K 4, ( Rorty) - . , -, - . , , - - Carl Schmitt , , . Schmitt , , K 2, .


/ 77 /

, Schmitt - - , . - . , , - . - - - - . , - - , - , .*

, , - - . , - . , - [contamination], , ,


/ 78 /

. - . , [Gestalt] .

, ( -), . , - , , - . , , - - -, - . - - [rationalist] , , , . - - [rational] ,


/ 79 /

, - .

A - . - [post-structuralism] . , , . - 4 H 5, - . K 3 - Wittgenstein - . Wittgenstein - , - , - . - , -


/ 80 /

, Wittgenstein , Ein-stimmung Einverstanden, - . , , -, - - .

Jacques Derrida . , - - - / -. , - . , - , , . - , - . - : - / - -


/ 81 /

, [undecidability] , - : /- . , - : - , - .

, . --, -, . , , , ( Schmitt ). - -, , , - . -, . , - - .

-, K 4, . - -


/ 82 /

. , , - , -, - . O , , , - , , - . - - - , -. Schmitt , - - - . K 1, -, Rawls - . , - - .

,


/ 83 /

, K- 5. , - . - - - . - . - - , - . Anthony Giddens, - - .* , - , . - , .

. -, ,


/ 84 /

. . - , - - , . - . -, - . - - .

- . , , , - , : -. H , , -, ., , -


/ 85 /

, - . - - , . .


/ 86 /

1H O , H O O OO

, - , -. A , - - , . , Jrgen Habermas, [universalism] - - - . - - .

. -, ,

/ 87 /

-, , - - .1

, - -. , , - (rgime), - -, . : , - , , - , - , - , . - - : ( ,


/ 88 /

) , - .

, . -, - . - , Claude Lefort - . . , John Rawls, - . , . - . - - , .

- , . - . - -, -


/ 89 /

, . , , - , - .

, , , , -, , , . , , - -. - , .

, - . , - , . , , - [incommen-surability], - . , -


/ 90 /

, - , - - , , - , .

. O - , -. , , , , - - . - - - - , .


/ 91 /

,

, - , - . [objectivism] . -,2 . - , , Derrida, - .

T . , -, , -. -, . -, -. T .


/ 92 /

, , . - - , -, - . - . O - - . - , , , .

- - , - - . - , . -


/ 93 /

. , -, - , - , - .

- , John Rawls. - Rawls - - - . - - modus vivendi, , Schumpeter, modus procedendi [ -] - . - , .

, Rawls Charles Larmore . --


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modus vivendi . - - . - . O - . -, - ant Mill. - - , .3

Rawls, - : , - , ;4 , , - - -. , Political Liberalism [ -


/ 95 /

], -.* , , : - . . , - .

- . - , -, , , . , , Rawls , , . Rawls, - , - - .5

-


/ 96 /

; , / - - . , , - , , , .

Rawls - . . , . - -- . , . O - . , , - , , , .

O Rawls -


/ 97 /

. . , . , Rawls - . , , ; O . ; , , - - . Rawls , - . - - : , , , - .

E

Rawls - : , -


/ 98 /

. O Rawls , - . , , , - .* , - . , .6

- , Rawls - modus vivendi. - , . - , , - -. , :


/ 99 /

- -, - , - , - , , .7

O Rawls - modus vivendi, - - - - . , , - , . - , , . - , - . - ( - -


/ 100 /

, -) ,8 Rawls - . : : ( ) ( ).9

O Rawls , , - , . , , , - ( : -).

, - . , , - , . - .

-


/ 101 /

. O Rawls -, , - , - . , , - .10 , , - , - , . , . - - , .

Rawls -. , - . -, , , , , . O - , -


/ 102 /

. - , . O , -, , - .

Rawls -, , , - , o- - . - , . ; -- ; , , , - - . - , - .

, , , -


/ 103 /

, -, , - , , -.11 , - .

Rawls - , . -, - . , . . - , , . , , - : . , . -, ,


/ 104 /

. , - -: - .

, , -, . . , [dis-courses] , . -, .

O - Rawls . - , - . -,


/ 105 /

, , . - , . - , , - , .

-, . -, , -, . , , .

, - - , . - . , , -


/ 106 /

, , -, - .

, - , . - , . , , . -, , Rodolphe Gasch, - , , , , - .12

- , - -. - , -, . , -


/ 107 /

. -, , - .

- - , , . - - , - . , , -.

, - , , - . , -, - , , , .


/ 108 /

2O CARL SCHMITT O OO O

PoliticalLiberalism, John Rawls, - Carl Schmitt, - - -. , - . , , - , , .1

Rawls - - . -

/ 109 /

, - - , - . - .

Carl Schmitt -. , , . Schmitt, : , - .2

,

- . , , - - - . O


/ 110 /

David Held, , - - .3 O RichardFalk, , - - - .4

, , - [civic republican] , , . - , . , , - - . N Schmitt - - , - .

. - The Crisis ofParliamentary Democracy [ -] (1926), : K - , . -


/ 111 /

, , , - -.5 , - , . , , Schmitt . - - - .

, Schmitt . , - . [substance] -, , , , -, -.6 O , , .

, . , Schmitt, - , -


/ 112 /

. : - , - , , - Weltanschauung [-]. .7

O Schmitt - , - , , . , , , , , .

, , : - . - , , . , , - , -. , , , , - , - , ... ,


/ 113 /

, , , . , .

Schmitt - . - - . , - ., - ., , - , , - vertus (vertu).8 , - , . , , , .9

Schmitt - -. - , , , , -


/ 114 /

. - , , - . O - -, -. , , - . . :

, - , , , , , , . , , , .10

, Schmitt - , , -, , , , . , , - . , ,


/ 115 /

, , - , , - . , , - , , Schmitt:

, , - , . , , (, , ), .11

, , . - - . - . , , - - . , -, -


/ 116 /

, . -, , - , - .

H -

, , - Schmitt, , - . -, . , - - .

, Schmitt, . - . , , - . - - , .

, ,


/ 117 /

--, - , -. , Schmitt , - . , - . - - . , - - ., .

- - -, Schmitt -. - , - . - . Schmitt, , -


/ 118 /

. - , - . , - .

- , Schmitt - . , , - , , , - . N, , Schmitt - . - . - - , . - , - - . -


/ 119 /

- - . - - - - .12 , , , , Schmitt . O ,, . , , -, . - , , - .

H

O Schmitt , -


/ 120 /

- . , .

-, , . - -, . O , -, . , - - , - . , - , - , - . - -, - Schmitt , - , -


/ 121 /

[sic] , - , , .13

- , - Habermas . . , - .14

Seyla Benhabib, - - , , - . - :

- - - .15

,


/ 122 /

- . - - - . :

, , - , - :()

-, ,

() -

() - - . prima facie - , ,


/ 123 /

.16

. - , - . . O , , - , , . O - , - - .

O Habermas ,, -, . O , , - - . - .

, , Schmitt --, -


/ 124 /

. - ,, . - Derrida - , . - - . - , . , , - , -. - - .

O

--


/ 125 /

. , -, Rawls Habermas - -.17 Schmitt . - , .

Schmitt , , - - . -, , - .18 , Schmitt -. , , , - .

- , , , Schmitt . - -- . , , - . - . -


/ 126 /

- . O Schmitt ,, , , , . . -, , .

-, Schmitt - . , - . O Schmitt,, - - -. , - - , - . -. O - , . - - - - . Schmitt , -


/ 127 /

Rawls modus vivendi, , , - , - .

-, - ; ; , Schmitt : - -. , -. , , - . , - . -, -, . : , .19

H - Harold Laski G.D.H. Cole Schmitt , .


/ 128 /

, , . , : - , - , , - .20

Ethicof State and Pluralistic State [ ], Laski Cole - . , , - , - - , , , , -, , .....21 , , - - . - , . OSchmitt , - , -


/ 129 /

, . , - - - - .22

Schmitt . - - . , :

, - -. , . . , - . , , - , , , -


/ 130 /

, - - . , pacta sunt servanda.23

T Schmitt

N Schmitt - , - . - - ., - . . -, Schmitt : , - , - - , - - . Jean-Franois Kervgan: Schmitt, -, , , - , -


/ 131 /

, .24

Schmitt . , , - , . : . , . - , Schmitt , - . , . - -. , , - , - - . , - - . Schmitt .

O Schmitt , -


/ 132 /

. O , - . ,, . Schmitt, -. Schmitt , - [commonality] - , - , , , . - Schmitt. , , -, - .

, , , . Schmitt -, , , - - . Schmitt: -


/ 133 /

-. , , , - , , . - . - , - . , , - , -. - . - , .

- - Schmitt - -, - - , -. , , - , . , , -


/ 134 /

, , . , , - . - , , . -. Schmitt , .

, Schmitt , - , , . , , - - . , -, - .

, Schmitt . . - . - - , -


/ 135 /

. O Schmitt . , - - , . - - - .


/ 136 /

3O WITTGENSTEIN , O O

O , - - . , , - . - , - - .

Witt-genstein . , , - , . , , ,

/ 137 /

Wittgenstein . ,, Wittgenstein, . - Wittgenstein -, - Hobbes . : , -, , .

- -, Hanna Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice [Wittgenstein -] , - , - , , Wittgen-stein -. , Wittgenstein - - , Marx, Nietzsche Freud. , - , , - , .1


/ 138 /

James Tully, - - . , Wittgenstein - -, - .2 - Jrgen Habermas -, Charles Taylor, , Tully , . E, Strange Multiplicity [ ],3 [imperial] - , - .

O

- [universalists] [contextualists]. -


/ 139 /

, , . - ; , , , - ; - ; , , , , , .

, - , - , . , , . - , , - . . , , , - .

- . -


/ 140 /

. - Dworkin, Rawls Habermas - , . , , , - .

, , - . - , , Dworkin, - .4

- , , -, Wittgenstein. Michael Walzer Richard Rorty - -


/ 141 /

. Walzer - - , - . , .5

Wittgenstein, - - - . O - , , , Wittgenstein :

- - . O - , , -, .6

, -- -. - , ,


/ 142 /

-. , -- , (Rawls) - (Habermas). Peter Winch Rawls, To - , - Wittgenstein - - .7

, o Richard Rorty Wittgenstein - , Apel Habermas. Rorty, . : - - , - , .8

- - ,


/ 143 /

. Wittgenstein, -, . , . - .9

, , -. , , , , - . - - - . . - ,


/ 144 /

. Richard Flathman Wittgenstein , -. , - - . , , .10

Wittgenstein Rorty , Habermas, , . N, , Rorty Wittgenstein - - . -, Habermas. . Oabermas - - .

O Rorty, , - ,


/ 145 /

. , - , - . , , - , Witt-genstein. Wittgenstein James George Frazer Remarks on Frazers Golden Bough [ Frazer], Frazer .

Wittgenstein - . - .

Wittgenstein - - . :


/ 146 /

- ; - . .11

- , -. , Wittgenstein, , - . : , - ( ).12

. O - - . O . - .O Wittgenstein , . , , - - . -


/ 147 /

, , , , - - . , - . - , - -. -, - , - - . O . , .

, - , ,, - - - . -, Habermas - [discourses] - . - , Apel,


/ 148 /

- - , , .

Wittgen-stein, - , - . - , - , - . - - - - . - , - , .

o - ,


/ 149 /

. Wittgenstein:

, , , .13

, - (Meinungen) (Lebensform). - Einstimmung, , Einverstand, Habermas. , , - , , :

, . -; ; .14

- , - . , - 15 -


/ 150 /

, , Wittgenstein: .

, - Wittgenstein James Tully, . Tully Wittgenstein - - , . , , . Wittgenstein - . Tully, . .16 O Wittgenstein, - , - . , :

. ... -; ; ; , .., ;17


/ 151 /

, Tully, : - -, , .18 - - , . Wittgen-stein, , . , , . , Wittgenstein - , , , , - .19

Tully, , , PeterWinch, , - , - , - . Wittgenstein, -


/ 152 /

, .20

Wittgenstein, - , - , , - - , .21

, - - : - . - .22 O Wittgenstein . , - , . - - - . O Wittgenstein -


/ 153 /

. - , Wittgenstein, . . - ; ;23 . , , - , . O, - . , , . K , , - . . - , -, , . , , , .O , , - , , -


/ 154 /

. - , , , . , Wittgenstein - , - .

Wittgenstein

, , . Wittgenstein - , . Wittgenstein, - , .

, , Stanley Cavell Wittgenstein . Cavell, Wittgenstein : , . : N! 24

- - -


/ 155 /

. Cavell, , - .25 - Wittgenstein Kripke, Wittgenstein , Cavell Wittgenstein:

, - , - , - , - , , - , -, , , .26

-, , , .., Richard Rorty. Wittgenstein Cavell Rawls27 , .


/ 156 /

Wittgenstein, Cavell Rawls - , - . O Cavell Rawls - , , .28 Rawls, , . , Cavell, -, .29 - N K- , - . , Wittgenstein , - .

O Cavell, , Wittgenstein - , - , - - . -


/ 157 /

, , -, . - , - .30

Cavell Wittgenstein Derrida .31

, -, , - . - , - .32

Derrida, Wittgenstein, - , . , - .


/ 158 /

-, . -, , . --, Wittgenstein, - , .


/ 159 /

4O N NO OO O

, . -, , - , ; . , . - -- , . - - , - . , , - . -

/ 160 /

- , .

-. - . , , . O, - . - - , - . , , - .

, , -, . . , .


/ 161 /

Joseph Schumpeter , (1947),1 , -, . , - - . - Schumpeter - .

Anthony Downs, O ,2 - . - - , . O , , - . -, , , , - - . -


/ 162 /

-, . - , -. , - - .

- - - - , John Rawls .3

- - - .

, - -. (Rawls) , , , -, .


/ 163 /

:

O , , - . . - - , . , , , - modus vivendi , . , - . -, .

, - , - - ( ) - ( ). - . - -


/ 164 /

- - . O - , - - . - .4

- , , John Rawls, Jrgen Habermas. , , Joshua Cohen Rawls, Seyla Benhabib abermas. ,, - - - , , , , .

, - Rawls Habermas -, , -, . O Rawls, , -


/ 165 /

. - ,

Locke Constant , -, Rousseau, Constant , .5

Habermas, Between Facts and Norms [ ] - - . - - - . , , - - , .6

O Cohen Benhabib -. O Cohen -


/ 166 /

- .7 enhabib - .8

- - -, - , : Rawls, - Habermas. , - .

Habermas Rawls - - . - . O Rawls - , - . - , -


/ 167 /

, . O Habermas, , , , , . - - . Benhabib, - :

(1) , , (2) (3) - . prima facie -, , .9

, - -


/ 168 /

. O Cohen - -, : - , - - , .10

, - - modus vivendi. , - , . - , . - - . Benhabib:

, - - -


/ 169 /

- .11

, : -, - - . OHabermas , - . O , , . - .

, Habermas - - , , -, Habermas, [ethics] . , , -


/ 170 /

[moral considerations] - .12 , . - , . - . , , - -, .

, , - -, Rawls , . O , , - , modus vivendi, . , , - , , , . , , , Habermas


/ 171 /

Rawls . O Rawls, , Habermas: - - , .13 - - Habermas, , - , .14 , , Cohen, - . - , , , . , , , .15

H

, -


/ 172 /

Rawls Habermas, - - . .

- Rawls, , , , , . , - .

O Habermas Rawls - - , . , , , .16 O Habermas -, , -, -, - .17 -, , - , -. Rawls Habermas


/ 173 /

. - , .18

N - . Rawls, , , Habermas . , . , , , -, . Rawls , , . , , - , -. , - .

Habermas, - [ethics] -


/ 174 /

[morality] , . Rawls Habermas - - . , - . . - -, , .

. , - - . OHabermas, , - . Rawls - , - . , , - Charles Larmore, Habermas, ,


/ 175 /

, - .19 O-, , , - , . - -. , - . , , - , CarlSchmitt. , . - - .20 . , - . , , - , -- . - -


/ 176 /

. - . . , , , - .

: ;

O Rawls Habermas, , - , modus vivendi , , . , - Rawls , Habermas - . Rawls, . . Habermas, -. - - . -


/ 177 /

- . Seyla Benhabib, - .21

- - - , - . - .

, . - - , . , , - , - - . , , - . MichaelOakeshott, -


/ 178 /

cives [], res publica[].22 , - , - - . , . - , , - . , - . O - - , , -. , , , - - . - .

- -- - . -


/ 179 /

, - , , - . - -, . - . , - -, . , - . - , , -, , - . , , , - - .

O , . , Michael Oakeshott On


/ 180 /

Human Conduct [ ] - , res publica.23 Wittgenstein, , ,24 - . . , , , . . -. - - . O , Wittgen-stein, - . -/ , , . O , - .

, - . - Wittgenstein - . ,


/ 181 /

, , .25 - , : - - , . ; - ; .26

- , . - , Wittgenstein, , , , - . : - . .27

- - , - , . . - - , - - . , . H -


/ 182 /

, , .

, . - , - - -. - . - - Carl Schmitt : , , - , , , -.28 ,


/ 183 /

, , .

- . . - , - .29 - - . - . - , . , , - . , , - -, .

. ,


/ 184 /

- . -, , - - .

- - . O - - .

, , - . - , , , : () -, , () - a priori , . - [ordering] ,


/ 185 /

, - .

, - - - , .30 , , -. -, . , , , - , . - , , - . , , . - . -


/ 186 /

- - . - .

, - , , -, . - , - - , . , , , - , -. , , : . , , , . , - , .31

, , - , , , - . O


/ 187 /

- . ( Thomas Kuhn ). , , - - .

- , . O - , . , , , , , - -. , , , . - , , , , .

- ,


/ 188 /

- . - -, . - - , MaxWeber, .

- - . , , - , - . - . , - - - : -,, , --, ... - . , - . - .


/ 189 /

-. , , - [identity politics]. - . , , .

, - - . - . - -, , . - - .

, -. , ,


/ 190 /

- . - - , - - - . , , - . - - , . - . -, . - , . , , , - . , - , , .


/ 191 /

5O NO;

80 ,, - /, - . N , , - . - , Blair . , N - , - . , Tony Blair N , , - ,

/ 192 /

. , , , , - -/, .

- Anthony Giddens : .1 O - , Giddens, , - , - . , , . -, , [cybernetic] , -,* -, , - -. , , , - . . ,


/ 193 /

, - . --, -, .

Giddens . - , ,O , -. , ,, . - , - , . .

. , - - . . -


/ 194 /

Giddens - - -. - - , .

, , --, , -. . -, , . O , . - ,


/ 195 /

-. N - , , - N , , .

- - , , . O . Mike Rustin, -, - , - .2 , , - .

, , Giddens - . , - -


/ 196 /

; , , , - , .

lan Ryan, , - , , - , .3

. -. , Blair Schrder , , - - , - , - .

- , , Anne Coote, Blair


/ 197 /

-.4 , . N , , - , . , - .

O N - , , -, - . O - - . -, - .

, , , ,


/ 198 /

. , - . , - . - , , , . , . - - . - . - , - . - , - , . . , - . - -. - .


/ 199 /

, , , -, , , , - . , , . O , . , , - .

- . Clinton , - , - [triangulation] . , , , -. . - .


/ 200 /

, - - - .

. , , , - , - . -, - , . ,, - , - - - .

- - -. - , .


/ 201 /

, . - , .

- RonaldDworkin, - , - . Dworkin, - , -, , ... , - . .

, - - , . , , - , - , . - , - , -


/ 202 /

, - . ,, .*

H

, , , . , , , -, , - - , - , - - . , , - .

- - .


/ 203 /

- , - - , - . -. - - . , - , - -. , - , . - - , - . ,, - - .

, , - . , . , ,


/ 204 /

. , , - - - . - - ,, - - . , .

- , -. - . - , - . -, , . , , . -


/ 205 /

, -. -, N .

. , - - - - . - . , , - status quo .5

- , - . - . , AndrGorz , , - 70. , -


/ 206 /

- --.6 . . - - , - . . . -. , - .

Gorz , - . - - -. - -, .

,, - - .


/ 207 /

-. - . . -, , , , . . , . , - , - , .

, Nikolas Rose - , - -, .7 , , N - . ,, . , N - - .


/ 208 /

I

- Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair -. O - . , - - . , . , . , , . - - - . , , .

N - . -


/ 209 /

, - , . , : - -, . . , , , - - . - , - - . , - , - , - .

N , , . Norberto Bobbio, - , - . - - - .


/ 210 /

, , .

- - . . O -. - . , - . , - . - , - , , -. ,, - - .


/ 211 /

- , , , , - , .

O John Gray, -, N - , , - . - N 20 L.T. Hobhouse T. H. Green. -, Gray, , - .

Gray . , , - . , - -. , - . , Spheres of Justice [ ], ichael Walzer -


/ 212 /

.8 , -, -, - . , - , , -, - . , , . - - - - , . , , - -, , . , N - - .

- -


/ 213 /

: - . , , - , laissez-faire - - . - . - ( - ) - , - . - .

- , - , . - , , , - , - . -, , :

1. ,


/ 214 /

- -.

2. - -, - , .

3. ( -), - ,, . , , .

- , - . - , -, - .

-, , , - - . -


/ 215 /

, , - .

, - . , , , . , -. , . - , - - .

, . , , , - , , - -. - , . .


/ 216 /

6O O O O 1

. Jean-Marie Le Pen, - 2002, Pim Fortuyn, - 15 - . , - -, , - .

O - , , . , , -

/ 217 /

. , , - . O - . - . - , -, . -, , . - , , Zeitgeist, , , , .

-, - - , . , - .


/ 218 /

T

, - . , , - - - .

, - , . - : , . O - . - - . , .

, - . -


/ 219 /

, . , , Charles Larmore, O - , , , - .2

Larmore , - --, . -, . - .

- * () - : , - , , - , . - - : ( ), - ( ). - 19 , . -, C.B. MacPherson,3 - .


/ 220 /

, -, .

- , , - - . - - . , - , . - , , , . , , .

O - - . , - - .

, , . -


/ 221 /

, . , , - , , -. , , - , - . , -, - , .

T ;

- - , , - - , . , , - - - -. , ,


/ 222 /

. , , - , . -- - .

, . 4 - , . - , -, -. - - .

, - . , . , -, -


/ 223 /

. ., , - , . , , , - .

, , - . - . , - . - .

, - , , , - -


/ 224 /

, . - - , . - - , - - .

, , - . O - -. , - . , , -, -. , , ,


/ 225 /

, . , , , . - -, - . - .

H

N , - . - , , - , . , - .

, - - . , , -. - - ,


/ 226 /

. , -, - , - , - - . , ., , - . . O - , - . - -. , , . , , -, , , , . - , .


/ 227 /

, , , . , - - . , - .

, - . , - . . Realpolitik - . , , . O - , . , , - , - .

, - Urlich Beck Anthony Giddens. -


/ 228 /

. - . , , . - , , , , - -, , , .

, - - . - , , . - - . - Reagan, - George W. Bush !, , , - . -, - .

, . - -, -


/ 229 /

, , , .5 , , . - . - [cordon sanitaire] . , , , , - , - - .

- . -, - , , . - - - . - , , - .


/ 230 /

, - - .

O A

, - , - , - .

Freiheiliche Partei Oesterreichs (FPO), - . - 1945, , (SPO), - (OVP) (KPO), - -, - 1934. KPO - , , - SPO OVP. - - - Lager [] - -


/ 231 /

. - : , , - . Proporz [-] , , - . O ,, - , - .

- , 1955, , -, . 1966 1983 SPO OVP - , - . , , - - Sozialpartnerschaft [ ]. , Jrg aider, - - - .


/ 232 /

Haider - (FPO) 1986, - .6 FPO 1956 (VDU), 1949, - , -Lager, . 1960 , FPO SS, Friederich Peter, -, . , , - , , SPO, 1983 1986, 1 2 .7 - , 1986 Innsbruck - Norbert Steger. Jrg Haider, , FPO . , N 1999, , - OVP 27%. , OVP SPO , OVP FPO 2000. -


/ 233 /

, .. . - , FPO Haider.

H Haider

, Haider - - . - , - - . , , , . - , - . 90 , - , -, - . , , - -, - , SPO.8


/ 234 /

, - - . - SPO. O - , - [consociational] . , , Franz Vranitzky, - - - Haider .9

- , FPO - - . - , - , - . , - Haider KrnenZeitung, 3 -, - FPO .


/ 235 /

Haider10 , , , - , , -, , , , . - Die Freiheit, die ich meine [ -] : - . - . O - , . .11

, - . : , -; : . , . O , .12


/ 236 /

O FPO , , -.13 FPO - , - . , Haider, , , .14 , , - FPO. - , , - . Haider , - - . - , , .

, Ausgrenzung [], FPO - - , . , , SPO OVP -


/ 237 /

- , ., , - , - .

- . - - , , FPO - , , -, Haider . O - FPO - , - .15

- - Haider . , , FPO. Haider - , .


/ 238 /

To

, , , - . , . O - OVP FPO , , . , - - , . - 14 - . - .

, , . . O 14 , ,


/ 239 /

. , . FPO . - . , , , - : , , , N, ,O . , , - , .16

- : , , , . - , - . , -, - . - - .

, -


/ 240 /

-. - , - . , , , - , .17 , , . FPO , 14 - .

.. , , - . -, Berlusconi , Bossi - Fini, . , - , . N - 2000 (14,6%), - N 2001 (12%), Pim Fortuyn O 2002 (26%), - 18% Le Pen - 5 2002 .


/ 241 /

, Vlaams Blok (VB) - O 2000 , , . , - PatrickJanssens, - . Le Soir 7 2000, Vlaams Blok , , - - , , , , , .

- . , SPO OVP - FPO - , A, VB ( 33% ), - . VB , , .18


/ 242 /

!

. - - , . - -. - . - , - . - - , . , - - , - , - , . , . O -


/ 243 /

, - - - , , - , , . - . , - , . , , , . - , -

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