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اهداف کلی درس: ب0ا ک0اربرد الگوه0ای عملی و نظ0ری در آش0نایی دانش0جویان س0طح در گ0یری تص0میم و تولی0د س0اختار ک0ردن مش0خص
واحدهای تولید کشاورزی
روش تدریس: به ص0ورت س0خنرانی و ب0ا اس0تفاده از وس0ایل کم0ک آموزش0ی فرآین0د م0واردی در همچ0نین ب0ود. خواه0د پروژکت0ور( )دیت0ا ت0دریس ب0ه ص0ورت مش0ارکتی، ح0ل تم0رین و بحث گ0روهی
پیش خواهد رفت.
اقتصاد تولید....
جدول برنامه آموزشی جلسات:
هفته عنوان جلسه موضوعات مورد بحثاول آشنایی با مفاهیم معرفی مفاهیم مهم در اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی
دوم تابع تولید کشاورزیفروض تابع تولید- معرفی نهاده های تولید و انواع آن- فرم انواع توابع
تولید سوم
تابع تولید تک متغیرهتولید متوسط و نهایی- قانون بازدهی نزولی- انواع نواحی تولید-
بهینه اقتصادی مصرف نهاده- کشش تولید- حل تمرینچهارم
پنجم
ششم
تولید با دو نهاده متغیر
مفهوم منحنی تولید همسان و کاربرد آن- ویژگیهای منحنی تولید همسان- نرخ جانشینی فنی- خطوط شیب همسان- پیشرفت
تکنولوژی- مسیر توسعه- کشش جانشینی- مقلیسه منحنی های تولید کوتاه و بلندمدت- حل تمرین
هفتم
هشتم
نهم هزینه تولید
استخراج توابع هزینه از تابع تولید- انواع هزینه تولید و ارتباط بین دهمآنها- استخراج تابع عرضه ایستا – حل تمرین
یازدهم تقاضا عوامل تولید استخراج توابع تقاضا برای عوامل تولید دوازده
م
اشکال مختلف تابع تولید
تابع تولید خطی- تابع تولید درجه دو- تابع تولید کاپ داگالس )توان CESدار(- تابع تولید ترانسندنتال- تابع تولید
سیزدهم
چهاردهم
پانزدهم
شانزدهم
ریسک تولید لحاظ ریسک در تابع تولید
- حضور به موقع و فعال در کالس جلسه غیبت 3 )در صورتیکه دانشجو در طول ترم بیش از
داشته باشد طبق مقررات آموزش با وی برخورد خواهد شد(
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سازی آن پس از تأیید مقاله توسط مدرس
- حل تمرین های کالسی و ارائه به موقع آن
اقتصاد تولید ....
منابع:نوش0ته کش0اورزی، تولی0د اقتص0اد ب0ر درآم0دی -
سانخایان، ترجمه دکتر اکبری و دکتر رنانیترجم0ه ارزام، فران0ک نوش0ته ج0ان تولی0د، اقتص0اد -
دکتر ارسالن بد، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی
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باشد.
اقتصاد تولید ....
ارزشیابی مستمر
میان ترمآزمون نهایی )آزمون
تشریحی(پروژه و
تمرین
5% 15% 60% 20%
روش ارزیابی )درصد(:
General Overview
Agricultural Economics a subfield of Applied Economics
Applied Economics: Application of economic theory to actual events Examples of economic specialization: labor,
education, health, monetary, public, history, environmental, renewable resources, non-renewable resources, industrial organization, etc
Typically involves a reduction in the level of abstraction of core theory Depict actual characteristics of economic
problem of concern
General Overview
The objective of any scientific inquiry is to:Observe and describe a particular set of
phenomenaOrganize those observations into
recognizable patternsFormulate theories or models where
sufficient regularity is sought Theory give scientist a basis on which to make
predictions i.e., theory of supply and demand
Definition of Economics
“…a social science concerned with how consumers, producers, and societies choose among alternative competing uses of scarce resources in the process of producing, exchanging, and consuming goods and services”
Scarce ResourcesResources describes anything tangible
Wheat, barbed wire, hamburgers, water, labor, clean air
Every resource is relatively scarce→ availability of every resource is insufficient
to satisfy all of its potential users
Scarcity creates need for a system to allocate resources among potential usersNeed a theory by which allocation takes place
Scarce ResourcesNatural and biological resources
3.5 million square miles of land surface in U.S.954 million acres of land in farms in U.S.Limited supply of crude oil/natural gas
reservesHuman resources
>155 million people in U.S. civilian labor forceManufactured resources
3.9 million miles of highways121.4 million tons of steel making capacity
Scope of EconomicsEconomics can be divided into three
parts:MicroeconomicsMarket economicsMacroeconomics
Microeconomics concerned with the economics of individual producers and/or
consumers
Aggregationlevels differ
Scope of EconomicsThe microeconomics of production
examines the economics of individual producers or firms How does a firm acquire resources and
combine them in the production process? What is the difference between cost
minimization vs. profit maximization in terms of resource use?
Scope of EconomicsProduction management decisions
impacting firm profit include:Which inputs to purchase
Multiple inputs to choose from (i.e., should I rent cropland versus purchasing)
Should this choice depend on input prices (i.e., what is the annual rental rate vs. ownership costs)?
What production technique to use Multiple production technologies (i.e.,
conventional tillage, minimum tillage, no-till) Technology determines input utilization (i.e.,
no-till requires less energy inputs and water use)
Scope of EconomicsProduction management decisions
impacting firm profit include:Which product to produce
Multiple products to choose from (i.e., how much of my land to devote to corn vs. soybeans)
How much of each product to produce Should this depend on product prices (i.e.,
corn costs more/acre to grow than soybeans) When to produce them
Marginal benefit versus costs of waiting a week to plant so that the soil is more dry
Economics of storage
Scope of EconomicsAnother branch of microeconomics
concerned with individual consumer behavior
Scope of EconomicsMacroeconomics concerned with the
entire economic systemCity, state, national or international level
Questions considered What are the linkages within the
economic system as a whole? What are the economy-wide impacts of
changes in policies or institutions? What impacts the unemployment and
inflation rates, the balance of payments, and the Federal deficit?
Scope of EconomicsMacroeconomics deals with the
economic impacts of public policies Food stamps, pesticide use restrictions,
dairy product price support system, etc. These policies can impact a particular
sector of the economy as well as the the entire economy
The macroeconomist also concerned with international issues
Opportunity CostOpportunity cost: Important termAll economic resources have value
Value usually determined in a marketplace where resource user pays prevailing price
Sometimes resources have economic value but those resources not purchased in a market
In this last case economists use opportunity costs to determine the resource’s economic value Though there is no market price
Opportunity CostOpportunity cost is the economic
value of a resource in its highest valued alternative use
Opportunity CostOpportunity cost of a choice is what
you gave up to get itChoose between purchasing either an
apple or an orange If you choose the apple, then your
opportunity cost is the orange you could have chosen but didn't.
You gave up the opportunity to take the orange in order to choose the apple
Opportunity Cost
Common mistake: Price vs. CostPrice is a per-unit concept
i.e., What is the price of a gallon of gasoline?Cost refers to the concept of prices times
quantity purchased i.e., What did it cost to fill up your car?
Opportunity CostThe study of economics is all about
economic values—costs vs. returns When available, we use market prices
to determine economic value. When market prices are not available,
we use the concept of opportunity cost to estimate those values
Returns can be measured in terms of $ or in terms of satisfaction (or utility)
Diminishing ReturnsIn models of the economics of
production and consumption the concept of diminishing returns is keyAs you increase the amount of something,
ceteris paribus, you will eventually reach a point where you increase at a decreasing rate i.e., A diminishing increase in corn yield with
respect to increasing amount of applied fertilizer
Diminishing ReturnsProduction side: Law of diminishing
marginal product If you add a certain level of an input to
fixed amounts of other inputs, the additional production from this extra input will eventually decrease i.e., If you add additional units of fertilizer
to a fixed amount of land, eventually response per unit of fertilizer continues to increase but at a decreasing rate
Can eventually turn negative Too much fertilizer can burn a crop, ↓yield
