/ / ( ).doc - , . .
(. hardware) , (), , , .
, , .
.
( , Firewall)
- ( / ) , - Internet .
- - , (World Wide Web, WWW) , .
- - , , Web-, -.
- (-, ) , -. - HTML- .
- - , -. - , .
- , Active Directory. , . , ( ), .
- , .
DNS.
( AD) - , .
- . FAT NTFS. , . : , .
( ) ( ) . ( , -), - ( ) , ( ).
(Domain) - Internet. - . Internet - DNS.
( AD) - Active Directory. . , .
( , Domain name)
- , , IP-. () .
( , Domain Name System-DNS)
- , Internet, IP- . DNS , .
(. driver) - , ( ) . , , . , . (, ) , .
- , , , .
(disk mirroring) - , . () , . . , , .
DNS. , , .
(reverse lookup zones) IP-.
(forward lookup zones) - IP-.
- , ( , , , ..).
- , (, , ). .
( , Domain name) - , , IP-. () .
- , , (protocol data unit - PDU) . Internet - , (IP), (TCP),
.
(Intranet)
- Web-. Internet Internet .
- , , , .
, .
(. cluster) - , . , 512 , 512- , 4- . , , . FAT NTFS. ( Minix,
Unix).
DNS (DNS-) , DNS- IP- , , IP- .
- . , . , .
(Dial-up link)
- , Internet .
(DC)- , Active Directory. : AD, AD, .
() - , ( ). . - , , .
- , , , / .
, : (public key), , (private key), .
( AD) - , , . .
. , , , () .
- .
- . .
- , .
- , : , , , , , , . .
() (. operating system) - , , , , , . , , . , ., , . .
(Organizational Units, OU) AD, .
(UPN User Principle Name) - ( , Windows 2000) -Windows 2000. ,
.
- , . .
(Distinguished Name, DN) - : CN Common Name ( ), Active
Directory, OU Active Directory, DC Domain Component ( ), DNS ,
.
(Relative Distinguished Name,RDN) - , , .
- , , .
() .
Internet - , Internet: Internet , Internet, , . . -
Internet.
() - , . , , . , , .
,
- ( ).
( AD ) - IP-, . - .
DNS (DNS-) , DNS, , , DNS- .
- , .
- - , .
- , (Post Office Protocol 3) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol), - .
(Application Server) - , /, , , .
- , DHCP (Dynamic Hose Configuration Protocol), IP- .
- , , .
/ - , .
- , .
, , .
- , . , ( ). (Novell for DOS, Windows), (Linux, BSD-, Windows),
(Cisco IOS).
( , Domain Name System-DNS)
, Internet, IP- . DNS , .
- , , , .
- .
Active Directory , , Active Directory.
- , , , .., .
- , .
- . - , - . - , , . .
- - , , .. , (-, , ..) , .. , .
- , USB- . USB- .
, . : , . , : , , . . , , .
- ( ), . , .
- , , .
- , ( ).
- . , .
() - , ( ), .
(Unique user)
, . : IP , cookies, .
(Uniform resource locator-URL)
, Web-. .
- , Internet.
(Control Signals)
, (, RTS, DTR DCD).
(Control Characters)
- , (, , , , , ..).
(Channel Service Unit-CSU )
, ( ), , DDS T1. CSU .
(. utility tool) - , - , . : , .
(. file) - , . ( , ). , . (, ), (, , ).
(. file system) - , , . , . , , . , , . API .
() , : , , , .
( ), . - Internet : I- .
, , , , .
(Cyclic Redundancy Check-CRC)
. . . .
Active Directory LDAP- Windows NT. Active Directory , , -
(Domain Name System, DNS). AD , , ... Active Directory . Active
Directory : .
ADSL ( ) . ADSL , . ADSL , . ADSL , .
API: Application Program Interface ( ).
, .
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol ( ).
Internet, Internet () . ARP , IP-.
ARPA - Advanced Research Project Agency .
ASCII - , (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange).
ATA/IDE - ATA (AT Attachment) IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
: , ( - ) . .
attribute ()
, X.500 (X.500 Directory Service). , . . (Read) ( ) .
BIOS (Base Input/Output System) - , .
bridge ()
, . , .. , (MAC-). , , . (repeater), (router), , . OSI (Data
Link Layer).
broadband ( )
, , , . . "" .
broadcast ()
, , . Ethernet.
Backup - (, ), .
Back up - ( , ) (, ). .
Backup Domain Controller (BDC) - NT, , (PDC) PDC. BDC .
Boot sector - , .
Bus topology ( )
, ( ), . Ethernet, . , , .
Cache: 1. , , , , , 2. , , , .
Cache Object Store (COS) - , , .
CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) - .
Certificate - , . . , , , . . .
Certificate Authority - , , .
Cisco Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ: CSCO) -, . Cisco , : Ethernet , ,
IP-, , , TM-, , DSL-, , (SAN, Storage Area Network),
Concentrators and Switches ( ) - .
Connection-oriented ( )
, : , . X.25, Internet TCP, OSI TP4, .
DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name System)
, IBM OS/2 Warp server IP-. DDNS RFC, .
Dedicated LAN ( )
. (10 /) .
Designated Router ( )
, 2 , (Designated Router). (Hello Protocol), (link state
advertisement) .
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - )
-, TCP/IP. DHCP BootP IP- , , DNS.
Department of Defence (DoD) - .
DSA: Directory System Agent.
, X.500 Directory Service . DSA .
Ethernet
(), IEEE . IEEE 802.3. Ethernet 10 Mbps CSMA/CD. Ethernet
10Base-T. Ethernet Fast Ethernet (100 /).
Extranet , . , .
Fault tolerance () - . () .
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) - , , . ANSI X3T9.5
File Allocation Table (FAT) - , . NOS, , . , . FAT , . , NOS FAT
, .
Firewall (, ) , , .
Fragmentation ()
IP . (reassembly).
Frame relay - 56Kbps 1.544Mbps . , .
Half Duplex ()
, . , , .
Hot swapping ( ) - .
Hub - . : 1. , . 2. .
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - , Web- . , .
gateway ()
Internet (router) IP. "gateway" "application gateway" , . X.400
- RFC 822 electronic mail.
G-shock rating () - , ( ).
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) - , , ,
, .
IntelliMirror , , .
International telecommunications Union (ITU) - , . CCITT.
internet
, .
Internet ( )
Internet - , .
Internet - : , , - WWW .
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) - - .
Internet Protocol (IP) - , TCP/IP . .
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) - IP, IETF. .
Internet Service Provider (ISP) - , .
Intranet - , internet. Web-, .
IP address (IP-) (), . IP_ , TCP/IP.
IP datagram
, Internet. , , , .
IPX/SPX - Internet Packet eXchange/Sequenced Packet eXchange
IPX Novell NetWare , . SPX IPX , . SPX .
ISDN , ITU. . -, . - ISDN (" ").
ISO (International Organization for Standardization - )
, . OSI/ISO, .
Key Distribution Center (KDC ) , . , Windows 2000, KDC Active
Directory ( KDC UNIX-).
Kerberos - . Kerberos .
LAN (Local Area Network - , )
, (, , ).
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) - . DAP. .
Link - 1. . 2. , - . 3. , , .
Link State Advertisement
, . LSA . .
Log Files (, - )
- - , , .
Login script - , . , .
MAC (Media Access Control - )
, , . , IEEE, MAC- (data link layer).
Mail gateway ( )
, ( ) . " " , , .
MBR (Master Boot Record) - , , BIOS .
Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) - API, .
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - , . LAN WAN.
Microwave Transmitters ( ) - . . . , . , .
Mirrored servers - , . , , .
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator - -)
, DTE , . DTE.
Multicast
, . . broadcast.
Multidrop ( , )
, , . (polling), .
Multiaccess Networks
, . .
Multicasting
.
Multiplexer (Mux - )
, .
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) - (, , ) .
NAT (Network Address Translation) - .
NDIS
, Microsoft , . .
Neighboring Routers ( )
, . , OSPF Hello.
NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface
, Microsoft LAN Manager, Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT
.
NetBIOS: Network Basic Input Output System ( -)
, IBM PC .
Network -
1. ( ).
2. , , , .
Network Adapters ( ) - , . . . . (notebook). .
Network Management System -
, , .
Network Mask
32- , IP-, IP-/.
Network Time Protocol (NTP) - .
NFS(R): Network File System ( )
, Sun Microsystems .
NIC (Network Information Center - )
, SRI International ARPANET ( DDN). , . , , .
NMS: Network Management Station
, ( ). NMS , .
NNI (Network to Network Interfage)
, ATM.
NOC: Network Operations Center
, . , , ..
NTFS ( . New Technology File System ) Microsoft Windows NT
(Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003). NTFS MS-DOS
Windows FAT. NTFS , . NTFS , ( , ). NTFS .
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) - .
On-line - 1. , . , , . 2. , . 3. , .
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) - , .
OSI: Open Systems Interconnection
. . ISO.
OSI model, Open Systems Interconnection model
, (ISO) , .
OSI Network Address
, 20 , OSI (OSI Transport entity). (Initial Domain Part),
(Domain Specific Part), .
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) IP-.
Packet -
, .
Packet Switching -
, , . - .
Partition table - , , : , , .
PDU: Protocol Data Unit. OSI ""
PDU , " " ( ) . PDU (Protocol Control Information), .
Ping: Packet internet groper
, (ICMP echo request - ICMP) . : "Ping host X to see if it is
up!"
Port ()
, Internet -. . selector.
, .. .
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
SLIP, PPP - - , .
Proxy
, . Proxy- , , .
Proxy- - : , , (intranet), .
Proxy ARP
, , , ARP . . Proxy ARP IP- . , , .
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) - .
Plug-in - , . , Web-.
Public key - ( ) ( ). , .
Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) - , .
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - , .
Quality of Service (QoS) - , , , .
RAID (redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks) . / /
.
Recovery - , , .
Rebuild, reconsraction () - . - ( ), RAID .
Remote monitoring (RMON) - , .
Repeater ()
, . OSI .
Request for Comments (RFC) - , , .
Resolver - , .
RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) .
Router () - , . , , ("routing metrics"). OSI . . gateway, bridge
repeater.
Router ID ( )
32- , , OSPF. (AS).
Routing -
.
SAP: Service Access Point
, - OSI . SAP , : , Transport SAP (TSAP) .
SAP Service Advertising Protocol
IPX .
Serial Transmission -
, , () .
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - TCP/IP.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) - . , , .
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - .
Socket Secure (SOCKS) - proxy- . TCP/IP .
SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork - )
. SONET 51.84 Mbps 2.5 Gbps.
SQL (Structured Query Language) , SQL. , .
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
Secure Sockets Layer - , Internet Web-.
Striping (, ) - , RAID /.
Subnetwork ()
OSI, . X.25, .
Synchronous Transmission -
, , .
System Fault Tolerance (SFT) - . - .
System Network Architecture (SNA) - , ( , , ).
Telnet - TCP/IP, . .
Terminal Services , Windows Server 2003.
Token-ring - , , . .
Transceiver ()
-. , , Ethernet. Ethernet ,
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - ,
DoD, TCP IP . TCP/IP .
TCP (Transmission Control Protoco) - , IP, () .
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - .
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - .
Unicast - --.
VPN (. Virtual Private Network ) , , . , , , . PPP - IP ( PPTP
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) Ethernet (PPPoE). (SSH
ViPNet).
WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service)
Internet Windows, Microsoft. WINS IP- TCP/IP. WINS- DHCP.
Windows Server 2003 ( Whistler Server, Windows NT 5.2) Windows
NT Microsoft, . 24 2003 . Windows Server 2003 Microsoft. Windows
Server 2003 Windows 2000 Server Windows XP. Microsoft Windows .NET
Server Microsoft .NET. , .NET .
Windows Script Host Windows , .
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) - .
Workgroup , , .
WWW - , Internet.
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) , , web .
X.25 - () OSI. X.25 (ITU) OSI. Link Access Procedure Balanced
(LAPB) X.21 . X.25 9.6 Kbps 256 Kbps .
X.400 - ISO ITU, . OSI.
X.500 - ISO ITU, . X.500 X.400.
X.509 - ITU, , , -, .
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) , WWW. HTML, , . () , - . XML-
. .
PAGE
1
/ / ( ).doc
1. . (3- .) . . .-.:, 2002 848 .
2. . ., . . . , , : . 3- .-.: , 2005 960 .
3. . . . .-.:, 2000, 704 .
4. . , . , . Microsoft Windows Server 2003. . .:, 2005 1391
.
5. ., ., . Microsoft Windows Server 2003. . .-.: -, 2003 1120
.
6. . , Microsoft Windows Server 2003. . . . .: - , 2004 - 648
.
7. Microsoft Windows 2000. MCSA/MCSE/. .. .: - , 2003 896 .
8. Microsoft Windows 2000 Server. MCSA/MCSE (3- .) . . .: - ,
2002. 870 .
9. Microsoft Windows 2000 Active Directory Services. . . .: - ,
2001 800 .
1. ., . Microsoft Windows: Windows Server 2003, Windows XP
Windows 2000 .-.:, 2005 992 .
2. . TCP/IP. Computerworld. , 2003. 2.
3. DNS , , Computerworld 28-29, 2003.
4. DNS, , Windows IT Pro 02, 2006
5. . . Windows NT Terminal Server //Windows 2000 Magazine/RE,
2(5), 2000 ., . 27-35
6. . . Windows 2000. 1 //Windows 2000 Magazine/RE, 1, 2001 ., .
56-59
7. . . Windows 2000. 2 //Windows 2000 Magazine/RE, 2, 2001 ., .
56-62
. , . .
/ /-01 ( ).doc
1 ,
1.1 .
1.2 ( OSI, DARPA).
, , .
1.1 .
. , , . , . , , .
, , . 3 :
(LAN, Local Area Network);
(WAN, Wide Area Network);
(MAN, Metropolitan Area Network).
. . . .
. , , . .
. . . ( , ) .
. (). , , .
, . , . , , . , .
, :
;
;
;
;
.
. , ( ), ( ), . , (), , , , . : TCP/IP, SPX/IPX, NetBEUI,
AppleTalk .
( ). :
DNS, DHCP, WINS;
;
(, Novell NDS, MS Active Directory);
;
.
.
, .
, , , . .
. OSI (Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP ( DARPA). .
, (). , . , . , , , , , . .
, . , , , , , .. , , . . 1.1 .
, .
, . (WAN) (MAN).
. 1.1
, :
1. .
, -, , , , , .. , , , , , .
2. ( , , , ).
, (, , ) , .
3. .
, , .
4. .
. :
a. ( DNS, DHCP, WINS, , );
b. , ;
c. (Novell NDS, Microsoft Active Directory), ;
d. ( );
e. .
5. .
, .
6. .
, , , .
7. .
.
8. .
: , , , ( , .).
9. .
: , ( , ), ( IPSec, , ), , (PKI).
1.2 ( OSI, TCP/IP).
. : OSI TCP/IP. , .
:
( , , );
( , ).
, , . , .
OSI.
1983 (International Organization of Standardization, ISO) , OSI
(Open System Interconnection).
OSI .
OSI . , . , OSI. OSI , .
OSI , , , . . , , , .
OSI ( 1.1). . . .
7. (Application)
6. (Presentation)
5. (Session)
4. (Transport)
3. (Network)
2. (Data Link)
1. (Physical)
1.1.
OSI . .
. .
, .
. , . .
, .
1. . ( , , ).
2. . . , , - (MAC media access control, ).
3. . , - -. , , .
4. . . , , , .
5. . , , , , , RPC.
6. . , , .
7. . , . , , .
, , , , , , , : , , , , , .
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP DARPA ( Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, , ,
TCP/IP, ) C ( DoD, Department of Defense, DARPA ).
: TCP/IP 1973 International Network Working Group, . , , 1974 ,
Transactions on Communications. TCP/IP.
, , , . , , . , TCP. , 1977 ARPAnet, SATNET.
: - TCP IP. TCP , , , . IP, Internet Protocol, . 1978 ,
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP , . 1970 . . , , TCP/IP.
1978 , TCP/IP. . 1980 . UNIX. Internet. Internet 1983 ., , , ,
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
, OSI.
, , . .
, 1.2.
1.
(Application)
WWW, FTP, TFTP, SNMP, Telnet, SMTP
DNS, DHCP, WINS
2.
(Transport)
TCP, UDP
3.
(Internet)
ARP, IP, ICMP, RIP, OSPF
4.
(Network Interface)
TCP/IP
(Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, X.25, Frame Relay, SLIP,
PPP)
1.2.
OSI TCP/IP 1.3.
7. (Application)
1. (Application)
6. (Presentation)
5. (Session)
4. (Transport)
2. (Transport)
3. (Network)
3. (Internet)
2. (Data Link)
4.
(Network Interface)
1. (Physical)
1.3.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP , .
, , .
, , . , . .
. .
. TCP/IP , , , ..
TCP/IP.
1. TCP/IP TCP/IP 1 3 TCP/IP. OSI.
2. . . - -.
a. IP (Internet Protocol, ). IP TCP/IP . . , .
b. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol, ) . IP- MAC- . ARP , IP-, .
ARP , IP- ( ARP- 10 .).
c. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol, ) . ICMP , .
d. RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path
First) IP-.
3. .
a. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol, ) , IP, () . , HTTP FTP,
TCP . TCP . , TCP , .. TCP, , . - .
b. UDP (User Datagram Protocol, ) (.. ). IP, .
4. . , 1.2., TCP/IP.
a. (DNS, DHCP, WINS) .
b. WWW (World Wide Web, ) . FTP (File Transfer Protocol, ) .
c. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol, ) , FTP UDP .
d. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol, ) .
[13].
.
, , , . ( ).
:
DNS, DHCP, WINS;
;
;
;
.
, , , , , ,
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
. : OSI, ISO ( ), TCP/IP, DARPA.
. , . .
/ /-02 ( ).doc
2 ( Windows Server);
2.1 Windows Server .
2.2 Windows Server 2000/2003.
2.3 .
2 Windows Server , ; .
2.1 Windows Server .
, , , , , .
- :
;
;
;
;
.
, Windows Server 2000/2003 .
, .
1. , Windows Server 2000/2003.
2. Academic Open License MSDN Academic Alliance Microsoft IT
Academy ( , 120- 180- ).
3. Windows 2000/2003 , .
4. Windows Server , , 1 Active Directory, (DNS, DHCP, WINS, ), ,
- .. , , .
5. Microsoft , Windows Server.
, , Window Server, .
Windows Server 2003 ( ). Windows Server 2003. Windows Server
2000, . Windows Server. - , .
2.2 Windows Server 2000/2003.
, Windows Server , . Microsoft .. . . :
(, ; );
(, ; );
(, Web- XML, Web- ; IIS, COM+ Microsoft .NET Framework;
Microsoft FrontPage, ASP.NET);
(, (Post Office Protocol 3) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol), - ; , );
(, , ; , );
/ (, (virtual private network, VPN); , (Routing and Remote
Access Server Setup Wizard); , );
( Active Directory , ; ; DNS Active Directory);
(, DNS, IP- ; DNS DNS-);
(, DHCP (Dynamic Hose Configuration Protocol), IP- ; DHCP );
Windows Internet Naming Service (, WINS (Windows Internet Name
Service), NetBIOS IP- ; WINS);
- (, ; Windows Media; Standard Edition Enterprise Edition).
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 . , Windows 2000. :
Active Directory , , - (Domain Name System, DNS);
IntelliMirror , , ;
Terminal Services , Windows Server 2003;
Windows Script Host Windows , .
Windows Server 2003 , . Active Directory ( ), Windows Server
2003 .
Windows Server 2003. Active Directory . , , .
- . Windows Server 2003 .
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition. , , , .
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition. Windows Server 2003,
Standard Edition, . 64- Intel Itanium, (nonuniform memory access,
NUMA). 32 86, 512 Itanium 8 . - , , - , .
Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition. Windows-. 64 86 512
Itanium. Datacenter Edition 8, 32. -, .
Windows Server 2003 Web Edition. - ( Web Web- Web-). Microsoft
.NET Framework, Microsoft Internet Information Sendees (IIS), AS
P.NET , , Active Directory, . Windows Server 2003, Web Edition, 2
.
. . . , , , Windows Server 2003 . , Web Edition Active
Directory, , , . , , Active Directory.
2.1.
, ,
Web Edition
Standard Edition
Enterprise Edition
Datacenter Edition
8
2
4
8
32
()
2
4
32
( x86)
512
( Itanium)
64
( x86)
512
( Itanium)
Macintosh
(RIS, Remote Installation Services)
,
(PKI, Public Key Infrastructure)
Remote Desktop Protocol
(VPN, Virtual Private Networking )
Internet Authentication Service (IAS)
(network bridging)
(ICS, Internet Connection Sharing)
(NLB, Network Load Balancing)
(Cluster Service)
8
8
- (IIS, Internet Information Services)
- (Windows Media Services)
2.1.
Standard Edition.
.
( ) :
1. , ( , , /, , , ..);
2. , , ;
3. , ( , , , .) (Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web);
4. ( , , ..).
2.2. Windows Server 2003, [45].
Web Edition
Standard Edition
Enterprise Edition
Datacenter Edition
()
550
550
773
773
()
256
256
256
1024
()
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
2.2.
, , , . , , , . , .
2.3 .
, , , , .
Windows Server, :
1. , ;
2. , ;
3. , ;
4. ( , ).
[45]. .
.
Windows Server :
, ;
( );
.
.
.
, :
CD ( -);
CD ( );
, ;
, .
, , , .
( , ).
.
1. .
CD, (Standard, Enterprise, Web) .
( ), ( I386 ) ( winnt32.exe). , , , :
D:\Server\RUSSIAN\STANDARD\I386.
, , .
2. .
, , (.2.1).
.2.1.
(Product Key) (. 2.2). , .
.2.2.
(. 2.3). CD - ( -, ).
.2.3.
(. 2.4). , .
.2.4.
(. 2.5). , .
.2.5.
(. 2.6).. , .
.2.6.
3. .
, - .
(. 2.7):
.2.7.
, , F6, - .
(. 2.8):
( /Enter);
( R);
, ( F3)
.2.8.
. F8, ESC.
, (. 2.9). , , .
.2.9.
5000 ( 2.10).
.2.10.
(. 2.11). /Enter .
.2.11.
NTFS () (. 2.12).
.2.12.
(. 2.13.).
.2.13.
(. 2.14).
.2.14.
, .
4. .
. Plug and Play, , , (. 2.15).
.2.15.
(. 2.16). , . .
.2.16.
(. 2.17). , , , ( ).
.2.17.
( CD) (. 2.18). , . , .
.2.18.
(. 2.19). . , , . , . , . , ( ). , . 5.
.
.2.19.
(. 2.20). DC1. , , . . . :
8 ;
( , ), , , . ;
, , , ;
(, $, &, #, @ .).
.2.20.
, (. 2.21). .
.2.21.
(. 2.22).
.2.22.
, , , Microsoft, TCP/IP DHCP APIPA. TCP/IP IP- (. 2.23).
.2.23.
, . 2.24. IP- .
.2.24.
WORKGROUP ( ) (. 2.25). .
.2.25.
. .
5. .
. , , .
DC1, WORKGROUP, , . , , .. , .
, (. 2.26). , . , .. , , .
.2.26.
, :
;
;
;
( , , , ).
6. Windows Server.
. , -. CD \SUPPORT\TOOLS, DEPLOY.CAB. , . winnt32.exe ( 16-
winnt.exe), . setupmgr.exe sysprep.exe. DEPLOY.CAB deploy.chm,
.
- Windows Server 2003 Support Tools. .
Windows Server 2003. .
Windows Server 2003. (Start) (Settings), (Start) (Control Panel)
.
, , (Administrative Tools).
. Windows NT .
. .
.
Windows Server . ( , , ):
;
(DNS, DHCP, WINS);
;
(, );
;
/ (VPN);
-.
Windows Server , , .
:
, ;
( , );
;
.
. :
( );
( CD, , );
, ;
.
2 .
. , . .
/ /-03 ( ).doc
3 TCP/IP, DNS
3.1 TCP/IP (IP-, , ; ; IP-).
3.2 DNS (, ; ; ; ).
3.3 TCP/IP DNS.
Windows Server TCP/IP, Active Directory DNS. TCP/IP DNS , .
1 , TCP/IP, IP- , DNS.
3.1 TCP/IP (IP-, , ; ; IP-).
IP-
TCP/IP
( ) (- ); ;
IP- (, 192.168.0.1), -;
(, www.microsoft.com); -.
IP-.
, , IP- . , . , 3 IP-.
1. Unicast- ( ) --.
2. Broadcast- ( , ) --. . IP- , . , Ethernet , , , .
3. Multicast- ( ) --. , , . IGMP, .
Unicast-.
unicast-. IP- 4 ( 32 ). 32- 8 , . , IP-
11000000101010000000000000000001 192.168.0.1.
IP- ( , Network ID) ( , Host ID). . IP- . 3.1.
:
31
0
Network ID
Host ID
. 3.1.
, , IP-. , .
( , ). IP-, .
, IP- TCP/IP.
IP- (Network mask), 4 4 , . , 1, , IP- . , 0, , IP- .
IP- TCP/IP .
, IP , .
. D . , .
IP- .
IP- 0. 8 , 24 . A 255.0.0.0. IP- . 3.2.
Network ID
Host ID
IP-
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 3.2.
IP- B.
IP- B 10. 16 , 16 . B 255.255.0.0. IP- B . 3.3.
Network ID
Host ID
IP-
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 3.3
IP- C.
IP- C 110. 24 , 8 . C 255.255.255.0. IP- C . 3.4.
Network ID
Host ID
IP-
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 3.4
D
IP- D (multicast-). IP- D 1110. 28 .
E
IP- E 11110. ( Windows Server).
(Network ID)
127 ( 127.x.y.z , loopback-, );
1 (IP-, 1, );
0 ( IP- , , , );
, .
3.1.
A
1.0.0.0
126.0.0.0
126
B
128.0.0.0
191.0.0.0
16384
C
192.0.0.0
223.255.255.0
2097152
3.1
(Host ID)
1 ( , 1, , broadcast-);
0 ( 0, , , 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1;
.
3.2.
A
w.0.0.1
w.255.255.254
16777214
B
w.x.0.1
w.x.255.254
65534
C
w.x.y.1
w.x.y.254
254
3.2
, , . / . , 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0/24, 24 .
() IP-
IP- 2 : , - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA), , IANA
. - IP- , . , (NAT, Network Address Translation) -. NAT IP-.
NAT IP- IP ( , IP) IP. (NAT) , (firewall) IP-.
- web- . IP-.
IP- :
10.0.0.0/8 ( A);
172.16.0.0/12 ( , 16 B 172.16.0.0/16 172.31.0.0/16);
192.168.0.0/16 ( , 256 C 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.255.0/16).
, IP- (APIPA, Automatic Private IP Addressing). IP- , IP-, DHCP.
APIPA B 169.254.0.0/16.
IP-
( MAC-). IP- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). ARP , IP- . IP-
. IP-. , , . ARP , . ARP . ARP , IP-, . ARP , IP- ( ARP- 10 .). ARP
(ARP-cache).
ARP :
ARP Request ( ARP) , TCP/IP, MAC- , IP-;
ARP Reply ( ARP) , IP- ARP-, , ARP-, MAC-;
RARP Request, Reverse ARP Request ( ARP-) IP- MAC-;
RARP Reply, Reverse ARP Reply ( ARP-) ARP-.
IP- (subnetting) (supernetting).
192.168.1.0/24 ( C) . IP- 24 8 . 27 , , , 255.255.255.224,
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000. :
IP-
192.168.1.0/27
192.168.1.1192.168.1.30
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.33192.168.1.62
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64/27
192.168.1.65192.168.1.94
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.97192.168.1.126
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128/27
192.168.1.129192.168.1.158
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160/27
192.168.1.161192.168.1.190
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192/27
192.168.1.193192.168.1.222
192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224/27
192.168.1.225192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
3.3
, 8 , 30 . , , , , , , (, , ).
IP- :
Network ID
Host ID
. 3.6
. , , IP-, 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.72, , , 192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.64/27.
. TCP/IP 192.168.1.0/27 192.168.1.224/27 (.. ). ( .. Microsoft
Windows) .
, .
, IP- 192.168.0.0/21 :
Network ID
Host ID
. 3.7
IP- : 192.168.0.1192.168.7.254 ( 2046 ), 192.168.7.255.
:
IP- (subnetting) ( );
(supernetting) ;
( );
;
.
IP- . , , , . , , . 32- , . , :
255.0.0.0 ;
255.255.0.0 - ;
255.255.255.0 - .
:
?
?
?
?
IP- (A, B, C) (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, CIDR).
IP-
:
(node) TCP/IP;
(host) , ;
(router) ,
IP- unicast- - IP- .
IP- , IP- IP- IP- -. :
1) - , - IP-, ( ), IP- ( ). - IP- , IP- . , , . , .
2) IP-, - ARP- ARP- MAC- -. , - . ARP- , - ARP- IP- -, ARP- (
).
3) - - IP-, - , (default gateway). IP-, -, ( ARP-). , ( , ).
, . 3.5.
B
192.168.0.7
255.255.255.0
A
192.168.0.5
255.255.255.0
C
192.168.1.10
255.255.255.0
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
. 3.5
2 : 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.1.0/24. . IP- 192.168.0.1,
192.168.1.1. 2 : A (192.168.0.5) B (192.168.0.7). C IP-
192.168.1.10.
A B, , B , A (.. ), A ARP- IP- 192.168.0.7. IP- , A B. ( ,
direct delivery).
A C, , C (.. ). A , ( IP- 192.168.0.1). 192.168.1.1 C. ( ,
indirect delivery) A C. .
IP- .
, . , , . Windows route print. . :
, TCP/IP ;
, route print Routing and Remote Access Service;
, (RIP OSPF).
: , , , .
.
Windows XP, TCP/IP: IP- 192.168.1.10, 255.255.255.0,
192.168.1.1.
Windows route print, ( 3.6; ):
C:\>route print
IPv4
===========================================================================
(Interface List)
0x1 ...........................
MS TCP Loopback interface
0x10002 ...00 c0 26 a1 6e 05 ...... Realtek RTL8139 Family PCI
Fast Ethernet NIC
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
(Active Routes):
(Network Destination)
(Netmask)
(Gateway)
(Interface)
(Metric)
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.10
1
127.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
1
192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.10
20
192.168.1.10
255.255.255.255
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
20
192.168.1.255
255.255.255.255
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.10
20
224.0.0.0
240.0.0.0
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.10
20
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.10
1
(Default Gateway): 192.168.1.1
===========================================================================
(Persistent Routes):
(None)
3.6
, . MS TCP Loopback interface . Realtek RTL8139 Family PCI Fast
Ethernet NIC .
. - IP-. :
IP-, .
, .
IP- , , .
, , .
. , . , , , .
.
TCP/IP . 0.0.0.0 , .
.
( 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0) IP- (.. , ).
IP-.
. 3.6 . , route print. .
.
Windows 2003 Server, :
1 (IP- 192.168.1.10, 255.255.255.0);
2 - ISP-1 (IP- 213.10.11.2, 255.255.255.248, 213.10.11.1);
3 - ISP-2 (IP- 217.1.1.34, 255.255.255.248, 217.1.1.33).
IP- , IP- ( - ).
, IP- .
route print , . 3.7.
C:\>route print
IPv4
===========================================================================
(Interface List)
0x1 ...........................
MS TCP Loopback interface
0x10002 ...00 53 45 00 00 00 ...... WAN (PPP/SLIP) Interface
0x10003 ...00 03 47 97 61 81 ...... Intel(R) 10/100 Network
Adapter
0x10004 ...00 02 b3 a6 be 48 ...... Intel(R) PRO/100 Adapter
0x10005 ...00 d0 b7 b7 fd df ...... Intel 8255x-based PCI
Ethernet Adapter (10/100)
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
(Active Routes):
(Network Destination)
(Netmask)
(Gateway)
(Interface)
(Metric)
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
213.10.11.1
213.10.11.2
20
196.15.20.16
255.255.255.0
217.1.1.33
217.1.1.33
1
127.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
1
192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
20
192.168.1.1
255.255.255.255
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
20
192.168.1.255
255.255.255.255
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
20
192.168.10.1
255.255.255.255
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
50
213.10.11.0
255.255.255.248
213.10.11.2
213.10.11.2
20
213.10.11.2
255.255.255.255
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
20
213.10.11.255
255.255.255.255
213.10.11.2
213.10.11.2
20
217.1.1.32
255.255.255.248
217.1.1.33
217.1.1.33
20
217.1.1.34
255.255.255.255
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
20
217.1.1.255
255.255.255.255
217.1.1.34
217.1.1.34
20
224.0.0.0
240.0.0.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
20
224.0.0.0
240.0.0.0
213.10.11.2
213.10.11.2
20
224.0.0.0
240.0.0.0
217.1.1.34
217.1.1.34
20
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
1
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
213.10.11.2
213.10.11.2
1
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
217.1.1.34
217.1.1.34
1
(Default Gateway): 213.10.11.1
===========================================================================
(Persistent Routes):
(None)
3.7
, (MS TCP Loopback interface) WAN (PPP/SLIP) Interface .
.
. TCP/IP . , . ( ).
, unicast-, (broadcast) .
, , 196.15.20.16/24.
.
: .
. . route add, .
. . , , . Windows Server . RIP 1 2 OSPF.
3.2 DNS (, ; ; ; ).
: 1983 . DNS, Internet. DNS , IP-.
1983 (Information Sciences Institute, ISI), (USC). , , ,
Internet, , SRI International.
, , . Internet . , ARPANET, , .
DNS , , Internet, .
, , . .com, .edu .
DNS 50 . . , 1 . DNS, 20 . . , . Internet-.
, . , ISI , Digital Equipment. , Internet, 1986 . DNS.
IP-
, , IP-.. () , . , , IP-, , IP-.
hosts DNS.
hosts DNS
, , , . IP- . Windows %system root%\system32\drivers\etc (
%system root% , ). Windows hosts 127.0.0.1localhost.
hosts . . , - . , IP- . DNS (Domain Name System) , 1987 .
, DNS host , .
DNS: ,
DNS , IP- . , , DNS, , . DNS (domain namespace), , (), . DNS IP-
DNS.
DNS :
DNS (RR, resource record) DNS;
DNS , DNS DNS-;
DNS- (DNS-clients, DNS-resolvers) , DNS .
.
DNS , , .. DNS (. 3.8).
3.8
1- 3 :
ARPA , DNS ( IP- );
(generic) 1- 16 ( ) , 3.4;
, (, ru , ua , uk ..).
aero
biz
( )
com
, (, microsoft.com Microsoft)
coop
edu
gov
info
,
int
(, nato.int )
mil
museum
name
net
- ,
org
,
pro
(, , .)
job
travel
3.4
IP- .. (RR, resource record). DNS , (authoritative). 3.5 .
A
Host Address
,
IP-
(, microsoft.com www.microsoft.com IP- :
wwwA207.46.199.60)
CNAME
Canonical Name (alias)
()
MX
Mail Exchanger
SMTP
NS
Name Server
DNS,
PTR
Pointer
IP- in-addr.arpa
SOA
Start of Authority
SRV
Service Locator
, (, Active Directory )
3.5
(FQDN, fully qualified domain name) , (label) . , , ( ).
DNS.
DNS ( DNS-) , DNS, , , DNS- .
DNS-.
DNS- , DNS- IP- , , IP- .
DNS:
, DNS- DNS. , DNS, , (zones). DNS. , , .
Windows Server :
(standard primary) ; - , , ;
(standard secondary) , -, , ; (zone transfer)( , %system
root%\system32\dns, , , .dns; Windows);
Active Directory (Active Directoryintegrated) Active Directory (
Windows, Active Directory; ; DNS, Active Directory);
- (stub; Windows 2003) , DNS ( SOA, , , A ).
. , . 3.9.
. 3.9
DNS microsoft.com, 3 : sales.microsoft.com, it.microsoft.com
edu.microsoft.com ( ). , . . DNS, . , , :
, microsoft.com edu.microsoft.com, microsoft.com.dns ( );
sales.microsoft.com it.microsoft.com DNS,
sales.microsoft.com.dns it.microsoft.com.dns ( ).
DNS.
, , (forward lookup zones). IP-. : A, CNAME, SRV.
IP- (reverse lookup zones), PTR. . in-addr.arpa. IP- , , . FQDN-
. , IP- 192.168.0.0/24 0.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IP- 192.168.0.10
host.company.ru 10PTRhost.company.ru.
DNS
, DNS- DNS- , :
( DNS , DNS-);
( DNS , DNS- DNS-; DNS- ).
DNS- (, ), , .
, DNS- DNS- .
, http://www.microsoft.com. - HTTP, IP- -. TCP/IP ( resolver)
www.microsoft.com. , DNS-, TCP/IP ( DNS- DNS-), www.microsoft.com
IP- . DNS- .
1 ( ).
(, ), :
DNS- , , microsoft.com; , www; , ; DNS- www.microsoft.com DNS-;
, ; DNS- , IP- DNS;
IP- www.microsoft.com; microsoft.com, DNS-, com, IP- , ;
IP- , com, www.microsoft.com;, com, microsoft.com, DNS-,
microsoft.com, DNS- IP- , microsoft.com;
IP- , microsoft.com, www.microsoft.com;, microsoft.com, , IP-
www, microsoft.com, ; IP-, IP- - ( - HTTP).
2 ( ).
, :
DNS- , , microsoft.com; , www; , ; DNS- www.microsoft.com DNS-;
, ;
DNS- , DNS- www.microsoft.com, IP-, .
DNS Windows Server
DNS Windows Server , DNS Active Directory. :
DNS (dynamic updates);
DNS SRV.
DNS Windows Server , Active Directory Windows Server.
DNS:
DNS;
;
;
.
:
Windows 2003 Server;
120- Windows 2003 Server Enterprise Edition;
Intel Pentium-4 3 512 , DC1, IP- 192.168.0.1/24;
Microsoft VirtualPC 2004 ( Microsoft), DC2, IP-
192.168.0.2/24;
DNS Active Directory world.ru ( , ; ).
( , ) .
DNS.
DNS ( ) Windows:
1. .
2. .
3. Windows.
4. ( ).
5. DNS.
. 3.10
6. , , .
, .
.
.
DC1 world.ru.
1. DNS.
2. .
3. ( , , ).
4. world.ru.
5. DNS ( DNS world.ru ).
.
DC2 world.ru.
1. DNS.
2.
3. (: , IP- master- ( ) DC1, )
4. world.ru.
5. DNS .
DNS.
DNS, DNS.
DNS.
1. .
2. .
.
DNS.
1. TCP/IP DNS- , ( DC1).
2. DNS- ( world.ru). world.ru (3 )).
. 3.11
. DNS world.ru A (. 3.12).
. 3.12
.
1. DNS.
2. .
3. (: , , )
4. (ID) 192.168.0.
5. DNS ipconfig /registerdns.
DNS (. 3.13):
. 3.13
3.3 TCP/IP DNS.
. Windows ( , ).
, TCP/IP . Windows. 6 .
ipconfig
/?
/all
/release IP-
/renew IP- DHCP-
/flushdns DNS
/registerdns DNS-
/displaydns DNS
TCP/IP DHCP DNS. ipconfig I IP-, .
arp
-a ARP-
ARP-.
ping
:
ping
:
-t ( +)
-a IP-
-n
-l
-w
( ICMP).
ping :
IP-;
TCP/IP ;
;
FQDN NetBIOS;
- .
tracert
-d IP-
-h
-w
, , IP- .
pathping
-n IP-
-h
-q
-w
, ping tracert .
, , .
netstat
-a ()
-n
-o (ID)
-r
TCP/IP-.
nbtstat
n NetBIOS,
c NetBIOS ( NetBIOS- IP-)
R Lmhosts
RR NetBIOS, WINS-,
NetBIOS
3.6
.
1. ipconfig ( /all).
C:\>ipconfig
IP Windows
- Ethernet :
DNS- . . :
IP- . . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
. . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
. . . . . . . . . . :
:\> ipconfig /all
IP Windows
. . . . . . . . . : dc1
DNS- . . . . . . : world.ru
. . . . . . . . . . . . . :
IP- . . . . :
WINS- . . . . . . . :
DNS . : world.ru
- Ethernet :
DNS- . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek RTL8139 Family PCI Fast
Ethernet NIC
. . . . . . . . . : 00-11-D8-E7-14-F4
DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . :
IP- . . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
. . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
. . . . . . . . . . :
DNS- . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
. 3.14
2. arp.
, DC1 IP- DC2 MAC- .
C:\>arp -a
: 192.168.0.1 --- 0x10003
IP-
192.168.0.2 00-03-ff-e7-14-f4
. 3.15
3. ping.
:
ping ;
ping , DNS DC2 ( IP- );
ping , DNS DC2 ( DNS , . NetBIOS- , );
ping , DNS DC2 ( DC2 );
ping , DNS DC2 ( );
ping a ( IP- )
C:\>ping 192.168.0.2
192.168.0.2 32 :
192.168.0.2: =32
