1 . , 2003

28 4

( )

-

2003

()

4

28

2 , 2003

-:.. ( 1, 2), .. ( 12), .. ( 1, 2, 4), .. ( 7),

.. ( 8), .. ( 11), .. ( 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 12), .. ( 1, 2),

.. ( 4), .. ( 6), .. ( 3, 10, 12), .. ( 6), .. ( 5), .. ( 1, 2),

.. ( 7)

- -

( )

( 19.03.01 32)

() , , - .

. -, , , . - .

. () - . : . 28. 4 / . . .: -- , 2003. 392 .

ISBN 5935862239.

40

, ,

30.607 40

, 2003 .

-

, 2003

30.607

3 . , 2003

28 4

................ 6

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.........................................................................1. ................................

............................................................. ...................................... ................................... 1 ................. 1 .......

2. ..... .................................................................... 2 ................. 2 .......

3. ............... 3 ................. 3 .......

4. .................4.1. ...........................4.2. .............................................4.3. ....................................................

4.3.1. ......................................4.3.2. ....................................................4.3.3. ................................4.3.4.

...............................................................4.4. ..............................................4.5. , ....

4.5.1. ..............................4.5.2. ......................

4 , 2003

4.5.3. ............4.6. ......................4.7. 4.8. ...................4.9. - .........................................................................

4.9.1. .......................4.9.2. ..................4.9.3. .

4.10. ............................4.11. 4.12. ...............

4.12.1. ............................4.12.2. -

.......................................................... 4 .......................................................................... 4 - ................................................................. 4 .......

5. ................ 5 .................

6. () 6 .................

7. .................... .................................................. ............... - ........................................................ ........ .................................................................... - ............................ .......................

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................................. - .............................................................. , ........................... ....... 7 .................

8. () ......................................................... .......................... 8 .................

9. - .................................................. ....................................... ............................................ 9 ................. 9 .......

10. , - ...............................................

10 ...............11. .............

11 ...............12. .......................

....................... ............................... .. ............................................. ................................... 12 ...............

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6 , 2003

() - , - . , - , , , - , , .

-, , - . , , (- ). , ( ), . . , - , , - , , , .

, , - -.

7 . , 2003

28 4

. , - , .

, -, , - .

(), (, ). - , , , , , - .

- ( ) , . - , .

:1. .2. .3. . 4. .5. .6. ().7. .8. ().9. - .10. ,

.

8 , 2003

11. . 12. . , -

( ), - ( ) . , , ( ). , - . . , .

, , ().

. , .

9 . , 2003

28 4

1.

1.1. (Safety of a transactions) , - [1].

1.2. (Safety of an industrial equipment) - , -- [1].

1.3. (Safety precautions) - , - [1].

1.4. - (Industrial safety of hazardous production facilities) [2].

1.5. (Industrial safety ex-pertise) , [3].

1.6. (Objects of expertise) -, , , , - [3].

10

, 2003

1.7. (Expert organisation) , - - [3].

1.8. (Expert) , - [3].

1.9. (Quality) , - [4].

1.10. () (Normative parameters of quality) .

1.11. (Technological process) - , () [5].

1.12. (Production) , - [6].

1.13. (Up state) , , - , () () [7].

1.14. (Industrial catastrophe) - , , , , [8].

1.15. (Accident) () - , , () [2].

1.16. (Incident) , , ,

11

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28 4

, , [2].

1.17. (Unnominal situation) , - [9].

1.18. (Failure) , [7].

1.19. (Refusal) - , [7].

1.20. (Failure criterion) - , () () [7].

1.21. (Limiting condition) , - - [7].

1.22. (Criterion of a limiting con-dition) , - ( ) [7]*.

1.23. (Lifetime) - [7].

1.24. (Residual life) - [7].

* * : , .

12

, 2003

1.25. (Technical stan-dard) , , , [10]*.

. - .

1.26. (Specification) , - , , [10].

1.27. (Standard) , - - , - , , , , , . , , , [15].

1.28. (National standard) , [10].

1.29. (State standard of Russian Federation) , - [10].

1.30. (International standard) , , - , [10].

1.31. (Branch standard) , - [10].

13

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28 4

1.32. (Standard of the enterprise) -, [10].

1.33. (Harmonized standards) , - , -, - , [10].

1.34. (Unified standards) - , [10].

1.35. (Identical standards) - , , [10].

1.36. (Certificate of conformance) , - , - , [10].

1.37. - , , , [10].

1.38. (Instruction) , , [10].

1.39. (Recommendation) , [10].

1.40. , , [10].

1.41. , - [10].

1.42. , , -

14

, 2003

, , , , - (, , , -, , , , ) [15].

1.43. (Technical rules) , - , , - , [10].

1.44. , - , , , - , [10].

1.45. [, , ] , - - () , , [, , ], [10].

1.46. [, , ] , - () - , , - [, , ], - [10].

1.47. -, , - [10].

15

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28 4

1.48. (Technical diagnostics) , , [11].

1.49. (Technical diagnosis) - [11].

1.50. () (Test para-meter) , - () [11].

1.51. (Technical condition of an ob-ject) , , , [11].

1.52. (Testing condition, in-spection) [11].

. , , -, , , .. - [11].

1.53. (Technical condition prediction) - [11].

1.54. (Measurement) - - [12].

1.55. (Measuring equipment) , [13].

1.56. (Calibration) , ()

16

, 2003

, [13].

1.57. (Government inspection) - , (), - [13].

1.58. (Test) - () -, () [10].

1.59. (Test program) - , -, , -, , , , , [14]*.

1

(Accident) ....................................................................... 1.15 (Safety of an industrial equipment) .................................................1.2 (Safety of a transactions) ................................1.1 (Harmonized standards) ........... 1.33 (State standard of Russian Federation) .......................................... 1.29 () (Test parameter) ........................................................................... 1.50 (Identical standards) ............................. 1.35 (Measurement) ......................................................... 1.54

17

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28 4

(Instruction) ............................................................ 1.38 (Incident) ................................................................... 1.16 (Test) ........................................................................ 1.58 (Calibration) ............................ 1.56 (Quality) ........................................................................1.9 ............................................ 1.44 (Testing condition,inspection) ................................................................................... 1.52 (Failure criterion) ............................................ 1.20 (Criterion of a limitingcondition) .................................................................................... 1.22 (International standard) ........... 1.30 .......................................................... 1.41 (National standard) ............................. 1.28 (Unnominal situation) ............................... 1.17 () (Normativeparameters of quality) ................................................................... 1.10 (Technicalstandard) ...................................................................................... 1.25 (Objects of expertise) ...................................1.6 (Residual life) .............................................. 1.24 (Failure) ............................................................................. 1.18 (Government inspection) ............... 1.57 ................................................................................. 1.37 [, -, ] ................................................................ 1.45 (Limiting condition) ............................... 1.21 (Technicalcondition prediction) .................................................................... 1.53 (Test program) ....................................... 1.59

18

, 2003

(Production) ................................. 1.12 (Industrial safetyof hazardous production facilities) ..................................................1.4 (Industrial catastrophe) .................. 1.14 (Up state) ...................................... 1.13 ................................................................................... 1.42 [,, ] .................................................. 1.46 (Recommendation) ............................................. 1.39 (Refusal) ............................................................................. 1.19 (Certificate of conformance) ............. 1.36 (Measuring equipment) ............................. 1.55 .................................. 1.47 (Lifetime) .............................................................. 1.23 (Standard) .................................................................... 1.27 (Branch standard) ........................................... 1.31 (Standard of the enterprise) .................... 1.32 (Safety precautions) ..................................1.3 (Technical diagnostics) ...................... 1.48 (Technical rules) ................................... 1.43 (Technical diagnosis) ................ 1.49 (Technical conditionof an object) ................................................................................. 1.51 (Specification) ........................................... 1.26 (Technological process) ..................... 1.11 ................................................................................. 1.40 (Unified standards) .................... 1.34

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28 4

(Expert) ...........................................................................1.8 (Industrialsafety expertise) ..............................................................................1.5 (Expert organisation) ............................1.7

1

1. 12.0.00280. . .

2. 21.07.97 116-.

3. - ( 03-24698), - 06.11.98 64.

4. 8402. : . ISO 8402:1994 (/F/R).

5. 3.110982 . . .

6. 14.00483. . .

7. 27.00289. . . .

8. 22.0.05 . . .

9. - , - ( 09-17097), 22.12.97 52.

10. 1.1299. -. .

11. 2091189. . .

12. 1626370. . .

20

, 2003

13. 27.04.93 4871-1.

14. 1650481. -. . .

15. 27.12.02 184- ( -. 52. . 1. . 5140).

21

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28 4

2.

2.1. (NDT) , , [1].

2.2. (NDT system) - , , , , , , [2].

2.3. (Outcome of NDT) - , .

2.4. (Object of NDT) - , , - .

2.5. (Amount of NDT) - , ( : , , ) () .

2.6. (NDT method) , , [3, 5]*.

2.7. (Kind of NDT)

22

, 2003

, [3].

. :

) , ;

) - ;

) ;) ;) .

2.8. (Suitability to testing) - , , [4]*.

2.9. (NDT during manufacturing) , - [5]*.

2.10. (In service NDT) , [5]*.

2.11. (NDT on an input) - , [5]*.

2.12. (NDT on opera-tions) - [5]*.

2.13. (Acceptance NDT) , () [5]*.

2.14. (Full volume NDT) [5]*.

2.15. (Selective NDT) , [6]*.

2.16. (Measuring NDT) , [5]*.

23

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28 4

2.17. (Equipment of NDT and technical diagnostics) , , , , .

2.18. (Test procedure) - , - , , , , - , , , - [5]*.

2.19. (Technological procedure of NDT) , .

2.20. (Techno-logical flow chart of NDT) (), - .

2.21. (NDT conclusion) -, , .

2.22. (Main parameters of NDT) , - , .

2.23. (Reliability of NDT) ( ), - .

2.24. (Sizing) .

24

, 2003

2.25. (Real sensitivity) , .

. .

2.26. (Over reject) , - .

2.27. (Missing) , .

2.28. (Main testing parameters) , -.

2.29. (Spatial resolution) - [4]*.

2.30. / (Signal to noise ratio) ( ) , -, ( ) [4]*.

2.31. (NDT firm) (-), - , (), - , [1].

2.32. (NDT employee) (), , - .

2.33. (Independent agency) , , , .

2.34. (Personnel certification) -

25

. , 2003

28 4

( 03-44002) - () - [7].

2.35. (Qualification) , , , , , - [7].

2.36. (Qualifying certificate) , , , () - [7].

2.37. (Defect) - , [4].

2.38. (Rejected part) , - .

2.39. (Rejected defect) , - , -.

2.40. (Defective item) , [8]*.

2.41. (Obvious defect) , , , , [8].

2.42. (Latent defect) , , - , , [4].

26

, 2003

2.43. (Critical defect) , [8].

2.44. (Significant defect) , () , [8].

2.45. (Insignificant defect) , [8].

2.46. (Corrected defect) , [8].

2.47. (Incorrigible defect) , [8].

2.48. (Defect indication) , () [4]*.

2.49. (Defect detection) [4]*.

2.50. (Defect evaluation) -, , [4]*.

2.51. (False indication) , - [4]*.

2.52. (Recording) , [4]*.

2.53. (Discontinuity) , , , , ..

. : , , , ..

, , , , - (, ), .

27

. , 2003

28 4

2.54. (Crater) , [9].

2.55. (Crack) () [9].

2.56. (Branched crack) , [9].

2.57. (Shrinkage cavity) , [9].

2.58. (Root concavity) - [9].

2.59. (Worm-hole) - [9].

2.60. (Gas pore) , [9].

2.61. (Linear porosity) , [9].

2.62. (Lack of fusion) [9].

2.63. (Burn-through) - , - [9].

2.64. (Slag inclusion) [9].

2.65. (Non-metal inclus-ion) [9].

2.66. (Spatters) [9].

28

, 2003

2.67. (Undercut) - [9].

2.68. (Overlap) [9].

2.69. (Edge displacement) - [9].

2.70. (Hot crack) , [10].

2.71. (Cold crack) [10].

2.72. (Intergranular crack) - [10].

2.73. (Blowhole) , - [10].

2.74. (Draw, contraction cavity) , - , [10].

2.75. (Microporosity) [10].

2.76. (Chill hard spots) , , - [10].

2.77. (Mottleness) [10].

29

. , 2003

28 4

2.78. (Flakes) -, [10].

2.79. (Hairline, spill) , - [11].

2.80. (Delamination) , - , - , [11].

2.81. (Sliver, rolled seab) , , , , - [11].

2.82. (Sliver, rolled skin) , , , - , , , [11].

2.83. (Ridge) , - , , [11].

2.84. , - [11].

30

, 2003

2.85. (Lap) , , - , , [11].

2.86. (Forging foid) , - , [11].

2.87. (Groove, guide mark) , [11].

2.88. (Burr) , , , , [11].

2.89. (Hacks) , - [11].

2.90. (Grinding cracks) - , , - , , [11].

2.91. (Compression marks) , , , [11].

2.92. (Scratch) , -, , [11].

31

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28 4

2

(Personnel certification) ..........................2.34 (Rejected part) .....................................................................2.38 (Spatters) ...........................................................2.66 (Kind of NDT) ......................... 2.7 (Compression marks) ...................................................2.91 (Root concavity) .....................................2.58 (Hairline, spill) ........................................................2.79 (NDT on an input) ...........2.11 (Selective NDT) ...........2.15 (Blowhole) ......................................................2.73 (Hot crack) ......................................................2.70 (Defect) ..........................................................................2.37 (Defective item) ............................................2.40 (Sizing) ..............................................................2.24 (Reliabilityof NDT) .......................................................................................2.23 (Hacks) .....................................................................2.89 (Lap) ..................................................................................2.85 (NDT conclusion) ...................2.21 (Forging foid) .....................................................................2.86 (Burr) ...........................................................................2.88 (Significant defect) ..................................2.44 (Measuring NDT) .............................2.16 (Defect indication) .....................................2.48 (Qualifyingcertificate) ....................................................................................2.36 (Qualification) ....................................................2.35

32

, 2003

(Suitability to testing) ............................... 2.8 (Crater) ...........................................................................2.54 (Critical defect) .........................................2.43 (NDT firm) .....................................................2.31 (False indication) .........................................2.51 (Insignificant defect) .......................2.45 (Intergranular crack) .................2.72 (NDT method) ..................... 2.6 (Test procedure) ..........................................................2.18 (Overlap) ................................2.68 (Missing) .............................................................2.27 (Rejected defect) ....................................2.39 (Independentagency) .........................................................................................2.33 (Non-metal inclusion) ..................................................................2.65 (Lack of fusion) ...........................................................2.62 (NDT) ............................................. 2.1 (Discontinuity) ...................................................2.53 (Incorrigible defect) ................................2.47 (Defect detection) ...................................2.49 (Object of NDT) ................. 2.4 (Amount of NDT) ................ 2.5 (NDTon operations) ..............................................................................2.12 (Main testingparameters) ..................................................................................2.28 (Main parameters of NDT) ...........................................................2.22 (Chill hard spots) ...............................................................2.76

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28 4

/ (Signal to noise ratio) .........................2.30 (Defect evaluation) ...........................................2.50 (Over reject) .........................................................2.26 .........................................................................................2.84 (Undercut) .........................................2.67 (Mottleness) .....................................................2.77 (Gas pore) ..................................................2.60 (Acceptance NDT) .......................................................................2.13 (Burn-through) ........................................2.63 (NDT during manufacturing) ........................................................ 2.9 (Sliver, rolled skin) ..........................................2.82 (Spatial resolution) ...................2.29 (Branched crack) ..........................................................................2.56 (Delamination) .........................................................2.80 (Real sensitivity) .............................2.25 (Recording) ............................................................2.52 (Outcm of NDT) ......... 2.3 (Groove, guide mark) .........................................................2.87 (Microporosity) .............................................................2.75 (Worm-hole) .............................................2.59 (NDT system) ................... 2.2 (Latent defect) .................................................2.42 (Sliver, rolled seab) ..........................................2.81 (Edge displacement) ...................2.69 (NDT employee) ..........................................................................2.32 (Full volume NDT) ......................................................................2.14

34

, 2003

(Equipmentof NDT and technical diagnostics) ................................................2.17 (Technological procedure of NDT) ..............................2.19 (Technological flow chart of NDT) ...............................................2.20 (Crack) .....................................2.55 (Ridge) ....................................................................................2.83 (Draw, contraction cavity) ..........................2.74 (Shrinkage cavity) ...............2.57 (Corrected defect) ......................................2.46 (Flakes) ..........................................................................2.78 (Cold crack) .................................................2.71 (Scratch) .....................................................................2.92 (Linear porosity) ............................2.61 (Slag inclusion) .................2.64 (Grinding cracks) ...............................2.90 (In service NDT) ..........................................................................2.10 (Obvious defect) ...................................................2.41

2

1. // . : . 28. 1. 2- ., . . .: - , 2002. 104 .

2. ( 03-37200). // .

35

. , 2003

28 4

: . 28. 1. 2- ., . . .: - , 2002. 104 .

3. 1835373. . .

4. . , 19002000 .: - / .. , .. , .. .; . .. K. .: , 2001. 616 .

5. 1650481. -. . .

6. 8402. : . ISO 8402:1994 (/F/R).

7. // . : . 28. 3. .: - - , 2002. 120 .

8. 1546779. . - . .

9. 260184. . .

10. 1920080. . .

11. 2101488. . .

36

, 2003

3.

3.1. (Radiation nondestru-ctive testing) , - .

: 1. (Industrial radiology) -, - .

2. , , . . , (, , ..).

3.2. , - .

. .

3.3. , , - , .

. , , - .

3.4. -, , () - .

. , .

37

. , 2003

28 4

3.5. -, .

3.6. (Primary radiation) , - - .

3.7. -, .

3.8. (X-rays) - 10,0001 , - .

3.9. (Scattered radiation) , - .

3.10. (Quality of beam of radiation) - , - .

3.11. (Build-up factor) , , , .

3.12. (Compton scatter) -, .

. 100 10 - .

3.13. , , -, .

3.14. (Narrow beam of ionizing radiation) , -

38

, 2003

, , - .

3.15. (Broad beam of ioni-zing radiation) , - , , - , .

3.16. (Build-up of ionizing radiation) ( , . .) - .

3.17. (Radiation source) (-, -), .

3.18. (Radiograph) , , . - , , , ..

3.19. (Activity) - .

3.20. (Radiation thickness) - .

3.21. (Attenuation) - .

3.22. (Half value thickness) - , , -, - .

39

. , 2003

28 4

3.23. (Attenuation coefficient ) - (I0) , , (I) (t), I = I0 exp (t).

3.24. (Absorption) , .

3.25. (Average gradient) , - - .

3.26. , - .

3.27. - .

3.28. - .

. [2] (Incident beam axis) , .

3.29. (Focal spot) - , , .

3.30. (Focal spot size) - , .

3.31. (Effective focal spot of ionizing radiation source) , - .

3.32. [Focus-to-film distance (ffd)]

40

, 2003

.

. [2] (Source-to-film distance) , .

3.33. (Object-to-film distance) - , .

3.34. (Radiation image) -, .

3.35. (Shadow radiation image) - , - .

3.36. (Light image) , - , - .

3.37. (Panoramic exposure) - , - , , , - .

3.38. (Radiogram) , .., .

3.39. (Fog density) , - , , - .

41

. , 2003

28 4

, , , , .

3.40. (Exposure) , .

3.41. (Exposure calculator) (, ), .

3.42. (Exposure chart) , - .

3.43. (Exposure latitude) -, - .

3.44. (Exposure time) - .

3.45. () [harasteristic curve (of a film)] , lg D.

3.46. (Radiographic film) , - , , .

3.47. (Film base) , - .

3.48. (Screen type film) - , - .

3.49. (Clearing time) , .

3.50. (G) [Film gradient (G)] - - D.

3.51. (Useful density range) , -

42

, 2003

. - , .

3.52. (Ageing fog) , -, .

3.53. (Beam angle) - .

3.54. (Radiation image converter) .

3.55. - (Radiation-optical image converter) .

3.56. (Inherent filtration) - , - , .

3.57. (Unsharpness) - - .

3.58. - , () .

3.59. - , - , .

. [2] (Geometric unsharpness) - , - . - . : - .

43

. , 2003

28 4

3.60. (Inherent unsharpness) - , - , . , .

3.61. (Mo-vement unsharpness) , ( - ) , .

. [2] - - , .

3.62. (Spatial resolution) - , - .

3.63. (Collimation) - - , .

3.64. (Collimator) , , , , , .

3.65. (Source holder) -, , - ( ) .

3.66. (Source size) -.

3.67. (Contrast medium) -, ,

44

, 2003

.

3.68. (Radiation contrast) , - - .

3.69. (Image contrast) - .

3.70. (Object contrast) - .

3.71. (Visual contrast) - .

3.72. , (Contrast sensivity, thickness sensivity) - , - , .

3.73. (Image definition) - .

3.74. (Image enhancement) , () . . .

3.75. , - .

3.76. (Back scatter/back scattered radiation) -,

45

. , 2003

28 4

, 90 .

3.77. (Image intensifier) , -, , .

3.78. (Intensifying factor) - .

3.79. - (Intensification factor) - - - .

3.80. (Image quality) , .

3.81. (IQI) [Image quality indi-cator (IQI)] , , . .

3.82. , IQI (Image quality value, IQI sensivity) , .

3.83. , - ( ), - .

3.84. -

46

, 2003

1 , - , , .

. 1 , .

3.85. (Pressure marks) - , , , - .

3.86. - - , , .

3.87. (Projective magnification) - .

3.88. (Projective magnification te-chnique) , .

3.89. - - .

3.90. .

3.91. - , - .

47

. , 2003

28 4

. [2] ( ) [rtefact (false indication)] , -, , , , .

3.92. (Absolute sensitivity of radiation inspection) , - .

3.93. (Relative sensitivity of radiation inspection) , - .

3.94. (Sensiti-vity standard of radiation inspection) , - , .

3.95. , , - .

3.96. (Duplex wire image quality indicator) , - - - , .

3.97. - , - , -.

48

, 2003

3.98. - , , .

3.99. (Radiography) - , .

3.100. - (Gamma-radiography) -.

3.101. - (Gamma rays) - , .

3.102. - (Gamma-ray source) - , .

3.103. (Radioisotope) , - , -- .

3.104. (Half life) , - .

3.105. (Specific activity) .

3.106. - (Gamma-ray sou-rce container) , , , , , .

3.107. , - .

3.108. - , -

49

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28 4

- .

3.109. () [Computerized tomography (CT)] , , , , , - .

. . .

3.110. , - - , - .

3.111. - , , .

3.112. - , , - .

3.113. , - , - .

3.114. , - ,

50

, 2003

- .

3.115. (Radioscopy) - , , , .

3.116. , - .

3.117. , - - , .

3.118. , , - , , .

. [2] (Stereo radiography) , .

3.119. , - .

3.120. , - .

3.121. ( -

51

. , 2003

28 4

) , , (- ), , - .

3.122. , - .

. [2] (Fluoroscopy) , - , .

3.123. , - , , - , .

3.124. (Microfocus radiography) , 100 . .

3.125. (), - .

3.126. (Equalizing filter, beam flattener) , - , .

3.127. (Edge-blocking material) ,

52

, 2003

- , .

3.128. (Blocking medium) , .

3.129. - , .

3.130. (Filter) , , , - - .

3.131. -, - , .

3.132. , - - .

3.133. , - - .

3.134. - , , , - - 1.

3.135. -- , , - ,

53

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28 4

- ( - - ).

3.136. (Intensifying screen) , - () , .

. [2] (Metal screen) , ( ), - -.

3.137. - , .

3.138. (MTF) [Modulation transfer function (MTF)] - .

3.139. (Latent image) -, - .

3.140. , - .

. [2] [Film illuminator (viewing scre-en)] , , - .

3.141. (Viewing mask) , .

3.142. (Flaw sensivity) , .

54

, 2003

3.143. (Film system speed) - .

3.144. , () .

3.145. -, -- .

. [1] - .

3.146. (Fluorescent inten-sifying screen) , , -.

3.147. (Fluorometallic intensifying screen) , ( ), , - -.

3.148. (LINAC) [Linear electron accelerator (LINAC)] - . , .

3.149. (Betatron) , .

3.150. , - - , - .

55

. , 2003

28 4

3.151. (Dosemeter, dosimeter) -.

3.152. (Dose rate meter) -.

3.153. (Decay curve) , . , - .

3.154. (Densitometer) .

3.155. (Film processing) , - - , , , .

3.156. ( ) (Development of a film or pa-per) , .

3.157. (Fixing) .

3.158. (Graininess) .3.159. (Granularity) -

, - , .

3.160. (X-ray tube) , , , - .

3.161. (Rod anode tube) - , - ; .

3.162. (Target) - , .

56

, 2003

3.163. (Dual focus tube) .

3.164. (Anode) .

3.165. (Cathode) - .

3.166. (Tube diafragm) , - , , -.

3.167. (Tube head) , .

3.168. (Equivalent X-ray voltage) , , -, - -.

3.169. (Tube shield) , .

3.170. (Tube shutter) , - , , .

3.171. (Tube window) -, .

3.172. (Tube voltage) , .

3.173. (Unsealed source) , -.

3.174. (Constant potential circuit) , .

57

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28 4

3.175. (Diffraction mottle) , .

3.176. (Anode current) , .

3.177. (Continious spectrum) , .

3.178. (Cassette) - .

3.179. (Vacuum cassette) - , , .

3.180. (Calibrated density step wedge) , , .

3.181. (Step wedge) - , .

3

(Absolute sensitivity of radiation inspection) .................3.92 ...................................................................................3.13 (Activity) ..................................................................3.19 (Anode) ............................................................................3.164 (Anode current) ...................................................3.176 ...............................................................................3.91 (Betatron) ..................................................................3.149 (Blocking medium) ...........................3.128

58

, 2003

(Vacuum cassette) .......................................3.179 (Clearing time) ..............................................3.49 ........................................ 3.7 (Ageing fog) .......................................................3.52 ..................................................3.121- (Gamma rays) ...............................................3.101- (Gamma-radiography) ..............................3.100 ...........3.59 ...........3.90 (G) [Film gradient (G)] ...................................3.50 (Granularity) .....................................................3.159 (Dual focus tube) ....................................3.163 (Densitometer) ....................................................3.154 (Source holder) ......................3.65 ...................................3.132 (Tube diafragm) ...........................................3.166 ............3.61 (Diffraction mottle) .............................3.175 (Exposure time) ................................3.44 (Dosemeter, dosimeter) .............................................3.151 (Fixing) ................................................................3.157 (Graininess) ..........................................................3.158 (Tube head) ............................................3.167 (Dose rate meter) ........................3.152 (IQI) [Image qualityindicator (IQI)] ............................................................................3.81 .......................................................... 3.2 - (Gamma-ray source) ....................3.102 (Radiation source) ....................................3.17

59

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28 4

(Calibrated density step wedge) ...................................................3.180 (Exposure calculator) .........................3.41 .....................................................................................3.97 (Cassette) .....................................................................3.178 (Cathode) ........................................................................3.165 (Quality of beam of radiation) .....................3.10 (Image quality) ......................................3.80 ....................................................................3.117 (Collimator) ............................................................3.64 .................................3.133 (Collimation) ..................................................3.63 (Equalizing filter, beam flattener) .........................3.126 ...............................3.125 (Compton scatter) ............................3.12 () [Computerizedtomography (CT)] ......................................................................3.109 - (Gamma-raysource container) ........................................................................3.106 (Image contrast) ....................................3.69 (Object contrast) .............................................3.70 , (Contrast sensivity, thickness sensivity) .....................3.72 (Contrast medium) .................................3.67 .......................................... 3.3 (Build-up factor) .............................3.11 (Build-up of ionizing radiation) ....................................................3.16 (Attenuation coefficient ) ............3.23

60

, 2003

(Intensifying factor) .............................3.78 - (Intensification factor) ................3.79 (Edge-blocking material) .......................3.127 (Decay curve) ..................................................3.153 (LINAC) [Linearelectron accelerator (LINAC)] ....................................................3.148 (Constant potentialcircuit) .......................................................................................3.174 (Viewing mask) ..........................................3.141 ...............................................................................3.89 (Pressure marks) ...........................................3.85 ........................................3.110 - ..........................3.112 - ............................3.111 (Microfocus radiography) .........3.124 (Target) .......................................................................3.162 (Duplex wire image quality indicator) ...........................................3.96 (MTF)[Modulation transfer function (MTF)] ........................................3.138 (Tube voltage) ...........................................3.172 ...............................................................................3.140 (Unsealed source) ...............3.173 ..............................3.27 ............................. 3.3 (Continious spectrum) ...........................3.177 (Unsharpness) ..........................................................3.57

61

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28 4

.......3.75 ...............3.58 (Film processing) ........................................3.155 (Back scatter/back scattered radiation) ...........3.76 (Tube window) ......................................................3.171 (Fog density) ................................3.39 (Visual contrast) .......................................3.71 (Attenuation) ...........................................................3.21 .......................3.28 (Relative sensitivity of radiation inspection) ..................3.93 ....................3.131 (Panoramic exposure) .........................3.37 (Primary radiation) ................................... 3.6 ........................................ 3.5 (Half life) .................................................3.104 ...........................................................3.98 (Screen type film) .......................3.48 (Absorption) ...........................................................3.24 (Film base) ....................................................3.47 , IQI (Image quality value, IQI sensivity) ........................................3.82 (Useful density range) ...................................................................3.51 .............3.84 (Radiation image converter) .........................................................3.54 ...........................................................3.95

62

, 2003

(Projective magnification) ...............3.87 ...........3.86 (Spatial resolution) ...................3.62 ( ) (Developmentof a film or paper) .......................................................................3.156 ..............................3.26 (Radiation thickness) ............................3.20 ...............................................3.113 ......................................................3.120 (Radiation image) .........................3.34- (Radiation-optical image converter) .......................3.55 .......................................................3.150 (Radiation contrast) ............................3.68 (Radiationnondestructive testing) ................................................................... 3.1 ....................................................3.144 - .......................................................................3.137 (Radiograph) .........................................................3.18 (Radiographic film) ..........................3.46 ...........3.108 (Radiogram) ...................................3.38 (Radiography) ........................................................3.99 (Radioisotope) .....................................................3.103 ...........3.107 (Radioscopy) .......................................................3.115 (Source size) ..................................................3.66 (Focal spot size) ..................................3.30

63

. , 2003

28 4

(Image definition) .............................3.73 (Scattered radiation) ................................ 3.9 (Object-to-film distance) ............3.33 (Focus-to-film distance (ffd)) ...........3.32 (X-ray tube) ...........................................3.160 (X-rays) .............................................. 3.8 (Light image) .........................................3.36 (Latent image) ......................................3.139 (Half value thickness) ...............3.22 (Inherent unsharpness) ........................3.60 (Inherent filtration) ............................3.56 (Projective magnification technique) ..............................................................3.88 (Average gradient) ..........................................3.25 ..................................................................3.118 ..................................................................3.123 (Step wedge) ...............................................3.181 (Exposure chart) ........................................3.42 (Shadow radiationimage) ..........................................................................................3.35 (Rod anode tube) .....................3.161 (Beam angle) .......................................3.53 (Specific activity) ....................................3.105 (Narrow beamof ionizing radiation) ....................................................................3.14 (Image enhancement) .........................3.74 (Intensifying screen) ................................3.136 (Image intensifier) ................................3.77 .................................3.134

64

, 2003

- ..........................3.135 (Filter) ..........................................................................3.130 .........................................3.129 (Fluorescentintensifying screen) .....................................................................3.146 .............................................................................3.145 .........................................................................3.114 (Fluorometallic intensifying screen) ............................................3.147 .........................................................................3.122 (Focal spot) ......................................................3.29 () [harasteristiccurve (of a film)] ...........................................................................3.45 .............................................................3.119 (Flaw sensivity) ...........3.142 (Filmsystem speed) .............................................................................3.143 (Broad beam of ionizing radiation) ...............................................3.15 (Exposure latitude) ....................................3.43 (Tube shutter) ..................................................3.170 ................................................3.83 (Equivalent X-ray voltage) ..........................................................3.168 (Tube shield) .......................................................3.169 (Exposure) ..............................................................3.40 ...............................................................3.116 (Sensitivity standard of radiation inspection) .................................3.94

65

. , 2003

28 4

(Effective focal spotof ionizing radiation source) .........................................................3.31

3

1. . , 19002000 .: - / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . .: , 2001. 616 .

2. European Standart EN 1330:1997 Terms used in Industrial Rad-iographic Testing.

66

, 2003

4.

4.1.

4.1.1. (Homogeneous medium) , .

4.1.2. (Elasticity) - .

4.1.3. (Elastic body) , .

4.1.4. (Elastic medium) , .

4.1.5. ( ) (Isotropic mat-erial, isotropic medium) (), (-) .

4.1.6. (Elastic anisotropy) .

4.1.7. (Linear element of a body) - .

4.1.8. , (Deformation of solid) () .

4.1.9. - (Tension-compression strain) , - .

4.1.10. (Shear strain) , -

67

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28 4

. ( ). - .

4.1.11. (Elastic deformation) , [15].

4.1.12. (Plastic deformation) -, [15].

4.1.13. (Tensor of deformation) - , -- ( ) - .

4.1.14. (Generalized force) - . .

. , .

4.1.15. , (Mechanical force) - . . .

4.1.16. (External force) , - . .

4.1.17. (Internal force) . .

4.1.18. (Elastic force) , - ( ) () . .

4.1.19. (Stress) -

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, 2003

, . .

4.1.20. (Normal stress) - , . .

4.1.21. (Tangential stress, shear stress) , , . .

4.1.22. (Pressure):

. . ;

- . , . .

4.1.23. (Tensor of stress) -, , () .

4.1.24. (Limit of proportionality) - , ( ). .

4.1.25. (Limit of elasticity) , -, () . .

4.1.26. (Yield strength) -, . -

69

. , 2003

28 4

-. .

4.1.27. (Ultimate strength) - , , . .

4.1.28. (Rupture limit, ultimate strength) [16]. .

4.1.29. (Adhesive strength) , . .

4.1.30. (Cohesive strength) , - . .

4.2.

4.2.1. (Oscillation) ( -), .

4.2.2. (Oscillating value) , - . , , - , , , .

4.2.3. (Periodic oscillation) - .

4.2.4. (Oscillating system) , (-, , ..).

4.2.5. (Equilibrium) - , .

70

, 2003

4.2.6. (Elastic oscillations, vibrations) -, - .

4.2.7. (Displacement) - . . - .

. , .

4.2.8. (Particle velocity) - - , . /.

4.2.9. (Oscillation cycle) - , , .

4.2.10. (Period):1. ,

. , . .

2. , . [10].

4.2.11. (Amplitude) - , , .

4.2.12. , (Oscillation frequency, frequen-cy) () ( ). ().

1 1 , 1 1000 ,1 1 000 000 [10].

71

. , 2003

28 4

4.2.13. , , - (Angular frequency) = 2f = 2/T, f , T .

4.2.14. (Audio frequency) , - 16 20 . 20 . .

4.2.15. (Ultrasonic frequency) , . 20 , - 1 = 109 . .

4.2.16. (Phase):1. , -

. .

. , -, .

2. , - [10].

4.2.17. (Forced oscillations, constrained oscillations) , - .

4.2.18. (Free oscillations, free vibrations) - - .

. vibrations -.

4.2.19. (Harmonical oscillation) - , .

4.2.20. (Linear oscillating sys-tem) , - .

72

, 2003

4.2.21. (Non-linear oscillating system) , .

4.2.22. (Mechanical impedance) - , ( ) . . /.

. .

4.2.23. (Mass) . .4.2.24. , (Flexibility, compliance)

. , . /.

4.2.25. (Stiffness) . , - . /.

4.2.26. (Active resistance) - -, . 1 / = 1 /.

4.2.27. (Inertial impedance) , . / = 1 /.

4.2.28. (Elastic impedance) , . 1 / = 1 /.

4.2.29. (System with lumped parameters) , , -.

73

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28 4

4.2.30. (System with di-stributed parameters) , , .

4.2.31. (Natural frequency) - . .

4.2.32. , (Fundamental frequ-ency, first harmonic) . .

4.2.33. (Harmonic) , . .

4.2.34. (Resonance frequency) , - . .

4.2.35. (Antiresonance frequency) -, . - .

4.2.36. (Overtone) , . .

4.2.37. (Quality factor, Q-factor):1. -

,

W ; W [20].

2. . -, , - .

3. 0,707 .

74

, 2003

. 2 3 - (Q > (510)), 1 .

4.2.38. ( ) (Attenuation coeffi-cient) , . 1.

4.2.39. , - (Logarithmic decrement) , t t + T:

=+

ln( )

( ).

A tA t T

=+

1n

A tA t nT

ln( )

( ),

; n .

4.3.

4.3.1.

4.3.1.1. , (Elastic wave, acoustic wave):

1. .2.

[10].4.3.1.2. (Ultrasonic wave) ,

( 20 ) [10].

4.3.1.3. (Audio-frequency wave, sonic wave) -

75

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28 4

, ( 16 20 ).

4.3.1.4. , (Sound pressu-re) ( -), . 1 = 1 /2 [14].

4.3.1.5. (Particle velocity) - . . /.

4.3.1.6. , (Sound velocity, velocity of propagation):

1. . /.

2. - - [10].

4.3.1.7. (Wave amplitude) ( ).

4.3.1.8. (Wave intensity) , , - [14]. /2.

. -.

4.3.1.9. (Wavelength) , , - [10]. .

4.3.1.10. (Running wave): 1. , -

.

76

, 2003

2. , [15].4.3.1.11. (Standing wave, stationary wave):1. , (-

) , .

2. , - , - [10].

4.3.1.12. (Wave number) , - , - : k= /. 1.

4.3.1.13. (Wave vector) , - [15].

4.3.1.14. (Inhomogeneous wave) , , - , .

4.3.1.15. (Diffraction) , - () , . , , , - , ..

4.3.1.16. (Wave interference):1. ,

.

2. , -

77

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28 4

, [10].

4.3.1.17. (Wave phase) -, .

. , - , . .

4.3.1.18. (Wavefront): 1. ()

, , - .

-, , - (. . 4.1.17).

2. , , [10].

4.3.1.19. (Ray, beam) , .

4.3.1.20. , (Wave train) - , .

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1. (Plane wave):1. . 2. ,

[10].4.3.2.2. (Spherical wave) -

[10].4.3.2.3. (Cylindrical wave) -

[10].

78

, 2003

4.3.2.4. , - (Longitudinal wave, compressional wave).

1. , - .

2. , [10].

. 1. () () :

A ; ; x

4.3.2.5. , (Transverse wave, shear wave) , - [10].

79

. , 2003

28 4

4.3.2.6. (Volumetric wave) , - . .

4.3.2.7. , (Rayleigh wave, surface wave):

1. , - , - , .

2. , , [10].

4.3.2.8. (Plane of incidence) -, .

4.3.2.9. (Additional plane) , .

4.3.2.10. (Polarization) - .

4.3.2.11. , SV- (Shear vertical wave, SV wave) , .

4.3.2.12. , SH-- (Shear horizontal wave, SH wave) , - .

4.3.2.13. (Normal wave) - (, ), - , .

4.3.2.14. , (Lamb wave, plate wave):

1. ,

80

, 2003

h f. hf.

. , .

2. , , - , [10].

4.3.2.15. (Wave mode) , - .

4.3.2.16. (Symmetrical Lamb wave) , () , - .

. 2.

81

. , 2003

28 4

4.3.2.17. (Antisymmetrical Lamb wave) , () -: , - , .

4.3.2.18. (Lamb wave of zero ord-er) , - h f, hf = 0.

4.3.2.19. (Bending wave, flexural wave) , , . - .

4.3.2.20. (Longitudinal wave in a rod) , - . E :

cE=

.

4.3.2.21. (Head wave, creeping wave):1. ,

, - . .

2. , . , [10].

82

, 2003

4.3.2.22. (Lateral wave) , . .

4.3.2.23. (Love wave) - SH, , ( ) . -. , - , .

4.3.2.24. (Stonly wave) SV, ( ) - , , , . .

4.3.2.25. (Diffraction wave) , - . .

4.3.2.26. (Dispersion wave) , . .

4.3.2.27. (Indispersion wave) , - .

4.3.2.28. (Run round wave) , (-, , ). - , .

4.3.2.29. (Slide off wave) -

83

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28 4

, .

4.3.2.30. (Coherent waves) , .

4.3.3.

4.3.3.1. (Phase velocity):1. -

. /.2. [10]. 4.3.3.2. (Group velocity):1. .

/.2. [10].4.3.3.3. (Velocity dispersion) -

, ( ), () - . , - .

4.3.3.4. (Wave attenuation):1.

.2.

[10].4.3.3.5. (Absorption) ,

( ) [10].

4.3.3.6. (Scattering):1. ,

() ( - ) .

2. , () [10].

84

, 2003

4.3.3.7. () (Attenuation coefficient):

1. , ( ) - , . . /, /.

2. , , , . / [10].

4.3.3.8. (Absorption coefficient):1. , (

) - . /, /.

2. , - [10].

4.3.3.9. (Scattering coefficient) -, ( - ) . /, /.

4.3.3.10. (Node) (, ), , , [14].

4.3.3.11. (Antinode, rest) (, ), , , [14].

4.3.3.12. (Material Q-factor) - , : Q = k/2.

85

. , 2003

28 4

4.3.3.13. , - (Characteristic acoustic impedance) - . : z = c. z -. /.

. - Rayl (), 1 Rayl = 1 /.

4.3.3.14. (Acoustic impedance) - - , . /.

. . /3 [14].

4.3.3.15. (Path length) [10]. .

4.3.3.16. (Path difference) [10]. .

4.3.3.17. (Doppler effect) - , .

4.3.4.

4.3.4.1. (Interface, boundary):1. -

.2. -

, [10]. 4.3.4.2. (Incident wave) ,

.

86

, 2003

. 3. :1 ; 2 ; 3 ;

4 ; ; 1 ;

4.3.4.3. (Angle of incidence):1. -

.2.

[10]. 4.3.4.4. (Normal incidence)

, .

4.3.4.5. (Angular incidence) , .

1 2

3

4

1

87

. , 2003

28 4

4.3.4.6. (Reflection, wave reflection):1.

- , .

2. - . [10].

4.3.4.7. (Reflected wave) , - , , .

4.3.4.8. (Multiple reflections, multiple echo) - [10].

4.3.4.9. (Reverberation) .

4.3.4.10. (Angle of reflection) - . .

4.3.4.11. , (Reflection coefficient):

1. - .

2. [10].

4.3.4.12. (Energy reflection coefficient) .

4.3.4.13. (Total reflection):1. ,

, , .

2. , ,

88

, 2003

, , - [10].

4.3.4.14. (Refraction) [10].

4.3.4.15. (Refracted wave) , - [10]. .

4.3.4.16. (Angle of refraction):1.

.2. -

[10]. 4.3.4.17. (Refractive index):1. -

.2. [10].4.3.4.18. ,

(Transmission coefficient):1. ,

, .

. - , : , ..

2. , , [10].

4.3.4.19. (Energy transmission coefficient) , , .

4.3.4.20. (Wave transformation, mode conversion, wave conversion):

1. .

89

. , 2003

28 4

2. [10].

4.3.4.21. , (Snells low) , , - .

4.3.4.22. (Refraction) , .

4.3.4.23. (Critical angle) - , ( ) .

4.3.4.24. (First critical angle) , .

4.3.4.25. (Second critical angle) , .

4.3.4.26. (Third critical angle) , .

4.3.4.27. (Corner effect) .

4.3.4.28. (Beam displacement due to reflection) - . . ( 45) [10].

90

, 2003

. 4.

4.3.4.29. (Acoustic shadow):1. , , -

, - .

2. , , , [10].

91

. , 2003

28 4

. 5. ( )

4.4.

4.4.1. (Acoustic field, sound field): 1. .

.2. ,

[10]. 4.4.2. , (Near field, Fresnel-zone):1. ,

-, , . -

r = D2/4,

D ; .

2. , . - [10].

92

, 2003

. 6. :1 ; 2 ; 3 ;

4 ; r ;

4.4.3. , (Far field, Fraunhofer zone):

1. , . - .

2. , [10].

4.4.4. (Transitive zone) , - . .

4.4.5. (Searchlight zone) - , , .

1

2

3

4r

93

. , 2003

28 4

4.4.6. , , (Acoustic beam, sound beam, ultrasonic beam):

1. , - .

2. , , - [10].

4.4.7. (Effective acoustic cen-ter) , , .

. . , , - .

4.4.8. (Probe axis):1. , -

, - .

: 1. .

2. , - , .

3. , - .

4. , - , .

2. , - , , - [10].

94

, 2003

4.4.9. , (Beam axis, central ray) , , .

: 1. .

2. , - , .

4.4.10. (Quasibend of acoustic axis) , - - , , , , . .

4.4.11. (Beam edge) , [10].

. .

4.4.12. (Beam profile) , [10].

4.4.13. (Beam divergence, beam spread) - , .

4.4.14. (Divergence angle) , -, .

4.4.15. (Focusing of acoustic fi-eld) , - .

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4.4.16. , (Focus, focal point):1. ,

.2. ,

[10]. 4.4.17. - (Focus of

dual search unit) - , - . , .

4.4.18. (Focal distance) .

4.4.19. (Focal zone, depth of focus): 1. -

, .

2. -, [10].

4.5. ,

4.5.1.

4.5.1.1. (Electro-acoustical transducer) , .

4.5.1.2. ( ) (Probe, search unit):

1. , () - .

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2. , - (, ), - () [10].

4.5.1.3. ( ) (Transducer, crystal):

1. , (-) (, ).

2. , - [10].

4.5.1.4. (Vibrator) -, - () . - .

4.5.1.5. (Piezoelectric probe): 1. , () -

. 2. , -

() (), [7].

4.5.1.6. (Transmitting probe) -, .

4.5.1.7. (Receiving probe) -, .

4.5.1.8. (Normal probe, straight beam probe):

1. () .

2. , - [10].

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4.5.1.9. (Angle probe):1. ()

, -.

2. , [10].

4.5.1.10. (Variable angle probe):

1. , .2. [10]. 4.5.1.11. (Single crystal probe, tran-

sceiver): 1. ,

.2. (

), , [10].

4.5.1.12. - (Combined probe of MIA flaw detector) , - .

4.5.1.13. - (Differential combined probe of MIA flaw detector) - , - , - .

4.5.1.14. - (Dual search unit, dual probe, send/receive probe, double (twin) probe) -, -, , , [10].

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. 7. - :

; ;

4.5.1.15. (Longitudinal wave probe, compressional wave probe) () [10].

4.5.1.16. (Transverse wave probe, shear wave probe) () .

4.5.1.17. , (Surface wave probe, Rayleigh wave probe) () [10].

4.5.1.18. (Lamb wave probe) - () [10].

A

C C

B

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4.5.1.19. (Contact probe) -, , .

4.5.1.20. (Immersion probe) -, .

4.5.1.21. (Wheel probe):1. ,

. c - .

2. , -, . - [10].

4.5.1.22. (Jet probe, squirter probe) , - ( ).

4.5.1.23. (Bubblier device) , . .

4.5.1.24. , -; , (Countered probe):

1. , - .

2. , [10].

4.5.1.25. (Chord type probes) ( ) -

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, 2003

, , , . - .

. 8. :1 ; 2 ;

3 ; 4 ; 5

4.5.1.26. (Dry point contact probe) , .

54

1 2

3

5

101

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28 4

4.5.1.27. (Noncontact probe) , . - .

4.5.1.28. (Air coupled transducer) , () - .

4.5.1.29. - , - (Electromagnetic acoustic transducer, EMAT, electrodynamic transducer):

1. , () - .

2. , , ( ) [10].

. , , , , , , .

4.5.1.30. () - (Electrostatic transducer) , () , -. .

4.5.1.31. (Magnetostrictive transducer) , , - [10].

4.5.1.32. (Transducer mosaic):1. , -

.

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2. -, [10].

4.5.1.33. (Focusing probe): 1. , -

( , -, ..) .

2. , - ( , , ..) [10].

4.5.1.34. (Phased array, transducer array probe):

1. - ( ), - .

2. - ( ), [10].

4.5.1.35. (Linear phased array) , .

4.5.1.36. (2D phased array) , ( ) .

4.5.1.37. (Ring phased array) , .

4.5.1.38. (Bimorph transducer, flexing piezoelectric element) , - ( ), , , , - .

4.5.1.39. () (Optical laser

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transducer) , - () .

4.5.2.

4.5.2.1. (Piezoelectricity) - ( ) - ( ) .

4.5.2.2. (Piezoelectric element, crystal) , - .

4.5.2.3. (Metal plated crystal, metal plated transducer) - .

4.5.2.4. () (Bare crystal, bare transducer) .

4.5.2.5. (Protected crystal, protected transducer) c .

4.5.2.6. (Wear plate, wear face, dia-phragm):

1. , , - .

2. - , - [10].

4.5.2.7. (Damping element, damper, transducer backing, buffer):

1. , - .

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, 2003

, -.

2. , - [10].

4.5.2.8. () (Wedge, shoe):1. ( -

), - - () , , .

2. ( - ), - [10].

4.5.2.9. (Focusing crystal, focusing transducer) , - - .

4.5.2.10. (Acoustic lens) - , , .

4.5.2.11. - (Plane-concave lens) - , .

4.5.2.12. (Biconcave lens) .

4.5.2.13. (Matching trans-ducer to the media) ( ) - .

4.5.2.14. (Matching layer)

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, - .

4.5.2.15. (Barium titanate) , BaTiO3.

4.5.2.16. - , (Lead zirconate-titanate, PZT) .

4.5.2.17. (Lead metaniobate) - , PbNb2O6.

4.5.2.18. (Quartz) - , SiO2.

4.5.2.19. (Lithium sulphate) - , Li2SO4H2O.

4.5.2.20. (Lithium niobate) - .

4.5.2.21. , (Polyvinildenftoride, PVDF) , - .

4.5.2.22. - (-cut crystal) - ( -), , X -. () - [10].

4.5.2.23. Y- (Y-cut crystal) - ( ), , Y -. () - [10].

4.5.2.24. , (Delay line, buff-er rod, stand off) ( ), .

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, 2003

4.5.2.25. (Contact tip) - , , , (-, , ..).

4.5.2.26. (Lap) - , ( ) .

4.5.2.27. (Backing mass) , - .

. () .

4.5.2.28. (Housing, probe case, probe ca-sing) , .

4.5.2.29. , (Wave guide) , (, - ).

4.5.3.

4.5.3.1. (Probe operating sur-face) , () .

4.5.3.2. (Probe index) . [10].

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4.5.3.3. (Wedge angle) ( ) - . - .

4.5.3.4. (Angle of probe) , - , - .

4.5.3.5. (Nominal angle of probe):

1. , () .

2. - [10].

4.5.3.6. (Nominal frequency) , ( ).

4.5.3.7. (Dir-ectivity characteristic, directivity function) ( ) - - , . .

. , .

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4.5.3.8. (Directi-vity characteristic) .

4.5.3.9. (Main lobe of directivity characteristic) , ( 0,1 0 1, = 0,316 ) .

4.5.3.10. (Side lobes of directivity characteristic) , .

4.5.3.11. (Side lobes level) - - [5].

4.5.3.12. (Directivity characteristic width) . - 3 , 6 , 10 20 .

4.5.3.13. (Operation frequency) , - , () , , . .

. -, , .

4.5.3.14. (X-value) [2].

4.5.3.15. (Probe transfer

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function) . - : , , . : - , , .

4.5.3.16. (Probe conversion coeffici-ent) .

4.5.3.17. (Probe double con-version coefficient) .

4.5.3.18. - -, (Frequency response) .

4.5.3.19. (Transducers bandw-idth, probes bandwidth) , 0,707 ( ) 0,5 ( -) .

. .

4.5.3.20. (Frequency of maxi-mum conversion) , - - .

4.5.3.21. (Acoustic load) (, ), - . - .

. - , .

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4.5.3.22. (Electric load) , .

4.5.3.23. (Matching transducer to the electric load) ( ) , , - .

4.5.3.24. (Piezoelectric cons-tants) , .

4.5.3.25. (Electro-mec-hanical coupling coefficient, coupling coefficient) , , W W W. - . - = 0,094, -19 = 0,4.

4.5.3.26. , (Piezoelectric modulus) d q, , - F: d = q/F. /.

4.5.3.27. (Curie point) , . - .

4.5.3.28. (Maximum operation temperature) - , . - . .

4.5.3.29. (Polling voltage)

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, - . .

4.5.3.30. (Stack) . , -.

4.5.3.31. (Probe damping factor) , , - [10].

. 9. . 25 %

(4), = 0,25

100

75

50

25

0

25

50

75

100

112

, 2003

4.5.3.32. (Trans-ducer size) - [10].

4.5.3.33. - (Effective transducer size):

1. - , - . .

2. , - [10].

4.5.3.34. (Delay path) [10]. .

4.5.3.35. (Aperture) , . - . , , -, . - 2.

4.6.

4.6.1. (Acoustic ontact) , .

4.6.2. , (Couplant, coupling

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medium, coupling film) , .

4.6.3. (Contact technique) , , .

4.6.4. (Immersion technique) - , - , [2].

4.6.5. (Gap testing technique) - [2].

4.6.6. (Jet technique, squirter technique) - , [2].

4.6.7. (Dry contact) , .

4.6.8. (Dry point contact) - - ( ), .

4.6.9. (Noncontacting technique) () .

4.6.10. (Air coupled technique) , ( ) .

4.6.11. (Contact flexibility, contact complian-ce) . .

4.6.12. (Static contact flexi-bility) , , -

114

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. - .

4.6.13. (Dynamic contact flexibility) um Fm - . F0, Fm

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28 4

4.7.5. [Through transmission method (technique), transmission technique]:

1. , , , , (: , , ..). , - .

2. , - , - . , - [10].

4.7.6. [Through transmission method (technique)] , .

4.7.7. [Through transmission method (technique)] , ( ) , - .

4.7.8. , [Through transmission method (technique) , () .

. .

4.7.9. [Through transmission method (technique)] , - , .

4.7.10. (Velocimetric method) , - .

116

, 2003

. .

4.7.11. , - (Reflection method, echo method):

1. , - , -, .

2. , - , [10].

. .

4.7.12. - (Time of flight diffraction method, TOFD method) , - , - .

4.7.13. - (Delta method) , - - - .

4.7.14. , - (Reverberation method, multiple-echo technique):

1. , , .

2. , . :

, -;

. [10].

117

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28 4

4.7.15. - (Echo-mirror method) , , [2].

4.7.16. - (Mirror through transmission me-thod) , , .

4.7.17. (Immersion technique) , - , () . .

4.7.18. (Combined method) , .

4.7.19. - , - .

4.7.20. - , - , .

4.7.21. - (Acoustic-ultrasonic me-thod) , , .

4.7.22. (Coherent method) , - , .

4.7.23. (Incoherent method) , - .

4.7.24. (Tandem technique):1. - , -

. - ,

118

, 2003

, , - -, - . , .

2. , - , . , , , , . , [10].

. 10. () ():1 ; 2 ;

3 ; 4 ; 5

5 4

3

1

2

1 2,3 4,

5

2 1

5

3 4

119

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28 4

4.7.25. - (Tandem-T technique) - , , -. .

4.7.26. -, (Tandem-duet tech-nique) - , , (, ), (, ) , - , ( 100 110).

4.7.27. (Mechanical impedance analysis me-thod, MIA method) , . .

4.7.28. [Ultrasonic contact imp-edance method (technique), UCI method] , . .

4.7.29. (Acoustic microscopy) -, ( 100 ) , . .

4.7.30. (Natural vibration me-thod) , - , .

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4.7.31. (Integral natural vibration method) , - .

4.7.32. (Integral resonance method) , - . - , , .

4.7.33. (Local natural vibration method) , .

4.7.34. (Local resonance method) , - . .

4.7.35. (Free vibration method) - , .

4.7.36. (Integral free vibration method) , . - - , , .

4.7.37. (Local free vibration method) , . .

4.7.38. (Acoustical holography) , , . - .

121

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28 4

4.7.39. (Holographic presentati-on) , .

4.7.40. () (Digi-tal acoustic holography) .

4.7.41. (Synthetic aperture tec-hnique) -, .

4.7.42. , - SAFT (Synthetic aperture focusing technique, SAFT) -, - .

4.7.43. (SAFT FFT) -, - - .

. . 4.7.42 4.8.23.

4.7.44. (Ultrasonic tomography) - - -. - .

4.7.45. - (Acousic-topographic method) , -

122

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. .

4.7.46. , (Ultrasound lock-in-thermography) - , - ( 20 ) . , .

4.7.47. (Photoacoustic imagery, photoacoustic microscopy) , - . - (, ), . , .

4.7.48. (Non-linear acoustic method) , - - . . . - .

4.7.49. - (Acoustic emission method) , , , [27]*.

4.7.50. - (Vibration diagnostics method) , , - .

4.7.51. (Noise diagnostics method)

123

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28 4

, , .

4.8.

4.8.1. (Signal) -, [1].

4.8.2. (Pulse):1. : , -

. : -

, .

2. - [10].

4.8.3. (Video pulse) - .

4.8.4. (Radio-frequency pulse) .

4.8.5. (Pulse amplitude) .

4.8.6. (Pulse length, pulse duration):1. ,

(, 0,1 ).

2. -, [10].

4.8.7. (Pulse shape): 1. .2. [10].

124

, 2003

4.8.8. (Pulse envelope) , [10].

4.8.9. , - (Pulse spatial length) , - , .

4.8.10. (Pulse repetition frequency, pulse repetition rate):

1. ( ). .

2. , [10]. 4.8.11. (), (Rec-

tified signal):1. , -

.2. [10]. 4.8.12. , (R-F signal):1. ,

( ).2. [10]. 4.8.13. (Rectangular pulse, square pul-

se) .

4.8.14. (Bell pulse) - .

4.8.15. (Triangular pulse) () , .

4.8.16. , , (Frequency spectrum):

1. - () , .

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28 4

2. [10].4.8.17. (Pulse spectrum)

.4.8.18. (Amplitude spectrum)

.4.8.19. (Phase spectrum) -

.4.8.20. () [Fourier transform (in

time domain)] , - .

4.8.21. () [Fourier trans-form (in space domain)] ( ) . - .

4.8.22. () (Inverse Fourier transform) , .

4.8.23. () (Fast Fourier trans-form, FFT) , - .

4.8.24. , (Emission pulse) (), .

4.8.25. - (Echo signal) , - .

4.8.26. , (Echo height, signal amplitude) () [10].

4.8.27. (Back-wall echo, bottom echo):1. [2].2. , ,

. -

126

, 2003

- [10].

4.8.28. (Through signal) , .

4.8.29. (Transmission point, zero point, front surface reflection) , - [10].

4.8.30. () (Transmission pulse indication, initial pulse):

1. , - .

2. , [10].

4.8.31. (Multiple echos) .

4.8.32. (Spurious echo, parasitic echo): 1. , ,

.2. , [10]. 4.8.33. (Noise) , -

. , , ..

. - , , ( - ), .

4.8.34. (Noise):1. ,

.

127

. , 2003

28 4

2. , - [10].

. , noise.

4.8.35. (Structural noise) , - - .

4.8.36. (Electrical noise) , - , , ..

4.8.37. (Cross-talk): 1. , -

, - .

2. -- , - [10].

4.8.38. (Thermal noise) , , .

4.8.39. (Frictional noise) , - - . , .

4.8.40. - (Signal-to-noise ratio): 1.

.

. - , , - .

128

, 2003

2. - [10].

4.8.41. - , (Respo-nse characteristic) - . - .

4.8.42. , (Cut-off frequency, frequency limit):

1. , - (, 3 ).

2. , 3 , [10].

4.8.43. (Transmission factor) (, ..) . , .

4.8.44. (Bandwidth):1. , ,

- 0,707 .

. .

2. [10].

4.8.45. (Pulse center frequen-cy) , .

. .

4.8.46. (Narrow banded signal) .

129

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28 4

. .

4.8.47. (Narrow banded device) (, , ..) -- .

4.8.48. (Broad banded signal) .

4.8.49. (Broad banded device) - (, , .) - .

4.8.50. (Phase-manipulated sig-nal) , : 0 180.

4.8.51. -- , - (Linear frequency-modulated signal) , - .

4.8.52. (Barker code) , .

4.8.53. (Optimal filter) , - , . -- .

4.8.54. (Analog processing) .

4.8.55. (Digital processing) - , .

4.8.56. (Coherent processing) , .

130

, 2003

4.8.57. (Two parametric signal processing) , - , : , .. () .

4.9.

4.9.1.

4.9.1.1. (Acoustic test equipment) -, , , , . - - , , , - .

4.9.1.2. , : (Acoustic flaw detector): -

, -, 0 1 .

(Sonic flaw detector): , , ( - ) .

4.9.1.3. (Ultrasonic flaw detector) , - .

4.9.1.4. (Acoustic thickness gauge) - , () [2].

. gauge gage.

131

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28 4

4.9.1.5. (Ultrasonic thickness gau-ge) , .

4.9.1.6. (Ultrasonic hardness meter, UCI hardness meter) - , .

4.9.1.7. (Acoustic structure analy-zer):

: , .

: , .

4.9.1.8. (Ultrasonic structure analy-zer) , .

4.9.1.9. - (Reflectoscope, pulse echo flaw detec-tor) , . , .

4.9.1.10. (Through transmission flaw detec-tor) , .

4.9.1.11. (Mechanical impedance analy-sis flaw detector, MIA flaw detector) , .

4.9.1.12. (Velocimetric flaw de-tector) , - .

4.9.1.13. - , .

4.9.1.14. - , .

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4.9.1.15. (Resonance thickness gauge) , ( ).

4.9.1.16. (General purpose test equipment) (, ..), - .

4.9.1.17. (Special purpose test equip-ment) (, ..), - .

. 4.9.1.16 4.9.1.17 .

4.9.2.

4.9.2.1. (Scanning device) - - .

4.9.2.2. (Acoustic block) , ( ) - ( ) - ( ).

4.9.2.3. (Electronic block) , - , , - .

4.9.2.4. (Receiver) , - - -, , .

133

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- .

4.9.2.5. (Amplifier) , .

4.9.2.6. , (Pre-ampli-fier) , - (, ) - . .

4.9.2.7. (Radio-frequency amplifier, RF amplifier, HF amplifier) - ().

4.9.2.8. (Amplifier of rectified pulses) ().

4.9.2.9. (Logarithmic amplifier) -, . - .

4.9.2.10. (Detector) , - .

4.9.2.11. (Reject, noise suppression; grass cutting) 1. ,

( ).2. ()

[10].4.9.2.12. (Exciter of

transmitting transducer) , - - .

4.9.2.13. (Pulse generator) , - .

4.9.2.14. (Sweep generator) - , -

134

, 2003

() ( ).

4.9.2.15. (Gate, time gate) - , [10].

4.9.2.16. (Gate pulse genera-tor) , , .

4.9.2.17. (Amplitude discriminator) , ( ) .

4.9.2.18. , , (Indicator, display) , ( ) .

4.9.2.19. - , (Cathode ray tube, CRT) , . - .

4.9.2.20. (Liquid crystal indi-cator, liquid crystal display, LCD) , - . . .

. , - (, ) , - , . - .

4.9.2.21. (Electro-luminescent indicator, ELD) , - . . , .

. . . 10.2.20.

135

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28 4

4.9.2.22. - (Charge coupl