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Brown 25 Forms Col 04.4.3

De la WIKIPEDIA, enciclopedia lier!

De la WIKIPEDIA, enciclopedia lier!

Brown 25 Forms Col 04.4.3

"aria #$%n

http://www.florisbooks.co.uk/mariathun.html

http://www.florisbooks.co.uk/mariathun.html

Calendar 

http://www.astrologie-info.com/mocal.cgi?language=eng&sidtrop=sid

http://www.rhythmofnature.net/biodynamic-calendar-september-2012

FB

FB

FB

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http://www.rhythmofnature.net/gardener-calendar

http://www.the-gardeners-calendar.co.uk/oon!lanting.asp

Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re

From Wi)ipedia, ($e *ree enc&clopedia

!art of a series on

Anthroposophy

General

#nthroposophy · $udolf %teiner

oetheanum · #nthroposophical %ociety

Anthroposophically inspired work

#nthroposophical medicine  ·Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re

'amphill o(ement  · )urythmy  ·*aldorf education

Philosophy

!hilosophy of +reedom

%ocial threefolding

  ,

 

 

 

  )

Biodynamic agriculture is a me($od o*  or'anic *armin' ($a( emp$asi+es ($e $olis(ic deelopmen( and

in(errela(ions$ips o* ($e soil, plan(s and animals as a sel*-s%s(ainin' s&s(em.12. ne o* ($e *irs( modern

ecolo'ical *armin' s&s(ems, i( emp$asi+es a s%s(ainale approac$ (o a'ric%l(%re.34

Biod&namics $as m%c$ in common wi($ o($er or'anic approac$es/ i( emp$asi+es ($e %se

o*  man%res and compos(s and ecl%des ($e %se o* ar(i*icial c$emicals on soil and plan(s. "e($ods %ni1%e (o ($e

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iod&namic approac$ incl%de an emp$asis on in(e'ra(in' *arm animals, ($e c%l(ia(ion o* crops, and ($e care o*

($e land ($e %se o* *ermen(ed $eral and mineral prepara(ions as compos( addi(ies and *ield spra&s an

emp$asis *rom i(s e'innin's on local prod%c(ion and dis(ri%(ion s&s(ems %sin' local reeds and arie(ies and

($e %se o* an as(ronomical sowin' and plan(in' calendar.1011 #$ere are independen( cer(i*ica(ion a'encies *or

iod&namic prod%c(s mos( o* ($ese a'encies are memers o* ($e in(erna(ional iod&namics s(andards

'ro%p Deme(er In(erna(ional.

 A 20020 reiew *o%nd ($a( iod&namicall& c%l(ia(ed *ields ac$iee lower asol%(e &ields %( e((er ener'&

e**icienc& o* prod%c(ion impac( ($e enironmen( posi(iel&, incl%din' increased iodiersi(& $ad 'rea(er

ear($worm pop%la(ions and iomass ($an conen(ional *arms main(ained or sli'$(l& improed or'anic caron

leels, w$ile o($ or'anic and conen(ional *armin' (ec$ni1%es res%l(ed in a loss o* or'anic caron $ad $i'$er

microial iomass caron and de$&dro'enase ac(ii(& ($an ($ose o* ei($er or'anicall& or conen(ionall& *armed

*ields.1112/23 As o* 20 iod&namic (ec$ni1%es were %sed on 42,462 $ec(ares in 47 co%n(ries 8erman&

acco%n(s *or 45.9 o* ($e 'loal (o(al.3 Biod&namic me($ods o* c%l(ia(in' wine 'rapes $ae een (a)en %p

roadl&, incl%din' & no(ale ine&ards4

Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re $as een c$arac(eri+ed as pseudoscience & cri(ics.11113 I(s *o%nder, $udolf

%teiner, and i(s deelopers c$arac(eri+e i( as :spiri(%al science:. #$e& adoca(e (a)in' a holistic iew ra($er

($an a reductionist iew.14

Con(en(s

  hide 

1 5istory

o   1.1 eographic de(elopments

2 6iodynamic method of farming

o   2.1 6iodynamic preparations

  2.1.1 +ield preparations

  2.1.2 'ompost preparations

o   2.2 #stronomical planting calendar

o   2. %eed production

6iodynamic certification

%tudies of efficacy

o   .1 $e(iews

o   .2 7ndi(idual studies

$eception

o   .1 'riti8ues of methodology

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o   .2 6iodynamic wine

%ee also

9otes

3 $eferences

4 )ternal links

History

#$e deelopmen( o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re e'an in 24 wi($ a series o* ei'$( lec(%res on a'ric%l(%re 'ien &

p$ilosop$er ;%dol* <(einer  a( <c$loss Koerwi(+ in <ilesia, 8erman&, =now Koier+&ce in Poland eas(

o*  Wroc>aw?. #$e lec(%res, ($e *irs( )nown (o $ae een 'ien on or'anic a'ric%l(%re,4 were $eld in response (o

a re1%es( & *armers w$o no(iced de'raded soil condi(ions and a de(eriora(ion in ($e $eal($ and 1%ali(& o* crops

and lies(oc) res%l(in' *rom ($e %se o* c$emical *er(ili+ers.20 #$e one $%ndred and eleen a((endees, less ($an

$al* o* w$om were *armers, came *rom si co%n(ries, primaril& 8erman& and Poland.4 #$e lec(%res were

p%lis$ed in @oemer 24 ($e *irs( En'lis$ (ransla(ion appeared in 26 as The Agriculture Course.2

<(einer emp$asi+ed ($a( ($e me($ods $e proposed s$o%ld e (es(ed eperimen(all&. An a'ric%l(%ral researc$

'ro%p, direc(ed & Er$ard Bar(sc$, was *ormed (o (es( ($e e**ec(s o* iod&namic me($ods on ($e li*e and $eal($

o*  soil, plan(s and animals ($e 'ro%p p%lis$ed a mon($l& o%rnal Demeter . Bar(sc$ was also ins(r%men(al in

deelopin' a sales or'anisa(ion *or iod&namic prod%c(s, Demeter , w$ic$ s(ill eis(s (oda&. #$e researc$ 'ro%p,

renamed The Imperial Association for Biodynamic Agriculture in ($e 30s, was dissoled & ($e @a(ional

<ocialis( re'ime in 4.

In 36, E$ren*ried P*ei**er s 'ro%ndrea)in' (e( Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening  was p%lis$ed in *ie

lan'%a'es/ En'lis$, D%(c$, I(alian, Frenc$, and 8erman ($is ecame ($e s(andard wor) in ($e *ield *or seeral

decades.

#oda& iod&namics is prac(iced in more ($an 50 co%n(ries worldwide. ermany, 7taly and 7ndia are repor(ed

(o e ($e leadin' co%n(ries in iod&namic a'ric%l(%re ased on iod&namic $ec(ares.22 ;emeter

7nternational is ($e primar& cer(i*ica(ion a'enc& *or *arms and 'ardens %sin' ($e me($ods.

8eo'rap$ic deelopmen(s

In  A%s(ralia ($e *irs( iod&namic prepara(ions were made & Ernes(o 8enoni in "elo%rne in

2723 and & Bo Williams in <&dne& in 3. <ince ($e 50s researc$ wor) $as con(in%ed a( ($e

Biod&namic ;esearc$ Ins(i(%(e =BD;I?24 in Powell(own, near "elo%rne A%s(ralia %nder ($e direc(ion

o* Ale Podolins)&.25 In 6 Biod&namic A'ric%l(%re A%s(ralia was es(alis$ed, as a no( *or pro*i(

associa(ion.

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In 26 ($e Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation was *o%nded in En'land ($is is now called

($e Biodynamic Agriculture Association. In 3, Bri(ains *irs( iod&namic a'ric%l(%re con*erence,

($eBe((es$an'er  <%mmer <c$ool and Con*erence on Biod&namic A'ric%l(%re, was $eld a(

ord @or($o%rnes *arm in Ken( E$ren*ried P*ei**er  was ($e lead presen(er .2

In ($e ni(ed <(a(es, ($e Biod&namic Farmin' 8ardenin' Associa(ion was *o%nded in 36 as a @ew

Gor) s(a(e corpora(ion.

In France ($e In(erna(ional Federa(ion o* r'anic A'ric%l(%re "oemen(s =IFA"? was *ormed in 72

wi($ *ie *o%ndin' memers, one o* w$ic$ was ($e <wedis$ Biod&namic Associa(ion.27

#$e niersi(& o* <assel $ad a Depar(men( o* Biod&namic A'ric%l(%re *rom 200 (o "arc$ 20.23

Biodynamic method of farming

In common wi($ o($er *orms o* or'anic a'ric%l(%re, iod&namic a'ric%l(%re %ses mana'emen( prac(ices ($a(

:res(ore, main(ain and en$ance ecolo'ical $armon&.: Cen(ral *ea(%res incl%de crop diersi*ica(ion, ($e

aoidance o* c$emical soil (rea(men(s and o**-*arm inp%(s 'enerall&, decen(rali+ed prod%c(ion and dis(ri%(ion,

and ($e considera(ion o* celes(ial and (erres(rial in*l%ences on iolo'ical or'anisms.24

Biod&namic *armers see) (o in(e'ra(e soil, crops, animals, and socie(& as in(erdependen( par(s o* a $olis(icall&

conceied and sel*-s%s(ainin' ecolo'ical en(i(&. Impor(an( *ea(%res incl%de ($e %se o* lies(oc) man%res (o

s%s(ain plan( 'row($ =rec&clin' o* n%(rien(s?, main(enance and improemen( o* soil 1%ali(&, and ($e $eal($ and

well ein' o* crops and animals.20 Coer crops, 'reen man%res and crop ro(a(ions are %sed e(ensiel& and ($e

*arms *os(er ($e io-diersi(& o* plan(, insec(, ird, and o($er animal li*e. #$e& also wor) (o en$ance ($e

iolo'ical c&cles and ($e iolo'ical ac(ii(& o* ($e soil.

Biod&namic *arms o*(en $ae a c%l(%ral componen( and enco%ra'e local comm%ni(&, o($ ($ro%'$ deelopin'

local sales and ($ro%'$ on-*arm comm%ni(& %ildin' ac(ii(ies. <ome iod&namic *arms %se ($eComm%ni(&

<%ppor(ed A'ric%l(%re model, w$ic$ $as connec(ions wi($ social ($ree*oldin'.

BD *armin' prac(ices $ae een *o%nd (o e more resilien( (o enironmen(al c$allen'es, (o *os(er a dierse

iosp$ere, and (o e more ener'& e**icien( *ac(ors o* increasin' impor(ance in ($e *ace o* clima(e c$an'e,

ener'& scarci(& and pop%la(ion 'row($.0

Biod&namic prepara(ions

<(einer prescried nine di**eren( prepara(ions (o aid *er(ili+a(ion, and descried $ow ($ese were (o e prepared.

<(einer elieed ($a( ($ese prepara(ions media(ed (erres(rial and cosmic *orces in(o ($e soil.3 #$e prepared

s%s(ances are n%mered 500 ($ro%'$ 506, w$ere ($e *irs( (wo are %sed *or preparin' *ields w$ereas ($e la((er

seen are %sed *or ma)in' compos(. A lon' (erm (rial =DK eperimen(? eal%a(in' ($e iod&namic *armin'

s&s(em in comparison wi($ or'anic and conen(ional *armin' s&s(ems, *o%nd ($a( prepara(ions $ae in*l%ence

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on soil s(r%c(%re and micro-or'anisms en$ancin' soil *er(ili(& and increasin' iodiersi(&.3 ;e'ardin' compos(

deelopmen( e&ond accelera(in' ($e ini(ial p$ase o* compos(in', some posi(ie e**ec(s $ae een no(ed/ 32

#$e *ield spra&s con(ain s%s(ances ($a( s(im%la(e plan( 'row($ incl%de c&(o)inins.

<ome improemen( in n%(rien( con(en( o* compos(.

Field prepara(ions

his section needs

additional citations forverification. (J 

anuary 2012)

Field prepara(ions, *or s(im%la(in' humus *orma(ion/

  500/ =$orn-man%re? a $%m%s mi(%re prepared & *illin' ($e $orn o* a cow wi($ cow manure and

%r&in' i( in ($e 'ro%nd =40H0 cm elow ($e s%r*ace? in ($e a%(%mn. I( is le*( (o decompose d%rin' ($e

win(er and recoered *or %se ($e *ollowin' sprin'.

  501/ Cr%s$ed powdered 1%ar(+ prepared & s(%**in' i( in(o a $orn o* a cow and %ried in(o ($e 'ro%nd

in sprin' and (a)en o%( in a%(%mn. I( can e mied wi($ 500 %( %s%all& prepared on i(s own =mi(%re o*

(alespoon o* 1%ar(+ powder (o 250 li(ers o* wa(er? #$e mi(%re is spra&ed %nder er& low press%re oer

($e crop d%rin' ($e we( season, in an a((emp( (o preen( *%n'al diseases. I( s$o%ld e spra&ed on an

oercas( da& or earl& in ($e mornin' (o preen( %rnin' o* ($e leaes.

Bo($ 500 and 50 are %sed on *ields & s(irrin' ao%( one (easpoon o* ($e con(en(s o* a $orn in 40H0 li(ers o*

wa(er *or an $o%r, crea(in' or(ees in al(erna(e direc(ions.

Compos( prepara(ions

his section needs

additional citations forverification. (J 

anuary 2012)

Compos( prepara(ions, %sed *or preparin' compos(, emplo& $ers w$ic$ are *re1%en(l& %sed in medicinal

remedies/

  502/ arrow lossoms = Achillea millefolium? are s(%**ed in(o urinary bladders *rom $ed

;eer =Cervus elaphus?, placed in ($e s%n d%rin' s%mmer, %ried in ear($ d%rin' win(er and re(rieed in

($e sprin'.

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  503/ 'hamomile lossoms =Matricaria recutita? are s(%**ed in(o small

intestines *rom cattle %ried in $%m%s-ric$ ear($ in ($e a%(%mn and re(rieed in ($e sprin'.

  504/ %tinging nettle =Urtica dioica? plan(s in *%ll loom are s(%**ed (o'e($er %nder'ro%nd s%rro%nded

on all sides & peat *or a &ear.

  505/ >ak bark =uercus ro!ur ? is c$opped in small pieces, placed inside ($e s)%ll o* a domes(ica(ed

animal, s%rro%nded & pea( and %ried in ear($ in a place w$ere lo(s o* rain wa(er r%ns pas(.

  506/ ;andelion *lowers =Tara"acum officinale? are s(%**ed in(o ($e mesentery o* a cow and %ried

in ear($ d%rin' win(er and re(rieed in ($e sprin'.

  507/ ,alerian *lowers =#aleriana officinalis? are e(rac(ed in(o wa(er.

  508/ orse(ail =$%uisetum?

ne (o ($ree 'rams =a (easpoon? o* eac$ prepara(ion is added (o a d%n' $eap & di''in' 50 cm deep $oles

wi($ a dis(ance o* 2 me(ers *rom eac$ o($er, ecep( *or ($e 507 prepara(ion, w$ic$ is s(irred in(o 5 li(ers o* wa(er

and spra&ed oer ($e en(ire compos( s%r*ace. All prepara(ions are ($%s %sed in $omeopa($ic 1%an(i(ies. Eac$

compos( prepara(ion is desi'ned (o '%ide a par(ic%lar decomposi(ion process in ($e compos(in'mass.

ne s(%d& *o%nd ($a( ($e oa) ar) prepara(ion improed disease resis(ance in +%cc$ini.2

 As(ronomical plan(in' calendar 

#$e approac$ considers ($a( ($ere are as(ronomical in*l%ences on soil and plan( deelopmen(, speci*&in', *or

eample, w$a( p$ase o* ($e moon is mos( appropria(e *or plan(in', c%l(ia(in' or $ares(in' ario%s )inds o*

crops. #$is aspec( o* iod&namics $as een (ermed :as(rolo'ical: in na(%re.

<eed prod%c(ion

Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re $as *oc%sed on ($e open pollina(ion o* seeds =wi($ *armers ($ere& 'enerall& 'rowin'

($eir own seed? and ($e deelopmen( o* locall& adap(ed arie(ies. #$e seed s(oc) is no( con(rolled & lar'e,

m%l(ina(ional seed companies.

Biodynamic certification

#o receie cer(i*ica(ion as a iod&namic *arm, ($e *arm m%s( mee( ($e *ollowin' s(andards/ a'ronomic

'%idelines, 'reen$o%se mana'emen(, s(r%c(%ral componen(s, lies(oc) '%idelines, and pos( $ares( $andlin'

and processin' proced%res.3

#$e (erm Biodynamic  is a (rademar) $eld & ($e ;emeter associa(ion o* iod&namic *armers *or ($e p%rpose

o* main(ainin' prod%c(ion s(andards %sed o($ in *armin' and processin' *oods(%**s.=#$is is no( a (rademar)

$eld pria(el& in @ew Jealand? #$e (rademar) is in(ended (o pro(ec( o($ ($e cons%mer and ($e prod%cers o*

iod&namic prod%ce. ;emeter 7nternational is an or'ani+a(ion o* memer co%n(ries eac$ co%n(r& $as i(s

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own Deme(er or'ani+a(ion w$ic$ is re1%ired (o mee( in(erna(ional prod%c(ion s(andards =%( can also eceed

($em?. #$e ori'inal Deme(er or'ani+a(ion was *o%nded in 26 ($e .<. Deme(er Associa(ion was *ormed in

($e 60s and cer(i*ied i(s *irs( *arm in 62. In +rance, 6iodi(in cer(i*ies biodynamic

wine. In )gypt, %)<) $as crea(ed ($e E'&p(ian Biod&namic Associa(ion =EBDA?, an associa(ion ($a(

proides (rainin' *or *armers (o ecome cer(i*ied.3

Studies of efficacy

<(%dies $ae compared iod&namic *armin' me($ods (o o($ o($er or'anic me($ods and (o conen(ional

me($ods. "os( s(%dies $ae *o%nd ($a( iod&namic *arms $ae soil 1%ali(& si'ni*ican(l& e((er ($an

conen(ionall& *armed soils %( comparale (o ($e soil 1%ali(& ac$ieed & o($er or'anic me($ods ($e decisie

*ac(or is li)el& (o e ($e %se o* compos(.4

;eiews

 A 20020 reiew *o%nd ($a( iod&namicall& c%l(ia(ed *ields/1112/23

ac$iee lower asol%(e &ields %( e((er e**icienc& o* prod%c(ion =rela(ie (o ener'& inp%(?vague

$ad 'rea(er ear($worm pop%la(ions and iomass ($an conen(ional *arms o($ *ac(ors were similar (o

($e res%l( in or'anicall& c%l(ia(ed *ields.

main(ained or sli'$(l& improed ($e or'anic caron leels, w$ile o($ or'anic and conen(ional *armin'

(ec$ni1%es res%l(ed in a loss o* or'anic caron.not in citation given

$ad $i'$er microial iomass caron and de$&dro'enase ac(ii(& ($an ($ose o* ei($er or'anicall& or

conen(ionall& *armed *ields.not in citation given

Indiid%al s(%dies

Indiid%al s(%dies $ae *o%nd/

 A lon'-(erm s(%d& cond%c(ed a( a commercial ine&ard in Cali*ornia compared ine&ard loc)s (rea(ed

wi($ iod&namic prepara(ions alon'side ($ose (ended wi($ 'eneral or'anic *armin' me($ods, (o eamine

e**ec(s %pon soil and crop 1%ali(&. :@o di**erences were *o%nd in soil 1%ali(&: d%rin' ($e *irs( si &ears o* ($e

s(%d&, and anal&ses o* o($er indica(ors incl%din' ($e &ield per ine, cl%s(ers per ine, cl%s(er and err&

wei'$( also s$owed ($ere were no di**erences. #$e s(%d& did *ind a s(a(is(icall& si'ni*ican( =p-al%e  0.05?

di**erence in ($e &ield-(o-pr%nin' wei'$( ra(io, indica(in' an :ideal ine alance *or prod%cin' $i'$-1%ali(&

wine 'rapes: *or ($e iod&namicall& (rea(ed crop, %( no(ed ($e con(rol ines $ad een :sli'$(l&

oercropped:. In one par(ic%lar &ear o* ($e s(%d& ($e iod&namicall& (rea(ed wine 'rapes $ad si'ni*ican(l&

$i'$er  Briand no(al& $i'$er (o(al p$enols and an($oc&anins. In concl%sion, ($e s(%d& *o%nd ($a(

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iod&namic prepara(ions :ma& a**ec(: ($e ine canop& and c$emis(r&, %( s$owed no e**ec(s on ($e soil

and (iss%e n%(rien( parame(ers meas%red in ($e s(%d&.40

Decomposi(ion was si'ni*ican(l& *as(er in plo(s w$ic$ receied *arm&ard man%re =FG"? (rea(ed wi($

iod&namic prepara(ions ($an in plo(s w$ic$ receied no FG", FG" wi($o%( prepara(ions or FG" wi($ an

al(erna(ie prepara(ion. :#$e applica(ion o* comple(el& prepared FG" led (o si'ni*ican(l& $i'$er iomass

and a%ndance o* endo'eic or anecic ear($worms ($an in plo(s w$ere non-prepared FG" was applied.:4

 A 2-&ear s(%d& & "Lder et al  *or ($e FiB Ins(i(%(e in <wi(+erland compared ($e a'ronomic and

ecolo'ical per*ormance o* iod&namic, or'anic and (wo conen(ional s&s(ems. #$e s(%d& *o%nd ($a(

n%(rien( inp%( in ($e iod&namic and or'anic s&s(ems was 34 (o 59 lower ($an in ($e conen(ional

s&s(ems %( crop &ield was onl& 209 lower on aera'e, indica(in' more e**icien( prod%c(ion. #$e (o(al

ener'& =*or *%el, prod%c(ion o* mineral *er(ili+er and pes(icides, e(c.? (o prod%ce a dr&-ma((er %ni( o* crop

was 20 (o 59 lower *or ($e iod&namic and or'anic s&s(ems, and pes(icide inp%( was red%ced & 79

=& 009 *or ($e iod&namic s&s(em?. In re'ard (o soil a''re'a(e s(aili(&, soil p, $%m%s *orma(ion, soil

calci%m, microial iomass, and *a%nal iomass =ear($worms and ar($ropods?, ($e iod&namic s&s(em was

s%perior een (o ($e or'anic s&s(em, w$ic$ in (%rn $ad s%perior res%l(s oer ($e conen(ional s&s(ems.

Wi($ ($e si'ni*ican( increase in microial diersi(& in ($e iod&namic and or'anic s&s(ems, ($ere was a

si'ni*ican( associa(ed decrease in me(aolic 1%o(ien(, indica(in' a 'rea(er aili(& (o %se or'anic ma(erial *or

plan( 'row($.2

#$e me($odolo'& o* ($is s(%d& was cri(ici+ed & (wo wine wri(ersMp$ilosop$& pro*essor

Do%'lass <mi($ and criminolo'& pro*essor NesOs Bar1%nM*or *ailin' (o separa(e m&s(ical elemen(s iniod&namics *rom s(andard or'anic (ec$ni1%es and *or comparin' iod&namic *armin' wi($ o($

or'anic and conen(ional, ra($er ($an solel& wi($ or'anic me($ods. <%pplemen(al ma(erials, *o%nd

online %( no( in ($e p%lis$ed paper, descried si'ni*ican( di**erences e(ween ($e iod&namic and

($e or'anic me($odolo'& *or ins(ance, %nspeci*ied c$emicals were added (o ($e or'anic *arms

compos(, possil& leadin' (o i(s sli'$(l& poorer per*ormance.

eadin'4 K iolo'is( An($on& :#on&: #rewaas cri(ici+ed ($e s(%d& *or poorl& represen(in'

conen(ional in(e'ra(ed *arm mana'emen( =IF"? me($ods, wi($ "Lder et al s repor(ed conen(ional

&ields some 409 lower ($an w$a( $e sees ro%(inel&.47 #rewaas parap$rased ol'er Kirc$manns

concl%sions in sa&in' ($a( <(einers *armin' me($od :wi($ i(s elie* in cosmic *orces $as no place in

an& scien(i*ic disc%ssion and is considered occ%l( in c$arac(er.:47

In , Noac$im ;a%pp o* ($e Ins(i(%(e *or Biod&namic ;esearc$ repor(ed ($a( in a lon'-(erm (rial

across *o%r *ields o* ro(a(in' crops, ($e %se o* iod&namic prepara(ions wi($ or'anic *er(ili+er was *o%nd (o

increase soil or'anic ma((er con(en( si'ni*ican(l& more ($an ($e same 1%an(i(& o* or'anic *er(ili+er wi($o%(

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($e prepara(ions o($ *orms o* or'anic applica(ions increased soil or'anic ma((er more ($an mineral

*er(ili+er. oweer, ;a%pp no(iced ($a( crop &ield did no( *ollow ($e same pa((ern/ ($e &ield o* sprin' w$ea(

was ($e same no ma((er w$ic$ *er(ili+er was %sed, and mineral *er(ili+ers prod%ced 339 more win(er r&e

and 09 more po(a(oes ($an or'anic *er(ili+ers wi($ or wi($o%( iod&namic addi(ies.46

 A *%r($er s(%d& ines(i'a(ed w$e($er iod&namic prepara(ions $ad an& e**ec( on ($e &ield and 'row($

o* len(il and w$ea( crops, weed pop%la(ions and soil *er(ili(& in ($e s$or( (erm. #$e s(%d& *o%nd

($a( :in 'eneral, soils and crops (rea(ed wi($ iod&namic prepara(ions s$owed *ew di**erences *rom ($ose

no( (rea(ed:. Plo(s (ended wi($ iod&namicall& (rea(ed compos( prod%ced res%l(s *or &ield, crop 1%ali(& and

soil *er(ili(& ($a( were ($e same (o ($ose (ended wi($ non-iod&namic compos(s and @PK *er(ili+ers. <ome

al(era(ion was osered in ($e ni(ro'eno%s c$emis(r& o* ($e soil and 'rain w$ere iod&namic *ield spra&s

were applied, $oweer ($e s(%d& did no( ascrie or discern an& iolo'ical si'ni*icance (o ($e di**erence.

 Amon' ($e ariales considered & ($e s(%d&, some meas%red o%(comes correla(ed wi($ iod&namic *ield

spra& %sa'e, incl%din' a $i'$er per-%ni( iomass &ield ra(io *or len(ils and a lowerin' o*  caron and

cr%de pro(ein con(en(s in w$ea( 'rains. #$e s(%d&s concl%sion remar)ed ($a( :an& addi(ional s$or(-(erm

ene*i(s *rom iod&namic prepara(ions remain 1%es(ionale.:4

"inor e**ec(s *or ($e *ield spra&s on ($e caron con(en( and soil microial *a((& acid pro*ile, %( no

e**ec(s *or ($e compos( prepara(ions50

 A 3 s(%d& compared soil 1%ali(& and *inancial per*ormance o* Biod&namic and conen(ional *arms

in @ew Jealand. #$e s(%d& repor(ed ($a(, :#$e Biod&namic *arms proed in mos( en(erprises (o $ae soils

o* $i'$er iolo'ical and p$&sical 1%ali(&/ si'ni*ican(l& 'rea(er in or'anic ma((er, con(en( and microial

ac(ii(&, more ear($worms, e((er soil s(r%c(%re, lower %l) densi(&, easier pene(raili(&, and ($ic)er

(opsoil.:1#$e iod&namic *arms were %s( as *inanciall& iale on a per $ec(are asis.1 #$e s(%d&

compared iod&namic *arms wi($ adacen( conen(ional *arms, %( didn( a((emp( (o compare *arms o*

similar si+e, or wi($ similar crops.

Recetion

Cri(i1%es o* me($odolo'&

Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re $as een cri(ici+ed as pse%doscience & sc$olars. In a 2002 newspaper orial, Pe(er

#re%e c$arac(eri+ed iod&namics as pse%doscience and ar'%ed ($a( similar or e1%al res%l(s can e o(ained

%sin' s(andard or'anic *armin' principles. e wro(e ($a( ($e iod&namic prepara(ions more

resemle alc$em& or ma'ic a)in (o 'eomanc&.52

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In a 4 anal&sis, ol'er Kirc$mann, a soil researc$er wi($ ($e <wedis$ niersi(& o* A'ric%l(%ral <ciences,

concl%ded ($a( <(einers ins(r%c(ions were occ%l( and do'ma(ic, and canno( con(ri%(e (o ($e deelopmen( o*

al(erna(ie or s%s(ainale a'ric%l(%re and ($a( man& o* <(einers s(a(emen(s are no( proale eca%se

scien(i*icall& clear $&po($eses canno( e made *rom $is descrip(ions =*or eample, i( is $ard (o proe ($a( one

$as $arnessed :cosmic *orces: in ($e *oods?. Kirc$mann asser(ed ($a( w$en me($ods o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re

were (es(ed scien(i*icall&, ($e res%l(s were %nconincin'.53 F%r($er, in a 2004 oeriew o* iod&namic

a'ric%l(%re, inda C$al)er-<co((, a researc$er a( Was$in'(on <(a(e niersi(&, c$arac(eri+ed iod&namics as

pse%doscience, wri(in' ($a( <(einer did no( %se scien(i*ic me($ods (o *orm%la(e $is ($eor& o* iod&namics, and

($a( ($e la(er addi(ion o* alid or'anic *armin' (ec$ni1%es $as :m%ddled ($e disc%ssion: o* <(einers ori'inal

idea. Based on ($e scan( scien(i*ic (es(in' o* iod&namics, C$al)er-<co(( concl%ded :no eidence eis(s: ($a(

$omeopa($ic prepara(ions improe ($e soil.54

In ichael %hermers (wo-ol%me wor), The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, iod&namic

a'ric%l(%re is descried as rel&in' on as(rolo'ical condi(ions, cosmic in*l%ences and ma'ical

ri(%als. <)ep(ic 6rian ;unning wri(es :($e es( wa& (o ($in) o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re wo%ld e as a ma'ic

spell cas( oer an en(ire *arm. Biod&namics sees an en(ire *arm as a sin'le or'anism, wi($ some($in' ($a( ($e&

call a li*e *orce.:

Biod&namic wine

Main article& Biodynaic !ine

 As o* 200, more ($an 200 wineries worldwide were cer(i*ied as iod&namic n%mero%s o($er wineries emplo&

iod&namic me($ods (o a 'rea(er or lesser e(en(. Famil&-owned %sinesses ($a( emp$asise :or'anic,

s%s(ainale and iod&namic: wan( :(o pass on $eal($ier *arms and %sinesses (o ($e ne( 'enera(ion:.3

See also

 Agriculture and Agronomy portal 

  #groecology

  #lan 'hadwick

  )hrenfried !feiffer

  5omeodynamic agriculture

  ist of 6iodynamic +arms

  !ermaculture

The "eal #irt on $arer John - doc%men(ar& on a conen(ional *arm w$ic$ coner(ed (o

iod&namic and community-supported agriculture.

  ,eriflora

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  *ild farming

!otes

.   ^  Andrew C$ris(op$er orand. Biodynamic Agriculture'A (aradigmatic Analysis) Penns&lania <(a(e

niersi(&, Depar(men( o* A'ric%l(%ral and E(ension Ed%ca(ion. P$D Disser(a(ion.

2.   ^ Dier =?, @'ommunity %upported #griculture@. #$e @CA# <%s(ainale A'ric%l(%re

Proec(.

. Q a b Kirc$mann, . #$oraldsson, 8. Ber's(rom, . 8er+ae), ". Andren, . Eri)sson, .. Winnin'e, ".

=2006?.@+undamentals of organic agriculture@ =PDF?. *rganic Crop (roduction--Am!itions and

+imitations. ;e(rieed 200-07-0.dead link 

. Q a b c  d  Pa%ll, No$n =20?. @#ttending the +irst >rganic #griculture 'ourse: $udolf

%teinerAs #griculture 'ourse at <oberwitBC 142@. $uropean ,ournal of ocial ciences.  21=?/ 4H

70.

5.   ^ Dier =, As(rac(?.

. Q a b c  d  e o((er, D.W. 2003. @>rganic agriculture@ N. <%s(ainale A'ric%l(%re 2=4?

7.   ^ ;ic$ard arwood, *ormer C.<. "o(( C$air *or <%s(ainale A'ric%l(%re a( "ic$i'an <(a(e niersi(&, calls ($e

iod&namic moemen( ($e :*irs( or'ani+ed and well-de*ined moemen( o* 'rowers and p$ilosop$ies in s%s(ainale

a'ric%l(%re =arwood 0 p.?.

6.   ^ I)erd, No$n =200?. :<%s(ainaili(&, ;%ral:. In eslie A. D%ram.$ncyclopedia of *rganic/ ustaina!le/ and

+ocal Food . ABC-CI. pp. 347H34. 7%69 014.

.   ^  Ao((, . K. "%rp$&, Daniel R. =2007?. Soil Biological $ertility% & 'ey to Sustainale

and *se in &griculture. <prin'er. p. 233. 7%69 102013D.

0.   ^ #$e Biod&namic A'ric%l(%ral Associa(ion =n.d.?:An as(ronomical calendar is %sed (o de(ermine a%spicio%s,

plan(in', c%l(ia(in' and $ares(in' (imes: =as opposed (o an as(rolo'ical calendar?.

11. Q a b c  #%rine), ". 8roelni)-"la)ar, <., Baec, "., and Baec, F. =200?. :Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re researc$

pro'ress and priori(ies:. 0ene1a!le Agriculture and Food ystems 24 =2?/ 4H54.

12. Q a b #%rine),, "a(a+ =20?. :Comparaili(& o* ($e Biod&namic Prod%c(ion <&s(em ;e'ardin' A'ronomic

Enironmen(al and S%ali(& Parame(ers:. (h)D) Thesis/ University of Mari!or .

3.   ^ Pa%ll, No$n ="a& 20?. >rganics >lympiad 2011: lobal 7ndices of eadership in

>rganic #griculture/ @>rganics >lympiad 2011: lobal 7ndices of eadership in

>rganic #griculture@.,ournal of ocial and Development ciences 1 =4?/ 44H50.

4.   ^ ;eee, e( al. =2005?.

5.   ^ 8oode, Namie =200-03-0?. The science of 1ine& from vine to glass. niersi(& o* Cali*ornia

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.   ^ C$al)er-<co((, inda =2004?. @he yth of 6iodynamic #griculture@. Master Gardener

Maga2ine.

7.   ^ <mi($, D. =200?. @>n +ertile round? >bEections to 6iodynamics@. The 3orld of Fine

3ine =2?/ 06H3.

6.   ^ Kirc$mann, ol'er =4?. :Biolo'ical d&namic *armin'--an occ%l( *orm o* al(erna(ie a'ric%l(%reT:. ,) Agric)

$nviron) $thics 7=2?/ 73H67. doi/10.100/6+0240.

14. Q a b c  d  Pa%ll, No$n =20? @6iodynamic #griculture: he Fourney from <oberwitB to

the *orldC 142-143@, ,ournal of *rganic ystems, 20, =?/27-4.

20. Q a b Dier =?, @7ntroduction@.

2.   ^ Pa%ll, No$n =20? @he %ecrets of <oberwitB: he diffusion of $udolf %teinerAs

#griculture 'ourse and the founding of 6iodynamic #griculture@, ,ournal of ocial 0esearch 4

(olicy , 2=?/-2.

22.

  ^ Pa%ll, No$n =20? 

@>rganics >lympiad 2011: lobal 7ndices of eadership in>rganic #griculture@, ,ournal of ocial and Development ciences, =4?/44-50.

23.   ^ imeline of en(ironmental mo(ement in #ustraliadead link :27 Ernes(o 8enoni

in(rod%ces iod&namic *armin' me($ods (o A%s(ralia.: - is(or& - #$e A%s(ralian 8reens

24.   ^ 6iodynamic $esearch 7nstitute G6;$7H

25.   ^ @# 6rief 5istory of 6io-dynamics - an #ustralian !erspecti(e@Biodynaic

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2.   ^ Pa%ll, No$n =20? @he 6etteshanger %ummer %chool: issing link between

biodynamic agriculture and organic farming@,,ournal of *rganic ystems, 20, =2?/3-2.

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2.   ^ arwood, ;ic$ard ;. =0?. :A is(or& o* <%s(ainale A'ric%l(%re:. In Clie A. Edwards, ;a((an al, Pa(ric)

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3.   ^ "Lder, Pa%l Fliessac$, Andreas D%ois, Daid 8%ns(, %cie Fried, Padr%o( @i''li, rs =2002?. @%oil+ertility and 6iodi(ersity in >rganic +arming@. cience 2"6 =5573?/ 4H

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o* Crop and <oil <ciences, Dec. 2003

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34.   ^ Dier =?, @!lanetary 7nfluences@.

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3.   ^ "a'ali Delmas, Rered Doc(ori-Blass, Kara <$%s(er, @'eago ,inegarden: 5ow green is your

wine?: )n(ironmental differentiation strategy through )co-labels@. Case <(%d&, Donald Bren

<c$ool o* Enironmen(al <cience and "ana'emen(, niersi(& o* Cali*ornia, <an(a Barara, p.

37.   ^ Pa%l 8re'%((, :@o( Woo-Woo An&more/ "ore and more wineries are (as(in' ($e ene*i(s o* sain' ($e

soil:, The eattle Times, @oemer 20, 2005. $eprint copy. Accessed 2006-0-2.

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compos( deelopmen(:.oil cience ociety of America ,ournal  64/ 5H56.

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1. Q a b ;e'anold, et al) =3?.

52.   ^ #re%e, Pe(er =3 "arc$ 2002?. @6lut und 6ohnen: ;er !aradigmenwechsel im

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55.   ^ <$ermer, "ic$ael =2002?. The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience. 2. ABC-CI.

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