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Slides from my KMWorld 2010 workshop, edited slightly to accommodate the 100 MB limit.
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3
Agenda
• Introductions• Defining Information Architecture• Principles of Cartography• Shaping Territory (Classic IA)
• Paths and Places (Pervasive IA)
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in•for•ma•tion ar•chi•tec•ture n.
• The structural design of shared information environments.
• The combination of organization, labeling, search, and navigation systems in web sites and intranets.
• The art and science of shaping information products and experiences to support usability and findability.
• An emerging discipline and community of practice focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.
Polar Bear IA
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in•for•ma•tion ar•chi•tect n.
An individual who organizes the patterns inherent in data, making the complex clear.
The person who creates the structure or map of information that allows others to find their personal paths to knowledge.
The emerging 21st-century professional addressing the needs of the age focused on clarity, human understanding, and the science of the organization of information.
Richard Saul Wurman
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Visual Thinking Unwritten Rule #1
“Whoever best describes a problem is the person most likely to solve the problem.
…or, whoever draws the best picture gets the funding.”
10“A picture can connect the strategic with the tactical in a
way no other communication form possibly can.” Dave Gray
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Agenda
• Introductions• Defining Information Architecture• Principles of Cartography• Shaping Territory (Classic IA)
• Paths and Places (Pervasive IA)
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“Probably the best statistical graphic ever drawn, this map by Charles Joseph Minard portrays the losses suffered by Napoleon’s army in the Russian campaign of 1812.” Edward Tufte
http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/posters
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“Aboriginal Creation myths tell of the legendary totemic beings who had wandered over the continent in the Dreamtime, singing out the name of everything that crossed their path - birds, animals, plants, rocks, waterholes - and so singing the world into existence.”
The Songlines by Bruce Chatwin
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Animals use a combination of egocentric and geocentric techniques for wayfinding.
Ambient Findability by Peter Morville
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Paths
The streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads, and other channels through which people move.
Edges
The walls, shores, fences, barriers, and other boundaries that create linear breaks in continuity, both separating and relating distinct regions.
Districts
Major sections of the city that possess a common identifying character (e.g., The Financial District, The North End).
Nodes
Intersections, enclosed squares, street corners, subway stations, and other hubs that serve as points of reference, transition, and destination.
Landmarks
Towering buildings, golden domes, mountains, signs, storefronts, trees, doorknobs, and other objects that serve as spatial reference points.
The Image of the City by Kevin Lynch
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Agenda
• Introductions• Defining Information Architecture• Principles of Cartography• Shaping Territory (Classic IA)
• Paths and Places (Pervasive IA)
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“Categorization is not a matter to be taken lightly. There is nothing more basic than categorization to our thought, perception, action, and speech.”
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Navigation
Where Am I?
Wha
t's N
earb
y?
What's RelatedTo What's Here?
Global Navigation
Loca
l Nav
igat
ion
Content Lives Here,With ContextualNavigation Inline
Or Separate.
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"laptop" > $910 - $1070 > Hewlett Packard > At least 1 GB > 14 - 15 Inch > Bluetooth > 4 - 5 lbs
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Principles of Design
Incremental Construction
Progressive Disclosure
Immediate Response
Predictability
Alternate Views
Recognition Over Recall
Minimal Disruption
Direct Manipulation
Context of Use
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Incremental Construction Progressive Disclosureone step at a time… more within reach…
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Immediate Response Predictabilityflow requires feedback… feed-forward features and results…
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Direct Manipulation Context of Usetapping into muscle memory… the delight is in the details…
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Fragmentation. Fragmentation into multiple sites, domains, and identities is clearly a major problem. Many users don’t know which site to visit for which purpose, and the lack of consistent, intuitive inter-site search and navigation makes it difficult to find content without knowing source and location.
Findability. Users often can’t find what they need from the home page, but that’s only the start of the problem. Most users don’t come through the front door. They enter via a web search or a deep link, and are often confused by what they do find. Even worse, most potential users never use the site, because many of its resources aren’t easily findable via external searches.
Major Challenges
Strategic
Tactical
Levers
SurfaceStructure
InfrastructureGovernance
CultureLayers
What
How
Centralization
Strategy
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Services & Scenarios
To Do
Primary Audiences
Top 3 Goals / Tasks
Genealogist
Graphic Designer
Stay at Home Mom
Interest Group Member
Journalist
Museum Collections Manager
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e-videos
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Agenda
• Introductions• Defining Information Architecture• Principles of Cartography• Shaping Territory (Classic IA)
• Paths and Places (Pervasive IA)
81
find·a·bil·i·ty n
The quality of being locatable or navigable.
The degree to which an object is easy to discover or locate.
The degree to which a system or environment supports wayfinding, navigation, and retrieval.
am·bi·ent adj
Surrounding; encircling; enveloping (e.g., ambient air)
the ability to find anyone or anything from anywhere at anytime
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Automatic LocatesSchedule an "automatic locate" to see where your child is at a given time.
Breadcrumbing FeatureThis feature is great for identifying a specific route or series of destinations.
[email protected] Wireless Location Appliance
“A quick glance at the screen shows exactly where the tagged wheelchairs are located...Patients wait no more than a few minutes for a wheelchair, and we save $28,000 a month by eliminating searches.”
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BrainPort
Camera in glasses captures video.
Image recreated on grid of 400 electrodes.
User feels the shape on the tongue.
Brain learns to see through the tongue.
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Information is blurring the lines between products and services to create multi-channel, cross-platform, trans-media, physico-digital user experiences.
Ubiquitous Service Design
http://semanticstudios.com/publications/semantics/000633.php
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I follow a plant that tweets. Her name is pothos and she lives in Toronto with Angela, an information architect. When pothos is thirsty, she asks for help. Sometimes days pass before the water comes.
Bruce Sterling once noted, "Futurism doesn't mean predicting an awesome wonder; rather it means recognizing and describing a small apparent oddity that is destined to become a great commonplace."
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iPhone Sensors
• Location (GPS)• Orientation (Compass)• Motion (Accelerometer)• Orientation/Motion (Gyroscope)• Touch (Multi-Touch, Gestural)• Light (Ambient)• Proximity• Device (Bluetooth)• Audio (Microphone)• Image/Video (Camera)• RFID (Soon)
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“When a unique identifier is attached to an object, it becomes possible to collect the metadata about that object into a single information shadow.”
“The unique identifier is the leverage point with which to access and manipulate the whole information shadow in relation to similar shadows.”
While Kuniavsky advises that we view information as one of many design materials (like wood and carbon fiber) from which devices can be made, he also highlights its role as “the core material in creating user experiences.”
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Heuristics forPervasive Information Architecture
Andrea Resmini & Luca Rosatihttp://pervasiveia.com/
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What is Information Architecture?
http://www.maya.com/the-feed/what-is-information-architecture
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“The study illustrates how a surprising 65% of visitors to an on-line search engine were looking for further information in relation to a product or service they saw in a television commercial or in a newspaper advertisement.”
Information Architecture for Ubiquitous Ecologies
by Andrea Resmini and Luca Rosati
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“53% of US online consumers say they research products online that they subsequently buy offline.”Forrester Survey, Q1 2009 (US).
“43% of consumers said they start their research online or through a mobile device, but then need to call a customer service or call center representative to complete the transaction because the necessary product or service information cannot be found online.”ATG Survey, Q4 2009 (US).
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“The most common problems reported by Web-to-store shoppers related to discrepancies in prices and product information across the two channels.” Forrester Survey, Q4 2009 (US)
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Service Design
The difference between products and services is more than semantic. Products are tangible objects that exist in both time and space; services consist solely of acts or process(es), and exist in time only.
The basic distinction between ‘things’ and ‘processes’ is the starting point for a focused investigation of services. Services are rendered; products are possessed.
Services cannot be possessed; they can only be experienced, created or participated in. Though they are different, services and products are intimately and symbiotically linked.
How to Design a Service by G. Lynn Shostack (1982)
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Today's “service systems” may include interrelated sub-systems (e.g., person-to-person, self-service) across multiple locations, devices, and channels; and customer satisfaction is “influenced by the extent of integration and consistency” across those channels.
Bridging the “Front Stage” and “Back Stage” in Service System Design by Robert J. Glushko and Lindsay Tabas
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“After a half-hour, a three-tone alert sounds…If the bottle
still has not been opened, the system makes an automated
reminder phone call to the patient or a caregiver. The
GlowCap system compiles adherence data which anyone
can be authorized to track. That way the doctor can make
sure Gramps stays on his meds.”
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Mental Models
http://www.rosenfeldmedia.com/books/mental-models/
Tasks
Features
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IA Therefore I AmPeter [email protected]
Search Patternshttp://searchpatterns.org/
Semantic Studioshttp://semanticstudios.com/
Bloghttp://findability.org/
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