Designing & Learning from Passivhaus Education Buildings

Designing and Learning from

PASSIVHAUSEducation Buildings

#SPPHC16 Melbourne 13 Feb 2016

We design

Life Enhancing

Genuinely Sustainable Architecture

Elrond Burrell, Associate

OverviewPre-Passivhaus Schools

Passivhaus Schools 1.0Learning

Passivhaus Schools 2.0Monitoring

Passivhaus Schools 3.0Passivhaus University

Pre-Passivhaus Schools

St Luke’s

The Willows

Cwm Ifor

Passivhaus Schools 1.0

Optimise the form

Optimise the form

Oakmeadow Primary School Bushbury Hills Primary School

How deep?

Single storey Two storey

14m deep

18m deep

22m deep

22m

dee

p fa

ce E

/W

14m deep

18m deep

22m deep

22m

dee

p fa

ce E

/W

(More) rational plan

Oakmeadow Primary School

Bushbury Hills Primary School

DatePassed by

For the original drawing size

17.06.10Checked by

Scale

Drawn by

N

CheckedByMark

Drawing Originator

Drawing Title

Check this drawing is the latest revision.Do not scale from this drawing.Do not use the information on this drawing without checking all dimensions on site.Do not use any areas indicated for either valuation, purchase, sale or any other form of legally binding contract.Do not reproduce any part of this drawing without prior written consent.

Job No

Notes

6225Drawing No

PL 100Revision

-

Ground & First Floor Plans

Drawing StatusPLANNING SUBMISSION

SC MP -

1:100 A1

Key Plan

Project Title

Swillington Primary School

Contractor Client

Employer

REVISIONS

Date Details

Interserve Project Services Ltd1 Thunderhead Ridge, Glasshoughton, Castleford,West Yorkshire, WF10 4UATel: 01977 522300 Fax: 01977 522301

Architype, Upper Twyford, Hereford, HR2 8ADt 01981 542111 f 01981 542112 e [email protected]

GROUND FLOOR

Total Gross Internal Area

1427.6 Sq m

CANOPY CANOPY

CANOPY CANOPY

NURSERY

TOILETS��

RECEPTION

TOILETS��

B

SHOWER TROLLEY Nom. 1950 x 750mm

A B

C

A

C

KEY

TEACHING AREAS

STAFF AREAS

AUXILLARY AREAS

STORAGE

MULTI-USE AREAS

COMMUNITY FACILITIES

CIRCULATION

NURSERY79.3m!

RECEPTION��

PE. STORE��

STAGE/

SPECIAL

STORE9.8�

CENTRAL

STOCK

ROOM��

ACC.

TOILET��

ACC.

TOILET�� REPRO.

��

COMMU.

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SPEC.

STORE4.5�

COMMUNITY

ROOM�� YEAR 3

�� YEAR 4��

YEAR 5��

YEAR 6��

KITCHEN

�� SERVERY/

CHAIR

STORE��

INTERVIEW

ROOM8.3�

GROUP ROOM

SENco�� HYGIENE

ROOM

��

MAIN

HALL��

YEAR 1��

YEAR 2��

KS2

BOYS

TOILETS9.1�

KS2

GIRLS

TOILETS9.1�

SPECIAL

STORE12.5�

GROUP

ROOM��

KS1

BOYS

TOILETS��

KS1

GIRLS

TOILETS��

SOFT

READING

AREA

LIBRARY

AREA

ICT

AREAPRACTICAL

AREA

FOOD

TECHNOLOGY

READING

AREA

OFFICE

DRY

STORE

TOILET

LOBBY

LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS

LOCKERS LOCKERS

LO

CK

ERS

STAFFROOM��

FOOD PREP

STO.

1.1�

GENERAL

OFFICE��

SEN

THERAPY/

MI ROOM��

HEAD

OFFICE/

MEETING

ROOM��

MAIN

RECEPTION/

WAITING AREA18.1�

Poss

ible

futu

re f

old

ing p

art

itio

n

LOBBY6.7�

OPENING

ROOF LIGHT

BARRIER

MATTING

WET

AREA

BARRIER

MATTING

WET

AREABARRIER

MATTINGWET

AREA

BARRIER

MATTINGWET

AREA

BARRIER

MATTINGWET

AREA

BARRIER

MATTINGWET

AREA

BARRIER

MATTING

WET

AREA

BARRIER

MATTING

WET

AREA

CANOPY

LOW LEVEL PARTITION

LO

W L

EV

EL P

ARTIT

ION

2.2

m F

OLD

ING

PA

RTIT

ION

2.2

m F

OLD

ING

PA

RTIT

ION

BARRIER MATTING

BARRIER MATTING BARRIER MATTING

SERVER

LOCATION

(TBC)

CARETAKER/

CLEANER

STORE�

LOCKERS

CLO

AK

S

CLO

AK

S

2.2

m F

OLD

ING

PA

RTIT

ION

CIRCULATION32.6�

CIRCULATION10.2�

CIRCULATION11.6�

KEY STAGE 2

HUB SPACE152.8�

KEY STAGE 1

HUB SPACE78.6�

MAIN HALL

Possible Access Hatch

PLANT

ROOM26.8�

void

CIRCULATION16.7�

FIRST FLOOR

Total Gross Internal Area

44.3 Sq m


(More) rational section

Section: Oakmeadow Primary

Design out thermal bridges

Structural slabLo

ad

Insulation

Insu

lation

Structural slabLo

ad

Insulation

Insu

lation

Model + Test

Structural slabLo

ad

Insulation

Insu

lation

Structural slabLo

ad

Insulation

Insu

lation

Keep structure inside

. . . or outside

Design in airtightness

Optimise daylight & solar gain

Oakmeadow Primary School Bushbury Hills Primary School

. . . and ventilation

Simple secure night ventilation grilles Wolfgang loves it!

Reduce demand by designInduction hobs &low energy appliances• reduce surplus heat• reduce ventilation• reduce PE

Collaborate

Across the whole team - consultants, specialists, client, contractor, and supply chain

Maintain design qualityNo compromise of brief, client aspiration, architectural quality or sustainable materials

Bushbury Hills Primary School

Oakmeadow Primary School


Client Outcomes“We feel that our children are more alert and attentive in lessons

due to the amount of daylight in classrooms and the fresh air

throughout the school. The fact that the new school is

built to passivhaus standards means that learning has

been enhanced. Our pupils are comfortable, secure and

stimulated by their new environment; hence they learn very

well!”

Sara Morris, Head Teacher, Oak Meadow Primary School

Comparative costs (1.0)Capita Symonds ‘typical sustainable school’

St Luke’s 2009 BREEAM Excellent school

Oakmeadow Passivhaus school

Bushbury Hills Passivhaus school

BCIS Schools Current

Excludes: external works, fees, abnormals, ICT, FF&EAdjusted to current date and national average

£2,151/sqm

£2,080/sqm

£1,855/sqm

£1,820/sqm

£1,782/sqm

Building services costs (1.0)

Capita Symonds ‘typical sustainable school’

St Luke’s 2009 BREEAM Excellent school

Oakmeadow Passivhaus school

+ Reduced M&E = Reduced maintenance costs

£454/sqm

£357/sqm

£323/sqm

Construction budgets

If you think it will cost more, it will

Passivhaus on budget1. Work to the budget2. Cost planning & design optimisation3. Value engineer early (not cost cutting later)4. Holistic design team approach5. Procurement (Cost of competitive tender?)6. Supply chain involvement7. Open book negotiation (?)

Learning from 1.0

Airtight detailing: architect

Airtight detailing: subcontractor

Timber frame

Airtight detailing: on site

Airtight detailing: on site

Windows

MVHR & duct routes

Fresh air supplied to all main rooms

MVHR

MVHR & duct routes

Cascade & simplified extract (even shorter routes)

MVHR

Windows & curtain walling

Clerestory windows, not curtain wallingActuators mounted on windowsOnly on high level windows= significantly less actuators

Bushbury Hill Primary SchoolFigures are based first year readings.

Gas 21kWh/(m2.a)Space heating*: 14kWh/(m2.a)Hot water*: 7kWh/(m2.a)

Electric 55kWh/(m2.a)Lighting: 12kWh/(m2.a)Power & plant: 22kWh/(m2.a) Kitchen: 7kWh/(m2.a)

Sprinklers: 14kWh/(m2.a)

Primary energy is higher than the target 120 kWh/(m2.a)

Sprinklers = 38kWh/(m2.a) PE

Main success: Kitchen energy & comfort

Main lessons: Issues with automatic lighting controls and sprinkler systems.

Sprinklers

From standard uninsulated sprinkler pump housing to super-insulated pumphaus

Sprinkler pumphouse

Great daylighting compromised by over complicated controls

Lighting controls

Users and maintenance teams engage with a Passivhaus school

Operations & maintenance

One gas boiler is more than enough

Heating

Heating via kiddywatts

User “how-to” guides

Passivhaus Schools 2.0

Wilkinson Primary School

Ground Floor

First Floor

Sections

Just 1 boiler!

Comparative costs (2.0)Oakmeadow Passivhaus school

Bushbury Hills Passivhaus school

Wilkinson Passivhaus school

BCIS Schools Current

Excludes: external works, fees, abnormals, ICT, FF&EAdjusted to current date and national average

£1,855/sqm

£1,820/sqm

£1,800/sqm

£1,782/sqm

Monitoring

Monitoring method & studied parameters

4 Oak Meadow 20115 Bushbury Hill 20116 Wilkinson 2013

Monitored Primary Schools

Passivhaus schools

Non-Passivhaus schools

1 Much Birch 19702 St Luke’s 20093 Willows 2010



Passivhaus schools





Passivhaus schools





Passivhaus schools





Passivhaus schools





Passivhaus schools



Energy consumption

Note:Gas / Biomass boilers supply both heating and hot water, except some localisedelectric water heating

150

100

50

0

Total thermal energy consumedkWh/m2 TFA p.a.

[All included: not just heating]

GasBiomass

2013 2014

Wilkinson 2nd generation

PH / 2013

112013 2014

Bushbury Hill1st generation

PH / 2011

3733

Oak Meadow1st generation

PH / 2011

2013 2014

28 29

2013 2014

Willowspre-PH / 2010

St Luke’spre-PH / 2009

5253

2013 2014

30

107 117

9

2817

Monitoring Energy Use / Heating & hot water

kWh/

sqm

/ y

ear

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014

CIBSE CIBSE TM46 BREEAM2Very2Good BREEAM2Excellent Passivhaus Passivhaus Passivhaus

Typical Good2pracGce

Median Willows St2Lukes Oakmeadow Bushbury Wilkinson

90+

% re

duct

ion

Monitored thermal energy consumption vs UK Benchmarks

kWh/

sqm

/ y

ear

0

50

100

150

200

250

2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014

CIBSE CIBSE TM46 BREEAM2Very2Good BREEAM2Excellent Passivhaus Passivhaus Passivhaus

Typical Good2pracGce

Median Willows St2Lukes Oakmeadow Bushbury Wilkinson

Monitored total energy consumption vs UK Benchmarks

70+

% re

duct

ion

Why monitor CO2 levels?A good proxy of indoor air quality

Provides information on the ventilation rates

Affects learning and performance

Affects health, exposure to high concentration associated with symptoms, eg headaches

UK regulations for classroomsAbsolute maximum 5000 ppm

Average should not exceed 1500 ppm

Occupants should be able to reduce to below 1000 ppm at any point

Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter




CO2 concentrations typical winter day

Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer



CO2 concentrations in occupied hours by season

Thermal Conditions in WinterThermal comfort

Has an effect on energy consumption

UK GuidelinesIn education spaces air temperature should remain between 19 °C and 23 °C

Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter




Thermal Conditions in Summer?Future climate projections for the UK indicate longer and more frequent hot spells and higher average temperatures.

Overheating risk for all buildings is expected to increase in the next decades

Guidelines are currently being reviewed & are bound to become stricter, influenced by overheating risk

UK regulations for classroomsBuilding Bulletin 101, 2006

Absolute maximum of 32 °C

The upper limit of 28° C should not be exceeded for more than 120 occupied hours (75th percentile)

Aim for temperatures between 19 °C and 23 °C

Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer




Passivhaus Schools 3.0. . . more simplification, especially controls

Burry Port Community PrimaryNo BMS - all manual controls

Trimsaran Primary SchoolBMS for monitoring onlyGlazing further simplifiedTimber frame detailing standardised

Ground Floor

First Floor

Parc Y Tywyn

Ground Floor

First Floor

Passivhaus University

The Enterprise CentreUniversity of East Anglia“Exemplary Low Carbon Building”PassivhausBREEAM outstanding

Sketch Aerial Perspective from South West

Future Phase

Earlham Hall

Enterprise Centre

Ground Floor

First Floor

Embodied carbon

Low embodied carbon

Embodied carbon by element

Lifecycle carbon by elementEG. Floor construction

Competition proposal

Revised proposal (built)

Lifecycle carbon (cumulative)

University Benchmark

The Enterprise Centre

70+

% re

duct

ion

Future climate analysis

Future climate cooling analysis

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

Base Case = 0.3 ACH nat vent, 0.3

ACH night purge, 1 ACH summer mech

boost, med/light weight

Base case - summer boost (no mech vent

in summer)

Base Case + 2 ACH summer nat vent

Base Case + Increased efficiency

cooling, COP 4

Base Case + 2 Massive surfaces

(walls)

Base Case + All massive construction

Tota

l car

bon

emis

sion

s pe

r m2

to 2

100,

kgC

O2/

m2

Total CO2 emissions over 87 yrs for different cooling strategies

+ Typical embodied carbon

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

900.00

Base Case = 0.3 ACH nat vent, 0.3 ACH night purge, 1 ACH summer mech

boost, med/light weight

Base case -summer boost

(no mech vent in summer)

Base Case + 2 ACH summer

nat vent

Base Case + Increased efficiency

cooling, COP 4

Base Case + 2 Massive

surfaces (walls)

Base Case + All massive

constructionTota

l car

bon

emis

sion

s pe

r m2

to 2

100,

kgC

O2/

m2

LCA CO2 emissions, operational & typical embodied, for different cooling strategies

Net LCA carbon

Operational Carbon to 2100

6 Months operationElectricity = 34,732.6 kwhHeat (from district heating) = 11,228 kwh

Using current ‘recharge rates’ of £0.11297 per kwh for elec and £0.02904 for heat the costs are below…

Electricity = £3923.74Heat = £326.06

Measured primary energy

(to 14 December 2015)

Total energy use

(to 14 December 2015)

Conclusion

Be ambitious and show leadership

Your client might not ask for Passivhausor have even heard of it - that’s no reason not to introduce it!

Use the PHPP as a design tool from day one

Work with skilled Passivhaus experts

Collaborate with the wider team at every stage

Constantly focus on simplicity of design and detailing

Relentlessly focus on value engineering to achieve cost

Hold focussed workshops with all key sub-contractors

Make rigorous and frequent site inspections

Undertake building monitoring and rigorous analysis of data

Work with and help end users understand their new environment

Learn lessons from monitored data and end user feedback and apply them to the next project

Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.

Antoine de Saint-ExuperyFrench writer 1900 – 1944

www.architype.co.uk