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Visual DictionaryVisual Dictionary
• Protects the building from the weather.
• Impermeable to airflow.
• Covers the entire building enclosure.
• Withstands forces of nature during and after construction.
• Durable over the lifetime of the building.
• Protects the building from the weather.
• Impermeable to airflow.
• Covers the entire building enclosure.
• Withstands forces of nature during and after construction.
• Durable over the lifetime of the building.
Attic VentilationSoffit Vent
Attic VentilationRidge Vent
• Wind blowing over the ridge creates a negative pressure that draws the warmer air out of the attic and replaces it with fresh air.
Attic VentilationGable Vent
• Allows warm air to escape and fresh air to circulate in.
Attic VentilationRoof Turbine
• Exhausts moist, hot air from the attic allowing fresh air to circulate in.
Backhoe
• To dig the ground
• To create trenches
• To carve ditches or dikes
• To remove deep-seated roots of tree
• The Bucket is 23” wide x 18” deep x 44” long.
Batter BoardsBatter
Boards
• Boards erected at the corners of a proposed building to specifically locate and show corners and show foundation wall height.
• Boards erected at the corners of a proposed building to specifically locate and show corners and show foundation wall height.
Brick ArchesBrick Arches
Parabolic Arch
Brick ArchesBrick Arches
Jack Arch
Brick ArchesArch With A Keystone
Brick ArchesCentering
• A temporary, usually wooden framework on which an arch, vault, or dome is supported during construction.
Brick BondsRunning Bond
Brick BondsRunning Bond
Brick BondsFlemish BondBrick Bonds
Flemish Bond
Brick BondsRowlocks
Brick BondsRowlocks
Brick BondsHeaders
Brick BondsHeaders
Brick BondsSoldiers
Brick BondsSoldiers
Brick BondsStretcher Rowlocks
Brick BondsStretcher Rowlocks
Brick Bonds Sailors
Brick Bonds Sailors
Brick SizesQueen BrickBrick Sizes
Queen Brick
• His is an example of queen brick. The actual dimensions are 2-3/4 inches high and 7-5/8 inches long and 3 inches wide.
• His is an example of queen brick. The actual dimensions are 2-3/4 inches high and 7-5/8 inches long and 3 inches wide.
Brick SizesModular
Brick SizesModular
CladdingBrick
CladdingBrick
CladdingEIFS
CladdingEIFS
CladdingStone
CladdingStone
Cladding Wood Boards
Cladding Wood Boards
CladdingWood Shingles or Shakes
CladdingWood Shingles or Shakes
• A wood shingle is a thin slab of wood that is sawn from a tree trunk. A wood shake is a thick piece of wood that is split from a tree trunk and has an irregular shape. The picture above illustrates a building with a wood shingle cladding.
• A wood shingle is a thin slab of wood that is sawn from a tree trunk. A wood shake is a thick piece of wood that is split from a tree trunk and has an irregular shape. The picture above illustrates a building with a wood shingle cladding.
Code RequirementsRoom
Code RequirementsRoom
• The International Building Code states that the egress window must have a clear opening of at least 5.7 square feet, a clear width minimum of 20 inches, and a clear height minimum of 24 inches. The bottom clear opening cannot be more than 44 inches above the finished floor. The window we analyzed had a width of 35 inches, and the height was 25-1/2 inches. The clear opening is 6.54 sqare feet and the window is 36” above the finished floor.
• The International Building Code states that the egress window must have a clear opening of at least 5.7 square feet, a clear width minimum of 20 inches, and a clear height minimum of 24 inches. The bottom clear opening cannot be more than 44 inches above the finished floor. The window we analyzed had a width of 35 inches, and the height was 25-1/2 inches. The clear opening is 6.54 sqare feet and the window is 36” above the finished floor.
The International Building Code states that a set of wood-framed interior stairs has to meet certain codes. The code states the the minimum lengths for tread, the portion that we step on,10 inches and the riser cannot exceed 7-3/4 inches. We analyzed the stairs in Ben’s house to see if they meet code. The photograph above shows the stairs that I analyzed and the riser dimension was 7-1/2 inches and the tread dimension was 11-1/2 inches. If we measured correctly, the stairs meet code.
The International Building Code states that a set of wood-framed interior stairs has to meet certain codes. The code states the the minimum lengths for tread, the portion that we step on,10 inches and the riser cannot exceed 7-3/4 inches. We analyzed the stairs in Ben’s house to see if they meet code. The photograph above shows the stairs that I analyzed and the riser dimension was 7-1/2 inches and the tread dimension was 11-1/2 inches. If we measured correctly, the stairs meet code.
Concrete JointsControl Joint
Concrete JointsControl Joint
• Control joints are planned for cracks which allow for movements caused by temperature changes and drying shrinkage.
Concrete JointsIsolation Joint
• An isolation joint isolates a section of the concrete from the rest of the concrete slab. In my picture, the column is isolated from the slab of concrete.
Concrete MasonryCMU and Brick Comparison
Concrete MasonryCMU and Brick Comparison
• Concrete masonry unit, or CMU is a hardened block of concrete that is molded into a specific shape and is used primarily in foundations, retaining walls, and fire places. CMU units are made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, but the typical dimensions are 8 x 8 x 16. These dimensions are nominal, or appropriate, the actual dimensions are 7-5/8 x 7-5/8 x 15-5/8. An important aspect about CMU is that a standard eight inch high CMU is equal to three courses of modular brick. Another advantage is the time a builder saves using CMU instead of brick. The picture above illustrates the fact that a standard eight inch tall CMU block is equal to three courses of modular brick.
• Concrete masonry unit, or CMU is a hardened block of concrete that is molded into a specific shape and is used primarily in foundations, retaining walls, and fire places. CMU units are made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, but the typical dimensions are 8 x 8 x 16. These dimensions are nominal, or appropriate, the actual dimensions are 7-5/8 x 7-5/8 x 15-5/8. An important aspect about CMU is that a standard eight inch high CMU is equal to three courses of modular brick. Another advantage is the time a builder saves using CMU instead of brick. The picture above illustrates the fact that a standard eight inch tall CMU block is equal to three courses of modular brick.
Concrete MasonryCMU Sizes
Concrete MasonryCMU Sizes
• Concrete masonry units are available in a variety of thicknesses even though face dimensions are always the same.
• Concrete masonry units are available in a variety of thicknesses even though face dimensions are always the same.
6 inch CMU
12 inch CMU
Decorative Concrete Masonry UnitsSplit Block
Decorative Concrete Masonry UnitsSplit Block
Decorative Concrete Masonry UnitsRibbed Block
DoorsFlush Door
DoorsFlush Door
DoorsSix Panel Door
DoorsSix Panel Door
Panel
StileTop Rail
Bottom Rail
Lock Rail
DoorsTransom
DoorsTransom
A glass pane, usually rectangular, which is located above a window or door.A glass pane, usually rectangular, which is located above a window or door.
DoorsSidelight
DoorsSidelight
A window beside the door, forming part of the door unitA window beside the door, forming part of the door unit
Electrical ComponentsPower Pole with Transformer
The function of a power pole is to hold the transformer.
The function of a transformer is to turn thousands of volts of electricity into 110/220-volt alternating currents.
Electrical ComponentsService Head
Basically converts outdoor lines to a meterBasically converts outdoor lines to a meter
Electrical ComponentsMeter
Electrical ComponentsMeter
The meter calculates how much electricity a certain building uses.
The meter calculates how much electricity a certain building uses.
Electrical ComponentsService Panel
Electrical ComponentsService Panel
The service panel, usually located in a metal box, includes circuit breakers that distribute electricity that runs to a duplex receptacle.
The service panel, usually located in a metal box, includes circuit breakers that distribute electricity that runs to a duplex receptacle.
Electrical ComponentsDuplex Receptacle
Electrical ComponentsDuplex Receptacle
This is where appliances are plugged in.
This is where appliances are plugged in.
Framing Elements1) Anchor Bolt
Framing Elements1) Anchor Bolt
Framing Elements2) Sill Plate
Framing Elements2) Sill Plate
Framing Elements3) Floor Joist
Framing Elements3) Floor Joist
Framing Elements4) Subflooring
Framing Elements4) Subflooring
Framing Elements5) Sole Plate
Framing Elements5) Sole Plate
Framing Elements7) Top Plate
Framing Elements7) Top Plate
Framing Elements8) Ceiling Joist
Framing Elements8) Ceiling Joist
Framing Elements9) Rafter
Framing Elements9) Rafter
Framing Elements10) Roof Decking
Framing Elements11) Sheating
Framing Elements12) Stringer
Framing Elements12) Stringer
Front End Loader
• A front end loader is a powerful earthmoving machine. A large hydraulic scoop is located in the front, which is usually the same length as the machine itself. The scoop is used primarily for lifting and loading dirt. This scoop defines the major difference between the bulldozer and the front end loader.
Gypsum BoardGypsum Board
• Gypsum board is a prefabricated plaster sheet material consisting of gypsum core sandwiched between two paper layers. Gypsum board is also known as wallboard, drywall, or sheetrock. The picture shows a gypsum wall in which the joints have been taped and mudded.
• Gypsum board is a prefabricated plaster sheet material consisting of gypsum core sandwiched between two paper layers. Gypsum board is also known as wallboard, drywall, or sheetrock. The picture shows a gypsum wall in which the joints have been taped and mudded.
Heat PumpCompressor/Evaporator
Heat PumpCompressor/Evaporator
• The compressor/evaporator is located on the exterior of the building. The main purpose of this device is to take outdoor air and move it across coils containing refrigerant to change the temperature of the refrigerant. This device can also work in reverse to cool a building in the summer months. One advantage of a heat pump is the ability to heat a house rapidly but the disadvantage is the it can also be noisy when air travels through the ducts.
• The compressor/evaporator is located on the exterior of the building. The main purpose of this device is to take outdoor air and move it across coils containing refrigerant to change the temperature of the refrigerant. This device can also work in reverse to cool a building in the summer months. One advantage of a heat pump is the ability to heat a house rapidly but the disadvantage is the it can also be noisy when air travels through the ducts.
Heat PumpAir Handling Unit
Heat PumpAir Handling Unit
• The air handling unit it located on the interior of the building and the main purpose of this device is to move air through ducts which distribute air to each room.
• The air handling unit it located on the interior of the building and the main purpose of this device is to move air through ducts which distribute air to each room.
InsulationBatt Insulation
• This is usually made from fiber glass cut to fit onto framing cavities. Batts are provided on sheets, while blankets come in rolls.
• Spray foam is a chemical substitute for insulation methods like fiberglass. This barrier can hold in air and heat, keeping houses warm.
• Spray foam is a chemical substitute for insulation methods like fiberglass. This barrier can hold in air and heat, keeping houses warm.
InsulationRigid Board Insulation
InsulationRigid Board Insulation
• Is manufactured in panels that make it easy to clad a large area. It also resists water and rot from locations in the ground.
• Is manufactured in panels that make it easy to clad a large area. It also resists water and rot from locations in the ground.
Lintel
• A lintel is a horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window. Can be made of stone, concrete, or steel.
• A lintel is a horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window. Can be made of stone, concrete, or steel.
MortarTooled
Joint• A masonry joint where
the mortar has been worked with a tool to create a finish effect.
• This tooled joint is 3/8”.• This is used as a brick
veneer on a hardware store.
• I would guess that the mortar is type-N.
• A masonry joint where the mortar has been worked with a tool to create a finish effect.
• This tooled joint is 3/8”.• This is used as a brick
veneer on a hardware store.
• I would guess that the mortar is type-N.
• A mortar joint in brickwork formed by pressing the trowel.
• The mortar size is 3/8”.• This is used as the
foundation on a residential house.
• I would guess that type-N mortar was used here also.
• A mortar joint in brickwork formed by pressing the trowel.
• The mortar size is 3/8”.• This is used as the
foundation on a residential house.
• I would guess that type-N mortar was used here also.
• OSB is an engineered wood product formed from layers of wood flakes in specific orientations. OSB panels have no internal gaps or voids.
PlumbingLavatoryPlumbingLavatory
The typical sized piping used to drain a lavatory is 1-1/2” diameter.
The typical sized piping used to drain a lavatory is 1-1/2” diameter.
PlumbingTub and/or Shower Unit
PlumbingTub and/or Shower Unit
PlumbingPlumbing Vent
PlumbingPlumbing Vent
Vent through the roof for plumbing. The purpose of this vent is to keep the water level in the P-Trap under the sink level. The water needs to stay in the P-Trap to keep the toxic sewer gases from entering the building. It also lets the water drain freely.
Vent through the roof for plumbing. The purpose of this vent is to keep the water level in the P-Trap under the sink level. The water needs to stay in the P-Trap to keep the toxic sewer gases from entering the building. It also lets the water drain freely.
PlumbingDrop In Kitchen Sink
PlumbingDrop In Kitchen Sink
• Plywood is a type of engineered wood made from thin sheets and is glued together at right angles from each other for greater strength. The term veneer is defined as a thin layer of wood that is glued together to make a thicker sheet of wood.
Radiant Barrier• Radiant
barriers or reflective barriers inhibit heat transfer by thermal radiation.
Rebar• A rod or bar used for
reinforcement in concrete. A pattern is rolled onto them which helps the concrete get a grip on the bar. This rebar is ½” thick so it would be called a number 4.
• Gutters are the metal channels that are attached to the roof edges and used to draw water down and away from the house and its foundation.
• Gutters are the metal channels that are attached to the roof edges and used to draw water down and away from the house and its foundation.
• A vertical pipe for carrying rainwater down from a roof gutter.
Steep Roof MaterialsUnderlayment
Steep Roof MaterialsUnderlayment
Underlayment is a flexible, protective barrier for the roof sheathing; its main function is to protect the roof from rain water before the roofing is applied. It also serves as a permanent second layer of defense.
Underlayment is a flexible, protective barrier for the roof sheathing; its main function is to protect the roof from rain water before the roofing is applied. It also serves as a permanent second layer of defense.
Steep Roof MaterialsClay Tile Roof
Steep Roof MaterialsClay Tile Roof
Steep Roof MaterialsSlate Shingle Roof
Steep Roof MaterialsSlate Shingle Roof
A thin oblong piece of material, such as wood or slate, that is laid in overlapping rows to cover the roof or sides of a house or other building.
A thin oblong piece of material, such as wood or slate, that is laid in overlapping rows to cover the roof or sides of a house or other building.
Steep Roof MaterialsMetal Panel Roof
Steep Roof MaterialsMetal Panel Roof
Typical materials used are galvanized or aluminized steel.
Typical materials used are galvanized or aluminized steel.
Steep Roof ShapesGable
Steep Roof ShapesGable
Steep Roof ShapesGambrel
Steep Roof ShapesGambrel
Steep Roof ShapesHip
Steep Roof ShapesHip
Steep Roof ShapesMansard
Steep Roof ShapesMansard
Steep Roof TermsRidge
Steep Roof TermsRidge
• The ridge runs along the uppermost portion of the roof.• The ridge runs along the uppermost portion of the roof.
Steep Roof TermsValley
Steep Roof TermsValley
• A valley is formed by the intersection of the two roof slopes.• A valley is formed by the intersection of the two roof slopes.
Steep Roof TermsEave
Steep Roof TermsEave
• The eave is the horizontal edge located on the low side of a roof.• The eave is the horizontal edge located on the low side of a roof.
Steep Roof TermsRake
• The rake is the sloping edge of a gable roof.
Steep Roof TermsWith Fascia
Steep Roof TermsWith Fascia
• The fascia is an optional addition to a roof, but if a building has one it is the exposed vertical face of an eave.
• The fascia is an optional addition to a roof, but if a building has one it is the exposed vertical face of an eave.
Steep Roof TermsWithout Fascia
Steep Roof TermsWithout Fascia
Steep Roof TermsSoffit
Steep Roof TermsSoffit
• A soffit can be found on the underside of a roof overhang.• A soffit can be found on the underside of a roof overhang.
StoneRandom Rubble
StoneRandom Rubble
StoneCoursed Rubble
StoneCoursed Rubble
StoneRandom Ashlar
StoneRandom Ashlar
StoneCoursed Ashlar
StoneCoursed Ashlar
Vapor RetarderVapor Retarder
• Vapor Retarder is a thin, continuous layer of material that is placed on insulation to obstruct the passage of water through a building. It is placed in such a way to make it as seamless as possible. The most common materials used are plastic sheathing, aluminum foil, and craft paper. Vapor retarder is always placed on the warm-in-winter side of insulation.
• Vapor Retarder is a thin, continuous layer of material that is placed on insulation to obstruct the passage of water through a building. It is placed in such a way to make it as seamless as possible. The most common materials used are plastic sheathing, aluminum foil, and craft paper. Vapor retarder is always placed on the warm-in-winter side of insulation.
Waterproofing
Waterproofing is placed on the underground area of a foundation wall and it serves to resist standing water under pressure. There are about five different categories of waterproofing, which include: liquid-applied membrane, loosely laid membrane, fully adhered membrane, cementations, and Bentonite clay. The picture shows an example of liquid-applied membrane. Some advantages of this type of waterproofing are that it is easy to detail around penetrations and it can take the form of any shape.
Waterproofing is placed on the underground area of a foundation wall and it serves to resist standing water under pressure. There are about five different categories of waterproofing, which include: liquid-applied membrane, loosely laid membrane, fully adhered membrane, cementations, and Bentonite clay. The picture shows an example of liquid-applied membrane. Some advantages of this type of waterproofing are that it is easy to detail around penetrations and it can take the form of any shape.
Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire FabricWelded Wire FabricWelded Wire Fabric
• Welded wire fabric is fabricated from a series of wires arranged into different sized squares used to reinforce concreteconcrete. Welded wire fabric, referred to as WWF.
• Welded wire fabric is fabricated from a series of wires arranged into different sized squares used to reinforce concreteconcrete. Welded wire fabric, referred to as WWF.
WindowsCasementWindowsCasement
This is an out swinging casement window because it is hinged along the side of the window.This is an out swinging casement window because it is hinged along the side of the window.
WindowsDouble Hung
WindowsDouble Hung
A window having two sashes that slide up and down.A window having two sashes that slide up and down.
WindowsSingle Hung
WindowsSingle Hung
A window having one sash that slides up and down.A window having one sash that slides up and down.
