ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

PRESENTED BYDANISH MUSTHAFA

INTRODUCTION TO OB

•OB is an academic discipline concerned with describing understanding crediting controlling human behaviour in an organizational environment.

•OB helps in improving the performance of an employee in an organization in effective and efficient manner.

Meaning of OB

The field of organization behaviour is concerned with study of what people do in an organization and how that behaviour effects the performance of organization.

Organization behaviour is about people at work in all kinds of organizations and how they may be motivated to work together in more effective ways

DEFINITION OF OB

According to D.R Clark

“OB as the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, group acts in an organization.”

GOALS OF OB

• Describe the behaviour• Understand the behaviour• Predict the behaviour• Control the behaviour

Elements of OB

Organization structure, technology

People, their level of

satisfaction, motivation, growth &

development

Co. culture, leadership, communicat

ion

Company philosophy, values, vision, goals

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OB

• Kautilya’s Arthasastra states that there is a systematic management of human resources as early as 4th century BC itself.

• Minimum wage rate and incentive wage plan was included in the Babylonian code of Hammurabi in 1800 BC itself.

• Prior to the 19th century, the employees conditions was miserable.

• The industrial revolution begins in the 19th century that resulted in the total transformation of the industrial environment.

• JN Tata, Robert Owen, Andrew Ure took a special interest in the welfare of the workers. [ cont… ]

• In scientific management era, F.W Taylor converted broad generalization into practical tools. He measured the people’s performance according to the output they produce.

• Taylors idea were criticized that he rationalize everything and holding the assumptions that human relation is based on ‘rabble hypothesis’

• Failure of scientific management lead to the human relation movement that emphasis on employee cooperation and morale.

• Labor movement, great depression and Hawthorne’s study helps to develop the human relation movement.

• Human relation movement developed fast, so fast, that, it always became a fad.

• The movement lost its flavor and gave place to organizational behaviour. – 1950’s

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF OB

• OB is based on a few fundamental concept which revolve around the nature of people and organization.

• Every discipline, beat a social science or physical science based on certain assumptions.

• The basic assumptions distinct to the discipline are : There are differences between individuals.A whole person.Behaviour of an individual is caused.An individual has dignity.Organizations are social system.Mutuality of interest among organizational members.Holistic organizational behaviour.Need for management.

Foundation of OB

Individual differences

Whole person

Caused behaviour

Human dignity

Need for management

Holistic approach

Mutuality of interests

Social systems

OB

Contributing Disciplines to OB

• OB draws the concepts and principles from behavioural science and the core disciplines of behavioural science, such as• Psychology• Sociology• Socio-psychology• Anthropology• Political science

SOCIOLOGY: It studies the human behaviour in relation to their fellow human beings.

Group dynamicWork teams

CommunicationPower

ConflictIntergroup behavior

Formal organizationOrganizational

technologyOrganization change

Organizational culture

Organization system

Group

Sociology

PSYCHOLOGY: It is a science that seeks to measure explain and sometimes change the behaviour of human and other animals.

Psychology

PersonalityPerception

AttitudeLearning

MotivationJob satisfaction

TrainingLeadership effectivenessPerformance appraisal

Employee selectionWork designWork stress

Individual

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: It focuses on the influence of people on one another. It is useful in measuring, understanding, and changing attitudes, communicating the patterns

Social psychology

Group

Behavioural changeAttitude changeCommunicationGroup process

Group decision making

ANTHROPOLOGY: It is the study of the societies to learn about human beings and their activities.

Anthropology

Organization

Individual cultureOrganizational culture

Organizational environment

POLITICAL SCIENCE: it is the study of behaviour of an individual groups within a political environment.

• OrganizationPolitical science

Organizational powerPolitics

Conflicts

OB ModelPersonalityPerceptionLearning

Attitudes and attributionMotivation

Group dynamicsTeam dynamics

LeadershipPower and politics

CommunicationConflict

Organizational Culture

Human resource Policies & Practices

Work StressOrganization

Change & Development

Individual Behaviour

Group Behaviour

Organization

Organizational Effectiveness

OB MODEL

• The basic purpose of model development is to understand human behaviour in an organization.

• The behaviour approach is used for controlling and modifying the behaviour of individuals and group for effective performance

• A model of OB explains the behaviour at individual, group and organizational levels

KEITH DAVIS’S MODELS OF OB

These models show evolution of the thinking and behaviour on the part of management and managers alike. The four major models or

frameworks that organizations operate out of:Autocratic modelCustodial modelSupportive modelCollegial model

LIMITATIONS OF OB

• OB results wont give any assurance for future behaviour

• OB has almost become fad with managers in most organization.

• OB is selfish and exploitative.• It is not an absolute problem its only a means to improve.

CHALLENGES IN OB

As we go into the future, OB experts confront several challenges while managing interpersonal relations in organizations. They are:-

• Globalization• Changing work force• Ethical behaviour• Managing diversity

FOUNDATINS OF

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIUOR

FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR-INRODUCTION

• Behaviour is the collective name for the entire activities of an individual.

• Organizational performance mainly based on the individual behaviour.

• The behaviour of an individual is influenced by many factors such as personal factors, environmental factors, etc

FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Personal factorsAgeGenderEducationAbilitiesMarital StatusNo. of dependantsCreativityEmotional Intelligence

Organizational systems & resourcesPhysical facilitiesOrganization structure & designLeadershipReward SystemWork related behaviour

Psychological factorsPersonalityPerceptionAttitudesValuesLearning

Environmental factorsEconomicSocial norms & valuesEthics & Social ResponsibilityPolitical

Individual Behaviou

r

ABILITIESAbility It refers to an individual’s capacity to perform various tasks in a job. The ability of an individual is made up of two sets of skills;

a) Intellectual abilityb) Physical ability

• INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES: These are needed to perform mental activities. Example, IQ test

Dimensions of intellectual abilities are;Number aptitudeVerbal comprehensionInductive reasoningDeductive reasoningMemory

PHYSICAL ABILITIES: These abilities manifest one’s stamina ,manual dexterity, leg strength and the like.

PERSONALITY

• The term personality has been derived from Latin word ‘Personna’ which means ‘to speak through’.

• It may mean different things to different people.

• It means a general sum of traits or qualities of an individual.

DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY

Personality can be defined as “The sum total of all the tendencies that an

individual has inherited and that he has acquired by experience.”

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

Social

Heredity

Situational

Family

Environment

Personality

Dependable, responsible, achievement- Oriented, persistent

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional stability

Openness to experience sensitive, intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded

relaxed, secure, unworried

Trusting, good natured, cooperative, softhearted

Outgoing, Talkative, sociable, assertive

Extroversion

Big five model of personality

TYPES OF PERSONALITY

• There are two types of personalitya) TYPE Ab) TYPE B

TYPE A

Aggressive

Time conscious

Competitive

Success oriented

Feel impatient with discouraging

event

Quantity oriented

TYPE B

Smooth performance

Never bothered about time

Quality oriented

Creative

Confidence of success

ATTITUDE

An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor towards a person, place, thing, or event.

Attitude is mental state of readiness, learned and organized through experience, exerting a specific influence on person’s response to people, object and situations with which it is related

Nature of Attitude

•Refers to feelings and beliefs

• It’s a psychological phenomenon and can not be exactly measured

•All people hold attitude irrespective of their status and intelligence

Source of Attitude

Attitude

Experience with the object

Vicarious learning

Operant conditioning

Mass communication

Economic status

Family & peer group

Classical conditioning

Neighbourhood

• Experience with the object: Attitudes can develop from personal experience with the job. Employees form attitudes about jobs on their previous experiences.

• Classical Conditioning: Attitudes can be formed on the basis of learning principles. People develop associations between various objects and emotional reactions that accompany them. Ex: we may come to hold positive attitude towards a particular perfume just because our favorite model wears it.

• Operant Conditioning: attitude that is reinforced, may tend to be maintained, or attitude that is considered as ridicule by others may modify or abandon the attitude. Attitudes are generated through rewards & punishments for that behaviour. Through this, association is made between a behaviour & a consequence for that behaviour. Ex: children completing homework to get rewards from their parents or teachers.

• Vicarious Learning: formation of attitude by observing others & consequences of that behaviour

• Family & peer groups: Attitudes are acquired from family members, peer groups in college & organizations. If parents have a positive attitude towards an object, child who admires his parents, likely to adopt similar attitude.

• Neighborhood: attitude can be acquired from our neighborhood people & environment where we live in.

• Economics Status: Our economic and occupational status influences our attitude.

• Mass Communication: All varieties of communication- TV, radio, newspapers, magazines- feed large quantities of information to their audiences. This information in turn, develops attitude towards that objective

Types of Attitude• Positive attitude: actively participate in life, take risk & willing to do mistakes, oriented towards learning, flexible, optimistic & are usually confident. Typical phrases are; I can, I will, I am sure, I choose to

• Negative attitude: Comment on life & complain, never feel satisfied, pessimistic, lack confidence, do not accept changes 7 learning. Typical phrases: Stop! Typical phrases: I can't, I won't, No way and You made me.

• Neutral Attitude: want to be a silent spectator, watch life happen, & observe others, play it safe, try to avoid risk. Typical phrases: I doubt it, I might, I don't know and I'm hesitant.