Location Based Services Verhaert

20.10.2006

LOCATION BASED SERVICESLOCATION BASED SERVICES

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Location Based Services

Injaas De Mul

[email protected]

www.verhaert.com

VERHAERTINNOVATIONDAY – OCTOBER 20th, 2006

www.mastersininnovation.com

Commercially confidence – This presentation contains ideas and information which are proprietary of VERHAERT, Masters in Innovation®*, it is given in confidence. You are authorized to open and view the electronic copy of this document and to print a single copy. Otherwise, the material may not in whole or in part be copied, stored electronically or communicated to third parties without prior agreement of VERHAERT, Masters in Innovation®*.

* VERHAERT, Masters in Innovation is a registered trade name of Verhaert Consultancies N.V.

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Content

1. What does location based services means?2. Main drivers for location based services 3. Identifying location techniques

• Global positioning system (GPS)• Mobile positioning (Cell- ID)• RFID localisation• Wifi

4. Tracking algorithm5. Location based services & Self service technology6. Inspiring applications

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What does Location Based Services mean?

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Location based services

• Location-based services (LBS) are applications that leverage the user's physical location to provide an enhanced service or experience.

• Location awareness can be used, for example, for navigation and mapping, workforce tracking, finding points of interest, and getting weather information.

• It presents a compelling new business opportunity for application developers, operators and content producers. Location awareness differentiates mobile applications from traditional PC and wired Internet services.

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Main drivers for Location Based Services

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Main drivers for Location Based Services

Main drivers:1. Adding the location aspect to a range of

services increases the value of this service for the user

2. In- & outdoor localisation & tracking3. Safety and security of persons, property and

goods

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Identifying location techniques

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Techniques used for identifying location

Techniques that can be used identifying location

1. Global positioning system (GPS)

2. Mobile positioning (Cell- ID)3. RFID localisation4. Wifi5. .......

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Global positioning system

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Global positioning system (GPS)

• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails).

• Satellites circle the globe at about 19,300 km, making two complete rotations every day.

• The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.

• A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its own location.

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• GPS functionality can be used by emergency services and location based services to locate mobile phones

• The mobile phone location may also be used to provide location specific information to the mobile phone, such as location specific advertising, or providing service information specific to the phone user's geographic location

• Location based games:• search for objects hidden by other

geocachers• walking or hiking to natural locations• .......

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• Accuracy:• The receivers do this by

measuring the time delay between when the satellite sent the signal and the local time when the signal was received

• The location accuracy is anywhere from 1 to 100 meters depending on the type of equipment used

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Mobile positioning

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Mobile positioning – Cell ID• GSM is the digital radio network for

mobile telephony and the positioning system takes advantage of the fact that base stations are placed for the best possible coverage

• Mobile positioning technologies1. Terminal (device) based technologies

(A-GPS / E-OTD)2. Network based technologies (E-CID /

U-TDOA)3. Hybrid solutions (combination of 1 & 2)

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Mobile positioning (A-GPS)

• A-GPS (Assisted GPS)• Uses an assistance

server to cut down the time needed to determine a location using GPS

• Useful in urban areas• No indoor coverage

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Mobile positioning (E-OTD)

Enhanced Observed Time Difference• A position-location method for

GSM networks in which the phone measures the difference in the time of arrival signals from different towers

• The phone triangulates its position using signals from the towers

• Only works with phones that specifically include E-OTD technology

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Mobile positioning (E-CID)• CID: Cell Identification• The accuracy of this method can be as good

as a few hundred meters in urban areas, but very poor in suburban areas and rural zones.

LB

CID

• E –CID: Enhanced Cell Identification• Higher accuracy by using

• TOA (time of arrival)• AOA (angle of arrival)• Neighbouring cells

LBS

E-CID

*Cell Global Identity

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Mobile positioning (U-TDOA)

• U-TDOA :Uplink the difference of arrival

• Method calculates the location of a handset by using the difference in time of arrival of signals at different receivers.

• The handset or device could be a standard mobile phone or PDA.

• Accuracy is under 50 meters.

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RFID localisation

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RFID localisation - What is RFID?What is RFID?• RFID = Radio Frequency Identification• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an

automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.

• An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennas. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source.

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RFID localisation - tracking

The origin of RFID in inventory tracking:• Wal-mart has spent millions of dollars since the late

1990s researching the efficiency of RFID systems to replace the bar codes (which have been in use since the early 1970s)

• In 1999, with the help of scientist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a consortium of companies formed the Auto-ID center – a center for continued research into the nature and use of radio frequeny identification.

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RFID localisation - Electronic Product Code

Tracking Goods with EPC :• EPC = Electronic Product Code (Developed at MIT’s Audio center in

2000)• EPC is modern day replacement for the Universal Product Code

(UPC)• A tag embedded EPC number is unique to the Tag• The EPC protocol is universal to all EPC compliant systems and

serve two specific functions:• Telling how data is to be stored on the tag – numbering scheme• Determining how tag and readers communicate – air interface protocol

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RFID localisation - Electronic Product Code

• Why an EPC code doesn’t contain more information:1. Security: Like a car license plate, every car has its own license

plate but you need to have access to a database to find out who owns the car, where the owner lives and other private information. The same applied to EPC; it points to a file in a database, so this information stays secure.

2. Cost: Delivering a very low cost tag was one of the primary goals of the Auto-ID Center. Memory on an IC is one of the drivers for the cost.

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RFID localisation - The basic physics of RFID

1. RFID reader2. The Tag (active or

passive –technologies antennas)

3. Frequency – Air Protocol

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RFID localisation - Main operating frequency

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RFID localisation - Technical ChallengesOn the surface, the technology is very straightforward, but there are a number ofvery interesting features, limitations and weaknesses of the systems:

Frequency, Power &Range

• The range of a reader/tag pair is determined by the frequency of transmission and the power transmitted by the reader.

• The RFspectrum is tightly controlled and heavily used. • UHF support ranges around 20-30 feet• HF support ranges up to 2 feet

Interference fromMaterials and RFDevices

• Devices are subject to many sources of interference. • Readers typically cannot penetrate metals or liquids. • Interference also comes from other RF devices like bar

codescanners, cordless phones, walkie-talkies, wireless networks,and security systems.

Multiple Reads • The RF wave from a reader triggers transmission in all tags within range.

• Reader must contend with multiple simultaneous signals and multiple transmissions from each tag.

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RFID localisation - Technical ChallengesAccuracy of Reads • Fully loaded pallets have a readrate of 66%

• Cases on stocking carts 90% • Conveyor belts 95%, • Trash compactors 98%.

Triangulation • Identifying the location of a specific tag requires triangulation from multiple readers that are placed in very specific patterns.

• A large number of readers are required to provide locations in a large area.

Speed of reading • Cases move through distribution center at 8 MPH. • Readers must correctly identify a product at this pace.

Hacking • Hackers can read tag data anywhere, anytime. • For active tags, hackers may also be able to write and overwrite

data on the tags. • Encryption

Data fusion • In a tag-dense environment (like an Airbus A380), a reader will receive a large number of reads in a single scan.

• This will create a need for data fusion algorithms within the computers receiving the data.

Competing Tag Environments

• Some environments will contain a number of tags from different manufacturers and systems.

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RFID localisation + Wifi

• Active tag including WLAN. • Conventional idea would be to use

something like Zigbee.• WiFi -> absurd for this type of job:

• far too power-hungry (most power-hungry of all short range wireless technologies)

• far too difficult to integrate into a LANwhich means all the complications of setting up network addresses, IP authentication, and so on

• But WiFi is available in most places.

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RFID localisation + Wifi

• Solution power problem: tags have to pop up every now and again and say "here I am"

• Powered by standard AA batteries will position and track any asset equipped with a tag.

• Items that move around a lot (like wheelchairs) can be set to send a signal more often than items that are relatively stationary (like heart monitors).

• They don't go into sleep mode -> they completely shut off when not transmitting. They're only associated for the few seconds that they transmit.

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Tracking algorithm

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Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter

Problem:• System state cannot be

measured directly• Need to estimate

“optimally” from measurements

Kalman filter invented in 1960 by R. E. Kalman

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• Lost on the 1-dimensional line• Position – y(t)• Assume Gaussian distributed measurements

y

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• Sextant Measurement at t1: Mean = z1 and Variance = σz1

• Optimal estimate of position is: ŷ(t1) = z1

• Variance of error in estimate: σ2x (t1) = σ2

z1

• Boat in same position at time t2 - Predicted position is z1

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prediction ŷ-(t2)

measurement z(t2)

• So we have the prediction ŷ-(t2)• GPS Measurement at t2: Mean = z2 and Variance = σz2

• Need to correct the prediction due to measurement to get ŷ(t2)• Closer to more trusted measurement

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measurement z(t2)

corrected optimal estimate ŷ(t2)

prediction ŷ-(t2)

• Corrected mean is the new optimal estimate of position• New variance is smaller

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ŷ(t2) Naïve Prediction ŷ-(t3)

• At time t3, boat moves with velocity dy/dt=u• Naive approach: Shift probability to the right to predict• This would work if we knew the velocity exactly (perfect model)

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ŷ(t2)Naïve Prediction ŷ-(t3)

Prediction ŷ-(t3)


• Better to assume imperfect model by adding Gaussian noise• dy/dt = u + w• Distribution for prediction moves and spreads out

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Prediction ŷ-(t3)

Measurement z(t3)

Corrected optimal estimate ŷ(t3)

• Now we take a measurement at t3• Need to once again correct the prediction• Same as before

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Tracking algorithm – Kalman Filter• Overview:

• Initial conditions (ŷk-1 and σk-1)• Prediction (ŷ-

k , σ-k)

• Use initial conditions and model (eg. constant velocity) to make prediction • Measurement (zk)

• Take measurement• Correction (ŷk , σk)

• Use measurement to correct prediction by ‘blending’ prediction and residual – always a case of merging only two Gaussians

• Optimal estimate with smaller variance

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Location based services & Self service technology

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LBS & Self service technology

• Self service technology:• ICT Information & Communication

Technology supported systems to automate or facilitate consumer / citizen interaction during sales, pre sales and information processes.

• Initially conceived within banking industry, later transferred towards governments, retail & mobility industry.

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• Why self service concepts?• Improve convenience• Lower operational costs with more control• Wider range of services• Create new distribution channels• Increase safety• Increase loyalty• Exclude fraud

Main goal=

more convenience

at a lower cost

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Banking Info kiosk

Micro kiosk

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Inspiring applications

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Near Field communication

• Consumers are seeking easier ways to interact with their immediate environment and to enable easy communication between their electronic devices.

• NFC are getting their own notoriety as a unique technology, however, they are really just a specific type of RFID that uses the high band of the spectrum (most often 13.56 MHz).

• In addition to the different band, it uses a different form of communication that has an impact on the usable range.

• NFC is all via magnetic waves and has an inverse sixth power (1/r6) relationship with range, which explains why the range is only a few inches because the power to wake up and communicates with the tag diminishes very quickly.

• Simply by bringing two NFC-enabled devices close together, they automatically initiate network communications without requiring the user to configure the setup.

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Near Field communicationNFC applications can be split into four basic categories. Touch and Go

Applications such as access control or transport/event ticketing, where the user only needs to bring the device storing the ticket or access code close to the reader. Also, forsimple data capture applications, such as picking up an Internet URL from a smart label on a poster.

Touch and ConfirmApplications such as mobile payment where the user has to confirm the interaction by entering a password or just accepting the transaction.

Touch and ConnectLinking two NFC-enabled devices to enable peer to peer transfer of data such as downloading music, exchanging images or synchronizing address books.

Touch and ExploreNFC devices may offer more than one possible function. The consumer will be able to explore a device's capabilities to find out which functionalities and services are offered.

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PDA & LBS

• PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) - Smartphone

• Localisation -> Wifi / GPS technology?

• User friendly interface• Applications:

• Tourism• Guided tours• Feedback point of interest• ......

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Banking applications

• Banking card with RFID chip• RFID reader installed in banking

infrastructure• Detection the customer (m/f,

age, interest,...)• Display specific information• Staff has extra client information • Video streaming

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Child tracking

Crowded coast line• RFID location by using Wifi technology.• Added value

A splash at water park• An RFID locating system gives parents

visiting Dolly's Splash Country piece of mind, because kids are always tracked. It also gives the park the opportunity to increase revenues by adding services, like cashless payments.

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Child tracking “Kidspotter”• Legoland in Denmark is using a combination of

wireless technologies to track very important assets: kids gone astray. Not only does the service use RFID and WiFi, the interface to it is through the parents' mobile phones.

• Accuracy of about 5 feet

• Renting a wristband with a Wi-Fi-enhanced radio frequencyidentification (RFID) tag on it for a child's arm. Parents also get a map of the site.

• If they lose sight of their child, parents can send a text message (SMS) to the Kidspotter system, which will automatically send a return message stating the name of the park area and the coordinates of their child's location.

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Safety aspects

• Developped a system that uses standard access points to locate children wearing tags as they walk to and from school.

• Automobile drivers are alerted to the presence of nearby children through a voice service, to reduce accidents in residential city areas.

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animal tagging are now being used forhuman beings.

• An early experiment with RFID implants was conducted in 1998

• Night clubs use an implantable chip to identify their VIP customers, who in turn use it to pay for drinks.

Human implants

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m • Wave the PC over the patient's wrist and bring up the

problem list, medications, allergies and other critical information, it will simplify patient identification and save clinical-staff keystrokes.

• The goal is to eliminate many hours of searching for lost.

Tagging office folders

Patient care

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reader system significantly improves the efficiency of its overnight deliveries.

• RFID embedded in plastic nails.

RFID shops timber cost

Truck scanner

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• RFID system to manage and track blood, improve safety, make deliveries more timely and lower costs.

• Rabobank branches save time and cut costs by using RFID to track cash deliveries for their ATMs.

Banks follow the money

Blood service bank

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RFID gate detection

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Retail applications

Product check -> Display relevant information

Customer identification -> added value

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Wearables

Start

End

Equipped with movement sensors

Using assistant GPS

Indoor application

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• Navigation and location determination system for the blind using an RFID tag grid.

• Each RFID tag is programmed upon installation with spatial coordinates and information describing the surroundings.

• With an established RFID gridinfrastructure blind children and adults will gain the independence and freedom to explore and participate in activities without external assistance.

• A reader integrated into the user’s shoe.

Proximity sensing for the Blind User

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Tracking assets (RFID + integrated sensors)

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Tracking assets (RFID + integrated sensors)

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Verhaert New Products & Services nvHogenakkerhoekstraat 219150 KruibekeBelgiumTel +32 (0)3 250 19 00 Fax +32 (0)3 254 10 [email protected]

www.mastersininnovation.com

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Location Based Services Verhaert