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Leadership theory & styles
April 7, 2023April 7, 2023 11
LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP THEORIESLEADERSHIP THEORIES
LEADERSHIP STYLES
LEADERSHIP STYLES
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Trait Theory:Trait Theory: there is a set of characteristics there is a set of characteristics that determines a good leader:that determines a good leader:• PersonalityPersonality• intelligenceintelligence• Self confidenceSelf confidence• SociabilitySociability• WillWill• DominanceDominance
Leadership theories
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Leadership theories• Are such characteristics Are such characteristics inherently gender biased?inherently gender biased?• Do such activities produce good Do such activities produce good leaders?leaders?• Is leadership more than just Is leadership more than just bringing about change?bringing about change?• Does this imply that leaders are Does this imply that leaders are born not made born not made
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Leadership theoriesBehavioral:Behavioral: Imply that leaders can be Imply that leaders can be trained –focus on the way of trained –focus on the way of doing things.doing things.• Structure based behavioral Structure based behavioral theories – focus on the leader theories – focus on the leader instituting structure-task instituting structure-task oriented.oriented.• Relationship based behavioral Relationship based behavioral theories- focus on the theories- focus on the development and maintenance of development and maintenance of relationships- process oriented. relationships- process oriented. April 7, 2023April 7, 2023 55
Leadership theoriesFour important behavioral Four important behavioral theories:theories:1.1.University of LOWA studies:University of LOWA studies: the studies conducted by KURT the studies conducted by KURT LEWIN gave three leadership LEWIN gave three leadership styles:styles:a.a.The Autocratic StyleThe Autocratic Styleb.b.The Democratic StyleThe Democratic Stylec.c.Free-Rein or Laissez-Faire StyleFree-Rein or Laissez-Faire Style
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Leadership theories2.2. The Ohio State Studies:The Ohio State Studies:a.a. Initiating structure:Initiating structure: refers to the extent to which refers to the extent to which
a leader structure and a leader structure and defines the activities of the defines the activities of the subordinates.subordinates.
b.b. Consideration:Consideration: refers to the ability of the refers to the ability of the
leader to establish rapport, leader to establish rapport, mutual respect and two way mutual respect and two way communication.communication.April 7, 2023April 7, 2023 77
Leadership theories
3.3. University of Michigan University of Michigan studiesstudies::
The Michigan researches The Michigan researches identified two types of identified two types of leadership styles:leadership styles:
a.a. Employee oriented.Employee oriented.b.b. Production oriented. Production oriented.
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Leadership theories4. 4. Managerial Grid:Managerial Grid:
•Developed by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton.Developed by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton.•Focuses on task and employee orientation Focuses on task and employee orientation of managers as well as combinations of of managers as well as combinations of concerns between the two extremes.concerns between the two extremes.
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Likert’s System of Likert’s System of LeadershipLeadership
• Exploitive -Autocratic Exploitive -Autocratic
• Benevolent AutocraticBenevolent Autocratic
• ConsultativeConsultative
• DemocraticDemocratic
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Leadership As A ContinuumLeadership As A Continuum
• This theory implies that leadership This theory implies that leadership involves a variety of styles, raging from involves a variety of styles, raging from one that is highly boss- centered to one one that is highly boss- centered to one that is highly subordinate-centred that is highly subordinate-centred
The continuous theory recognizes that The continuous theory recognizes that the appropriate style of leadership the appropriate style of leadership depends on the leader, the followers depends on the leader, the followers and situationand situation
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This theory find three forces This theory find three forces
1)1) Forces in managers.Forces in managers.
2)2)Forces in subordinates.Forces in subordinates.
3)3)Forces in situation.Forces in situation.
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Continuum of manager-non manager behaviour
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Leadership theories
Contingency Theories:Contingency Theories:• Leadership as being more flexible –Leadership as being more flexible –• Different leadership styles being used at Different leadership styles being used at different times depending upon the different times depending upon the circumstances.circumstances.• Suggest leadership is not a fixed series of Suggest leadership is not a fixed series of characteristics that can be transposed into characteristics that can be transposed into different contexts.different contexts.• May depend on:May depend on:i.i. Type of staffType of staffii.ii.History of businessHistory of businessiii.iii.Culture of the businessCulture of the businessiv.iv.Quality of relationshipQuality of relationshipv.v.Nature of the change neededNature of the change neededvi.vi.Accepted norms within the institution.Accepted norms within the institution.
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Leadership theoriesTypes of contingency theories:Types of contingency theories:1.1.Fiedler Model:Fiedler Model:• Fiedler developed LPC Fiedler developed LPC
questionnaire.questionnaire.• LPC measured whether leader LPC measured whether leader
was task oriented or was task oriented or relationship oriented.relationship oriented.
• Based on this Fiedler gave three Based on this Fiedler gave three contingency dimensions:contingency dimensions:
i.i. Leader-Member relationLeader-Member relationii.ii. Task-Structure Task-Structure iii.iii.Position-PowerPosition-Power
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Leadership theories
2. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership:•This theory focuses main attention on follower readiness and situation behavior of leader.•It gives three variables.1- Task behaviour 2- Relationship behaviour3- Marturity of followers
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Leadership theoriesThe four styles:i.Telling / Directing (h t & l r)ii.Selling (ht & hr)iii.Participating (l t& hr)iv.Delegating (l t& l r)
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Leadership theories3. Path-Goal Theory: Leader -•Clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go.•Remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there.•Increasing the rewards along the route.•According to House, there are four different types of leadership styles depending on the situation:1. Directive Leadership2. Supportive Leadership 3. Participative Leadership4. Achievement-oriented Leadership
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Transactional Leadership:• The transactional leader works through creating clear structures .• Subordinates are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out
Leadership theories
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Leadership theories
Transformational:Widespread changes to a business or organisation
Requires:• Long term strategic planning• Clear objectives• Clear vision• Leading by example – walk the walk• Efficiency of systems and processes
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LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP STYLES
LEADERSHIP THEORIES
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Types of Leadership Style
Autocratic :Autocratic :•Decision making power lies with Leader .He Decision making power lies with Leader .He makes decision without reference to makes decision without reference to subordinate and wishes to dominatesubordinate and wishes to dominate• High degree of dependency on the leader .High degree of dependency on the leader .• Can create de-motivation and alienation of Can create de-motivation and alienation of staff .staff .• Maybe valuable in some types of business Maybe valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively.decisively. April 7, 2023April 7, 2023 2222
Democratic:Democratic:• The power of decision making is The power of decision making is decentralized. decentralized. • Consultative - process of consultation Consultative - process of consultation before decisions are taken.before decisions are taken.•It raises employee morale and job It raises employee morale and job satisfaction.satisfaction.
Draw back of this styleDraw back of this style
Types of Leadership Style
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Laissez-Faire:Laissez-Faire:• ‘ ‘let it be’-the leadership responsibilities are let it be’-the leadership responsibilities are shared by all.shared by all.• Can be very useful in businesses where creative Can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important.ideas are important.• Can be highly motivational, as people have Can be highly motivational, as people have control over their working life.control over their working life.
Draw back Draw back
Types of Leadership Style
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Paternalistic:Paternalistic:• Leader acts as a ‘father figure’.Leader acts as a ‘father figure’.• The leader aim to protect and guide The leader aim to protect and guide his followers.his followers. Draw backDraw back
Types of Leadership Style
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Leadership Style
PERSONAL LEADERSHIPIt is exercised through the influence of personality.Directions and motivations are given personally.
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IMPERSONAL LEADERSHIPIMPERSONAL LEADERSHIP
Impersonal leadership is a term used Impersonal leadership is a term used to designate leadership exercised to designate leadership exercised through subordinates of the leader or through subordinates of the leader or by non personal medium such as by non personal medium such as written instructions, orders, polices, written instructions, orders, polices, etc.etc.
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FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIPFUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP
• Functional leadership exits because Functional leadership exits because an individual possesses specialized an individual possesses specialized skill and renders expert advice. The skill and renders expert advice. The group follows him as it believes that group follows him as it believes that his advice will help and guide them his advice will help and guide them in difficult and complicated situation.in difficult and complicated situation.
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CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIPCHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP
• This style of leadership emerges out This style of leadership emerges out of magnetic qualities of a leaders. of magnetic qualities of a leaders.
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Leadership StyleLeadership styles given by LIKERT’S:Leadership styles given by LIKERT’S:Exploitative autocratic:Exploitative autocratic:• Low concern for employeesLow concern for employees• Uses threat and fear based methods to Uses threat and fear based methods to achieve excellence.achieve excellence.•Benevolent autocratic :Benevolent autocratic :• Leader adds concern for employees –a Leader adds concern for employees –a ‘benevolent dictatorship’ is formed.‘benevolent dictatorship’ is formed.• Uses rewards to achieve excellence.Uses rewards to achieve excellence.• Major decisions are centrally made.Major decisions are centrally made.
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Consultative:Consultative:• Set goals and issue orders after discussing Set goals and issue orders after discussing them with the subordinates.them with the subordinates.• LeaderLeader makes genuine efforts to listen to the makes genuine efforts to listen to the subordinates.subordinates.• Major decisions are still largely centrally made.Major decisions are still largely centrally made.Participative:Participative:• Maximum use of participative methods.Maximum use of participative methods.• Supervision and control are group-orientedSupervision and control are group-oriented• Employees across the organization are Employees across the organization are psychologically more close.psychologically more close.
Leadership Style
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Leadership Style
Leadership styles given in path-goal theory:Directive Leadership:Supportive Leadership:Participative Leadership:Achievement-oriented Leadership:
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Thank you
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