1.

2. Organizational Culture 2 Chapter 3. Introduction

National culture:the sum total of thebeliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artifacts,andinstitutionsthat characterize the population

A nationscultureandsub-cultureseffect how organizational transactions are conducted

Learning to operate in a world influenced by national culture is becoming a requirement for effective management

4. Organizational Culture and Societys Values(1 of 2)

Values the conscious, affective desires or wants of people that guide their behavior

Organizations are able to operate efficiently only when shared values exist among the employees

• An individuals personal values guide behavior on and off the job

5. Organizational Culture and Societys Values(2 of 2)

Values are a societys ideas about what is right or wrong

Values are passed from one generation to the next

6. Hofstedes Four Value Dimensions (1 of 2) Dimension Description Power Distance The level of acceptance by a society of the unequal distribution of power in organizations In higher power distance cultures, employees acknowledge the bosss authority and follow the chain of command The result is a more centralized authority and structure Uncertainty Avoidance

The extent to which people in a society feel threatened by ambiguous situations

Countries with a high level of uncertainty avoidance tend to have specific rules, laws, and procedures

• Managers in these countries tend towards low-risk decision-making

• Employees exhibit little aggressiveness

7. Hofstedes Four Value Dimensions (2 of 2) Dimension Description Individualism The tendency of people to fend for themselves and their family In countries that value individualism, individual initiative and achievement are highly valued and the relationship of the individual with organizations is one of independence Masculinity The extent to which assertiveness and materialism is valued In highly masculine societies, there is considerable job stress and conflict between job and family roles 8. Cultural Values (1 of 4) Region / Country Individualism-Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity-Femininity Other Dimensions North America (USA) Individualism Low Medium Masculine Japan Collectivism High and Low High Masculine and Feminine Amae(mutual dependence) China Collectivism Low Low Masculine and Feminine Emphasis on tradition, Marxism, Leninism, and Mao Zedong thought 9. Cultural Values (2 of 4) Region / Country Individualism-Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity-Femininity Other Dimensions Europe: Anglo Germanic West Slavic West Urgic Near Eastern Balkanic Nordic Individualism Medium individualism Collectivism Medium/high individualism Low/ medium Low High Low Low/medium Medium/high High Low/medium Masculine Medium/high masculine Medium masculine Feminine 10. Cultural Values (3 of 4) Region / Country Individualism-Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity-Femininity Other Dimensions Europe: (contd) Latin Europe East SlavicIndividualism Medium/high individualism Collectivism Low/medium High Low Low/medium High Medium Masculine Medium masculine Masculine 11. Cultural Values (4 of 4) Region / Country Individualism-Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity-Femininity Other Dimensions Africa Collectivism High High Feminine Colonial traditions; tribal customs Latin America Collectivism High High Masculine Extroverted; prefer orderly customs and procedures 12. A societys values have an impact on organizational values because of the interactive nature of work, leisure, family, and community. 13. Organizational culture what the employees perceive and how this perception creates a pattern of beliefs, values, and expectations. 14. Edgar Scheins Definition of Culture:

A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.

15. Scheins Three-Layer Organizational Culture Model Layer III: Basic Assumptions Layer II: Values Layer I: Artifacts & Creations Examples of cultural attributes

Documents

Physical layouts

Furnishings

Language

Jargon

Work ethic and practice

Fair days work for a fair days pay

Loyalty

Commitment

Helping others

Performance leads to rewards

Management equity

Competency counts

Visible but often not decipherable Greater level of awareness Taken for granted, invisible, preconscious

Relationship to environment

Nature of reality, time, & space

Nature of human nature

Nature of human activity

Nature of human relations

Testable in the physical environment

Testable only by social consensus

Technology

Art

Visible and audible behavior patterns

16. Organizational Culture and Its Effects Strong Culture Weak Culture 17. H O M E Methods Intervening Conditions Outcome The Evolution of a Positive Culture Cohesive organizational culture Develop a sense ofhistory Create a sense ofoneness Promote a sense ofmembership Increaseexchangeamong members Elaborate on history Communications about and by heroes and others Leadership and role modeling Communicating norms and values Reward systems Career management and job security Recruiting and staffing Socialization of new staff members Training and development Member contact Participative decision making Inter-group coordination Personal exchange 18. Three Views on Influencing Cultural Change:(1 of 2)

Cultures are so elusive and hidden that they cannot be adequately diagnosed, managed, or changed

Because it takes difficult techniques, rare skills, and considerable time to understand a culture and then additional time to change it, deliberate attempts at culture change are not really practical

19. Three Views on Influencing Cultural Change:(2 of 2)

People will naturally resist change to a new culture

• Cultures sustain people through periods of difficulty and serve to ward off anxiety

• Cultures provide continuity and stability

20. Changing Culture Intervention Points Hiring and socialization of members who fit in with the culture Culture Removal of members who deviate from the culture Cultural communications Justifications of behavior Behavior 3 2 1 4 5 Managers seeking to create culture change must intervene at these points. 21. Socialization and Culture Socialization the process by which organizations bring new employees into the culture. 22. The Process of Organizational Socialization Careful selection of entry-level candidates Start Deselect Humility-inducing experiences promote openness toward accepting organizational norms and values Teaches the new entrant that he/she doesnt know everything about the job or company In-the-trenches training leads to mastery of a core discipline Extensive and reinforced on-the-job experience Rewards and control systems are meticulously refined to reinforce behavior that is deemed pivotal to success in the marketplace Adherence to values enables the reconciliation of personal sacrifices Reinforcing folklore Keeping alive stories that validate the organizations culture Consistent role models Reward and recognize individuals who have done the job well 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. Socialization Stages Anticipatory Socialization Accommodation Role Management 24. A Checklist of Effective Socialization Practices (1 of 2)

Anticipatory socialization

• Recruitment using realistic job previews

• Selection and placement using realistic career paths

Role management socialization

• Provision of professional counseling

• Adaptive and flexible work assignments

• Sincere person-oriented managers

25. A Checklist of Effective Socialization Practices (2 of 2)

Accommodation socialization

• Tailor-made and individualized orientation programs

• Social as well as technical skills training

• Supportive and accurate feedback

• Challenging work assignments

• Demanding but fair supervisors

26. Mentor a friend, coach, advisor or sponsor who supports, encourages, and helps a less experienced protg. 27. Mentoring Guidelines(1 of 2)

Do not dictate mentoring relationships, but encourage leaders/managers to serve a mentors

Train mentors in how to be effective in mentoring others

Include in the firms newsletter or in other forms of mass communication (print and electronic) an occasional story of mentoring as reported by a current top-level executive

28. Mentoring Guidelines(2 of 2)

Inform employees about the benefits and difficulties of mentor relationships with individuals of different race and gender

Make sure there is diversity among the mentors

All mentors should be trained in dealing with diversity

29. Phases of the Mentor Relationship Initiation Cultivation Separation Redefinition 30. Cultural Diversity Diversity the vast array of physical and cultural differences that constitute the spectrum of human differences. The managerial challenge will be to identify ways to integrate the increasing number and mix of people from diverse national cultures into the workplace. 31. Workforce diversity issues for managers to consider: (1 of 2)

Coping with employees unfamiliarity with the English language

Increased training for service jobs that require verbal skills

Cultural (national) awareness training for the current workforce

Learning which rewards are valued by different ethnic groups

32. Workforce diversity issues for managers to consider: (2 of 2)

Developing career development programs that fit the skills, needs, and values of the ethnic group

Rewarding managers for effectively recruiting, hiring, and integrating a diverse workforce

Focusing not only on ethnic diversity, but also learning more about the diversities of age, gender, and workers with disabilities

33. Spirituality and Culture

Spirituality employees have a personal or inner life that nourishes and is nourished by performing relevant, meaningful, and challenging work

• Workplace spirituality is not the same as religion

• Spirituality is a path, is personal and private, contains elements of many religions, and points to a persons self-inquiry

34. Research onspiritualityand work dimensions indicates:

Employees who are more spiritually involved achieve better results

Spirituality encourages:

• trust

• work/life balance

• empathy and compassion about others

• the value of human assets

• the full development and self-actualization of people

• ethical behavior