The IMPORTANCE of DYNAMIC The IMPORTANCE of DYNAMIC POSITIONING ofPOSITIONING of

The FPSOThe FPSO Graduation Project;Graduation Project;

Mustafa ÇayMustafa Çay

130050097130050097

SUMMARYSUMMARY

The most common method of taking off oil out of ocean bottom is using FPSOs. FPSOs drilling can be possiple ultra deep water to very shallow water. The oil consumption is increasing day by day, so this consumption towards oil companies to research oil more deep water. Searching oil in more deep water brings more problem like fixing of vessel position and fixing equipment that used for drilling. FPSOs operated in less deep water don’t use Dynamic Positioning(DP).

Technology of DP firstly were not supported by Satellite System. Using satellite system has been brought DP system more accuracy. There is no way like anchoring area water depth is 1000m. Dynamic Positioning is used for today’s FPSOs as a methods of fixing position. By this method FPSOs can be operated in ultra deep water easily.

ÖZETÖZET Petrolun deniz dibinden cıkarılmasında ilk

zamanlarda Platformlar kullanılırken platformların maliyeti cok yüksek olduğu icin daha sonraki zamanlarda eski VLCC ya da Super Tankerler donusturulerek FPSO’lar olusturulmaya baslanmıstır. FPSO’lara ilk ornek; Shell Petrolium Co.’ya ait Castellon FPSO’dur (1971). FPSO’ların tercih edilmesindeki en buyuk sebep kullanımlarının ve yapımlarının kolay ve maliyetlerinin dusuk olmasıdır. İlk zamanlarında FPSO’lar demirlenebilecek derinliklerde kullanılırken teknolojik gelismelerle birlikte kullanım alanları cok daha fazla gelismis ozellikle “Dinamik Pozisyonlama (DP)”metoduyla petrol cıkarılabilen derinlikler 2.500m’ye kadar varmıstır. Dinamik Pozisyonlama metodu FPSO’lar icin cok onemlidir. DP yardımıyla Petrol arama islemleri inanılmaz derinliklere doğru yol almaktadır.

DP FPSODP FPSO

CONTENTS of THESIS IntroductionIntroduction Floating, Production and Storage Offloading Floating, Production and Storage Offloading

Vessels (FPSO)Vessels (FPSO) Hisrorical Development of FPSOHisrorical Development of FPSO Types of FPSOTypes of FPSO Positioning System of FPSOPositioning System of FPSO Dynamic Positioning System (DP)Dynamic Positioning System (DP) Why we need DP for FPSO? Why we need DP for FPSO? Description of DP FPSODescription of DP FPSO Methods of DPMethods of DP Sattellite System in DPSattellite System in DP Todays DP FPSO Todays DP FPSO Importance of DP for RiserImportance of DP for Riser Future of DP FPSOFuture of DP FPSO ConclusionConclusion

InroductionInroduction

The Floating Production Storage and Offloading (Offtake) unit (FPSO) special report analyses where the industry has come from since its infancy in the 1970s, where it is now and what the future holds.

The Floating Production Storage and Offloading (Offtake) unit (FPSO) special report analyses where the industry has come from since its infancy in the 1970s, where it is now and what the future holds. The message couldn’t be better the market is set for growth.

Increasing oil and gas exploration and development work,

World offshore oil production forecast to increase by 43% by 2008,

World offshore gas production set to soar by 83% by 2008,

Demand for newbuild FPSOs increasing.

FPSO SeilleanFPSO Seillean

View of Seabed View of Seabed DrillingDrilling

Floating, Production and Floating, Production and Storage Offloading Storage Offloading

Vessels (FPSO)Vessels (FPSO) A floating production, storage and A floating production, storage and

offloading (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel offloading (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore industry for the used by the offshore industry for the processing and storage of oil and gas. A processing and storage of oil and gas. A FPSO vessel is designed to receive oil or FPSO vessel is designed to receive oil or gas produced from nearby platforms or gas produced from nearby platforms or subsea template, process it, and store it subsea template, process it, and store it until oil or gas can be offloaded onto a until oil or gas can be offloaded onto a tanker or transported through a pipeline. tanker or transported through a pipeline. FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker or can be a vessel built specially for the or can be a vessel built specially for the application.application.

Shematic of FPSO SystemShematic of FPSO System

Historical Development Historical Development of FPSOof FPSO

Oil has been produced from offshore Oil has been produced from offshore locations since the 1950s. Originally, all oil locations since the 1950s. Originally, all oil platforms sat on the seabed, but as platforms sat on the seabed, but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s, floating distant locations in the 1970s, floating production systems came to be used. production systems came to be used.

The first oil FPSO was the Shell Castellon, The first oil FPSO was the Shell Castellon, built in Spain in 1971. There are so far no built in Spain in 1971. There are so far no LNG FPSOs. LNG FPSOs.

1970s FPSO1970s FPSO

Types of FPSOTypes of FPSO

FPSOs can be built or converted from old FPSOs can be built or converted from old VLCC, Super Tanker or Single Skin Tankers.VLCC, Super Tanker or Single Skin Tankers.

New Builds;New Builds; Can optimise deck space / layouts Hull tailored for weather, production & offloading frequency -

especially fatigue life Better for harsh environments.

Converted FPSO;Converted FPSO; 1970’s mild steel hulls preferred (better fatigue performance than

High Tensile Steels (HTS) –HTS is more flexible so topsides/piping design needs to accommodate movement -also welding requirements stricter than mild steel)

Good motion performance due to conventional hull shape

Converted Types;Converted Types;

Convertion of existing tanker into Floating Production Storage/Offloading Systems (FPSOs) is old method of building FPSO. The cost of converted FPSO is less than building as FPSO.

Converted FPSO in Converted FPSO in Cargo operationCargo operation

Built as FPSO;Built as FPSO;

All FPSO are not converted from old

single hull super tanker. Some of FPSO directly are built as FPSO. The cost of building is more than converting, also building takes more time. Building a new FPSO is not prefered nowadays. FPSO is leading offshore technology. This is especially the case for the development of oilfields offshore Brazil and West Africa.

FPSO Building in FPSO Building in ShipyardShipyard

Positioning System of Positioning System of FPSOFPSO

Turret Mooring System,Turret Mooring System,

Dynamic Positioning(DP) System.Dynamic Positioning(DP) System.

Turret Mooring SystemTurret Mooring System

The turret system performs four main functions in a typical FPSO:

Maintaining the vessel on station through single mooring.

Allowing weathervaning or rotation of the vessel to adjust to climate conditions.

Fluid transfer from the risers to the process plant.

Providing transfer of electrical, hydraulic and other control signals.

Turret Mooring FPSOTurret Mooring FPSO

Parts of Turret SystemParts of Turret System Turret (T): This provides the single-point

mooring and allows weathervaning of the vessel.

Fluid Transfer System (FTS): It transfers the process fluids and other signals from the turret to the process plant on the vessel.

Turret Transfer System (TTS): It rotates with the turret. It is otherwise referred to as the turnable or turnable manifolding.

Interfacing systems (IS): mooring lines and flexibles below the turret and other ancillary equipment.

TurretTurret Turret Turret FPSO in FPSO in ShipyardShipyard

Dynamic Positioning(DP) Dynamic Positioning(DP) SystemSystem

The dynamic positioning systems are not new by any means, several decades of use can be accounted, but in the last couple of decades, with the fast development of computers and satellite communications, these systems have been greatly developed.

DP FPSO DP FPSO Designed for Designed for

Harsh Weather Harsh Weather for GoMfor GoM

Parts of DP SystemParts of DP System Computer : The brain of the positioning system is a

computer that receives information from reference systems which feed three main data.

Reference systems : The information to determine position, direction and motions are input to the computer by several devices

Propulsion units : Once the computer has established the information for the vessel, based on the variations interpreted, signals are sent in the power management system and to the rudder controls.

- Satellite systems: This is most useful system, mainly because it is not site dependent or water depth sensitive. The new differential systems obtain the information from more than one satellite simultaneously to determine the exact position.

DP FPSO BW DP FPSO BW Pioneer in Pioneer in ShipyardShipyard

Dynamic Positioning(DP) Dynamic Positioning(DP) SystemSystem

Dynamic positioning (DP)Dynamic positioning (DP) is a computer is a computer controlled system to automatically maintain controlled system to automatically maintain a vessel's position and heading by using her a vessel's position and heading by using her own propellers and thrusters. Position own propellers and thrusters. Position reference sensors, combined with wind reference sensors, combined with wind sensors, motion sensors and gyro sensors, motion sensors and gyro compasses, provide information to the compasses, provide information to the computer pertaining to the vessel's position computer pertaining to the vessel's position and the magnitude and direction of and the magnitude and direction of environmental forces affecting its position. environmental forces affecting its position.

Schema of DP SystemSchema of DP System

The principle of using thrusters to The principle of using thrusters to stabilize the position of a floating vessel stabilize the position of a floating vessel was undoubtedly conceiving for the first was undoubtedly conceiving for the first time by Jules Verne around 1895. time by Jules Verne around 1895.

In 1961, United States, the coring In 1961, United States, the coring vessel Eureka, was launched. The vessel Eureka, was launched. The Eureka thus performed coring in more Eureka thus performed coring in more than 1300 m of water, with 6 m waves than 1300 m of water, with 6 m waves and 40 knot winds. Eureka that had an and 40 knot winds. Eureka that had an analogue control system interfaced with analogue control system interfaced with a taut wire, making it the first true DP a taut wire, making it the first true DP ship. ship.

Why We Need DP for Why We Need DP for FPSO?FPSO?

FPSO with a combination of Dynamic FPSO with a combination of Dynamic Positioning. This alternative, less costly in Positioning. This alternative, less costly in installations may provide a flexible solution installations may provide a flexible solution for future use of FPSO in deep or marginal for future use of FPSO in deep or marginal fields. Risers can be disconnected very easily, fields. Risers can be disconnected very easily, no underwater pipelines are required which no underwater pipelines are required which can be costly in the case of deep water or can be costly in the case of deep water or where the distance to shore is relatively large, where the distance to shore is relatively large, the vessel may be moved out of the station in the vessel may be moved out of the station in the event of environmental hazards, and it the event of environmental hazards, and it may, in particular cases where the distance to may, in particular cases where the distance to a discharge terminal is relatively close, be no a discharge terminal is relatively close, be no need for shuttle tankers. need for shuttle tankers.

DP FPSO in Cargo DP FPSO in Cargo Operation SchemaOperation Schema

Description of DP FPSODescription of DP FPSO

DP FPSO: The FPSO has a DP-thruster DP FPSO: The FPSO has a DP-thruster stationkeeping system and offloads to a stationkeeping system and offloads to a shuttle tanker connected in tandem. For shuttle tanker connected in tandem. For transfer of fluids between the riser transfer of fluids between the riser system and the vessel. The riser system system and the vessel. The riser system provides transfer of product from the provides transfer of product from the wellheads to the FPSO, and is wellheads to the FPSO, and is specifically designed for use in this specifically designed for use in this concept with the disconnectable turret concept with the disconnectable turret system developed. system developed.

General Arrangement of General Arrangement of DP FPSODP FPSO

Methods of Dynamic Methods of Dynamic Positioning(DP) SystemPositioning(DP) System

Offshore operations and Offshore operations and

corresponding geographic area help to corresponding geographic area help to determine the appropriate type of determine the appropriate type of floating vessels. Careful choice must be floating vessels. Careful choice must be made among the various alternatives made among the various alternatives concerning DP and existing equipment. concerning DP and existing equipment. Different techniques have been used Different techniques have been used since early times of DP history. since early times of DP history. Important ones areImportant ones are; ;

Mechanical ( Inclinometers);Mechanical ( Inclinometers); It consists of a small-diameter (6 to 12 It consists of a small-diameter (6 to 12 mm) cable, with high tensile strenght, streched between a sinker mm) cable, with high tensile strenght, streched between a sinker weight on the seabed and a constant tension winch on board. weight on the seabed and a constant tension winch on board.

Acoustic Reference SystemsAcoustic Reference Systems; ; More accurate than taut wire More accurate than taut wire inclinometer, this tecnique can be adopted any water depth. The inclinometer, this tecnique can be adopted any water depth. The principle of method is bassed on the measurement of acoustic principle of method is bassed on the measurement of acoustic propagation time between surface and seabed. propagation time between surface and seabed.

Long Baseline SystemLong Baseline System Short Baseline SystemShort Baseline System Ultra-short Baseline SystemUltra-short Baseline System Radiolocation and Microwave Measurement Systems; Radiolocation and Microwave Measurement Systems; The The

development of position reference systems, other than the taut wire development of position reference systems, other than the taut wire inclinometer and the baseline systems, remains associated with inclinometer and the baseline systems, remains associated with dynamic positioning. The positioning accuracy increases with the dynamic positioning. The positioning accuracy increases with the

signal frequency, but the range decreases accordingly.signal frequency, but the range decreases accordingly. Inertial SystemsInertial Systems;; Intertial systems, using gyroscopes and\or Intertial systems, using gyroscopes and\or

accelerometers, can be employed for offshore position accelerometers, can be employed for offshore position measurements.measurements.

Magnetic Sensor and Television Measurement SystemsMagnetic Sensor and Television Measurement Systems; ; The The equipment comprises a vertical cable, suspended in the water equipment comprises a vertical cable, suspended in the water

at the platform, and a single receiver on board the ship.at the platform, and a single receiver on board the ship.

Acoustic Methods Acoustic Methods of DPof DP

Satellite System in DPSatellite System in DP

On deepwater drilling it is important to keep On deepwater drilling it is important to keep the riser connecting the vessel to the well as the riser connecting the vessel to the well as close to vertical as possible, so precise close to vertical as possible, so precise positioning is required. DGPS services are positioning is required. DGPS services are used on many mobile offshore drilling units used on many mobile offshore drilling units along with our hardware products and along with our hardware products and software applications. This provides the software applications. This provides the accurate and reliable position required for the accurate and reliable position required for the dynamic positioning system and allows the dynamic positioning system and allows the operator to monitor quality of the position operator to monitor quality of the position ensuring that the vessel stays precisely over ensuring that the vessel stays precisely over the well. the well.

DP Vessel Bridge with DGPSDP Vessel Bridge with DGPS

Todays DP FPSOTodays DP FPSO

The dynamic positioning systems are not The dynamic positioning systems are not new by any means,several decades of use new by any means,several decades of use can be accounted, but in the last couple can be accounted, but in the last couple of decades, with the fast development of of decades, with the fast development of computers and satellite communications, computers and satellite communications, these systems have been greatly these systems have been greatly developed. This new technology also point developed. This new technology also point towards the possibility for non site-towards the possibility for non site-dependent alternatives to explore deep dependent alternatives to explore deep water, accuracy in position water, accuracy in position

DP FPSO Cargo DP FPSO Cargo Operation Operation

PreparationsPreparations

Todays DP FPSOTodays DP FPSO

Importance of DP for Importance of DP for RISERRISER

AA riser riser is a conduit that provides a is a conduit that provides a temporary extension of a subsea oil temporary extension of a subsea oil well to a surface drilling facility.well to a surface drilling facility.

On drillships, riser angle monitoring On drillships, riser angle monitoring can be fed into the DP system. It may can be fed into the DP system. It may be an electrical inclinometer or based be an electrical inclinometer or based on USBL, where a riser angle on USBL, where a riser angle monitoring transponder is fitted to the monitoring transponder is fitted to the riser and a remote inclinometer unit.riser and a remote inclinometer unit.

RisersRisers

Riser of DP FPSORiser of DP FPSO

Future of DP FPSOFuture of DP FPSO

FPSO’s use acoustic method for fixing our FPSO’s use acoustic method for fixing our riser. If riser acoustic system is developed riser. If riser acoustic system is developed FPSO’s can work in ultra deep water every part FPSO’s can work in ultra deep water every part of world. Moving now towards 2010 & beyond, of world. Moving now towards 2010 & beyond, DP is an integral part of the offshore oilfield.  DP is an integral part of the offshore oilfield.  Advances in technology & reference systems Advances in technology & reference systems make the systems more reliable & greatly make the systems more reliable & greatly increase the Mean Time Between Failure increase the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF). Today we are drilling in deeper (MTBF). Today we are drilling in deeper water; farther offshore then could be imagined water; farther offshore then could be imagined back on the Eureka. Chevrons newest back on the Eureka. Chevrons newest Enterprise Class drill ship, to work in 3650m of Enterprise Class drill ship, to work in 3650m of water, drilling to a total depth of 12,200m. water, drilling to a total depth of 12,200m.

Next Generation Next Generation FPSOFPSO

ConclusionConclusion

Since early 1970s FPSOs have been built Since early 1970s FPSOs have been built and converted. Today number of FPSO are and converted. Today number of FPSO are more than a hundred. New generation FPSOs more than a hundred. New generation FPSOs with DP System are still on built. FPSO with with DP System are still on built. FPSO with DP System is still future of Oil technology like DP System is still future of Oil technology like being future in 1970s. Figure about FPSO being future in 1970s. Figure about FPSO role in the worldwide oil market is down lines. role in the worldwide oil market is down lines. To date there have been 108 installations of To date there have been 108 installations of FPSOs worldwide. For many of these projects FPSOs worldwide. For many of these projects the oil field has now been depleted and the the oil field has now been depleted and the vessel has been moved on to another location. vessel has been moved on to another location.

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