PUBLIC SPEAKINGLECTURER : SUTRIA RAHAYU S.PdGROUP 8 :1.FIRDAUS ANWAR2.DEGA ANGRAINI3.SADRI4.NILA RAMADHANI

4.NILA RAMADHANI

CHAPTER 1

Getting Started

•HOW SPEECH IS LEARNED

You learned how to speak by imitating those around you. When you say are repeated words correctly, you were reinforced by words of praise, smile, hugs and other favorable reponses. Your first reinforcers probably included your parents brothers and sisters if you had any, and close relatives.

If you are like most people, the most inportant factor in regard to your ability to communicate is the image or concept you have of yourself. How you see yourself is directly related to your ability to communicate. The better yourself concept, the more likely you will be to communicate positively and confidenly.

SELF- CONCEPTSelf- concept refers to the perception you have of

yourself in regard to your physical appearance, intelligence, personality, strengths, and weaknesses. You develop an image of yourself not only by how you view your own behavior, attitudes, values, and bealiefs but also because of the way’other have reacted to you both verbally and non verbally.

some responses that were particularly important to you came from those whom psychologists and sociolgists call’’ significant other’’- peers, teachers, counselors, and so on.

SIGNIFICANT OTHERS

Significant others are those people we respect, whose opinions are particularly important to us. If significant others see us as being intelligent, competent and caring, chances are we will see ourself in the same way. How, for example, did you arrive at the opinion you have of yourself as a student? Did your teachers praises you because of the quality of your work, because you answered the questions correctly.

The messages we receive from them help us to perceive a picture of ourselves in regare to many characteristics both desirable and undesirable, similiar to or including the ones listed:

Intelligent confident likableSkillful moral talentedPersonable healthy emotionalAccomplished frienndly insightfulKind objective homorous

A person’s self-concept-the list can be limitless. Self-concept is not static; it continuously changes. These can often be changed, following are specific suggestions for improving your self-concept.

IMPROVING SELF-CONCEPT

Slf-concept has a great deal to do with your ability to ceommunicate.Following are specific suggestions for improving your self-concept.1. Be willing to change. The fact that you are chrolled in a

course in speech indicates that you intend to improve your ability to communicate. If you do improve, it will have a positive effect on your self- concept.

2. Be willing to forgive yourself. To maintain a good self-concept, you must accept the fact that people make mistakes and try not to make the same mistake twice.

3. Set realistic goals. Some people are constantly on a downer because they set goals for themselves that they cannot possibly achieve. You know what your limitations are.4. Develop your uniqueness. No matter how long the world continues there will never be another exactly like you.5. Stand up for what you believe. Don’t fell you always have to go along with the crowd. You may fell better about yourself after supporting an unpopular cause.6. View yourself in the proper perspective. Include both the real and ideal self in your self-concept. Although you might have a long way to go to reach your ultimate goal of what you want to become, if things are now going according to plan, you have reason to fell good about yourself.

THE IDEAL SELF

The ideal self is the kind of person you would most like to be. This refers to the kind of qualities or characteristics you would like to through exercise, dicting, appropriate dress, and careful grooming, improving your ability to communicate with others in a more open-minded, positive, and empathic way will go a long way toward improving your self-image.possess, qualities that would make you a more substantive person. Self honestly is realistic and attainable. Improve your personal appearance

THE WAY OTHERS SEE YOUtalented as your sister or as nice as your brother. A teacher might have implied that either of them was smarter than you. These responses from others could lead you to form a rather negative concept of yourself, resulting in low self-esteem.

You perceive how people feel about you by observing Equally as important as the way you see yourself and the person you’d like to be is your idea of how others see you. Much of self-perfeption developed as you were growing up. You parent may have said you weren’t as their verbal and nonverbal reactions to you, if you say, ‘’good morning’’ to an interesting reinforced and your self-esteen remai is intact.

The reaction of others to us can be interpreted differently. The same reaction might enhance the self-esteem of one peson, yet lower the self-esteem of another.

SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY

When it was over said to a friend, ’’i knew that was going to happen! ‘’ if you have, it was probably the result of what is called a ‘’self-fulfilling prophecy. ‘’A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person’s belief about what is going to happen influences his or her behavior, making the expected outcome more likely. Example, consider the following situations: you expected to be nervous and do test and failed it.

Another kind of self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when we are influenced to believe or act in a certain way because of the opinions of significant others.

The self-fulfilling prophecy can also operate in negative ways. Teachers who tell their students that they are misfits,or parents who tell their children that they are dumb, can do immesurable harm to these childrens self-concept, which often results in the expected behavior.

THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT

There are five elements involved in the speech communication process: a speaker, a message, a channel (through which the message is sent), an audience, and a response. A simple speech situation can be summarized as follows:1. A speaker wishes to communicate an idea.2. The speaker ancodes the idea in a message.3. The message is sent through a channel to an audience.4. The audience receives and decodes the message.5. The audience responds to the message.

SpeakerThe process of communication begins with a speaker who wishes to communicate an

idea or some ideas. Perceive a speaker as being a person of competence, integrity, goodwill are most likely to believe what the speaker says.

MesaggeThe listener attends to the message and understands it, the speaker must encode it in

language that is both interesting and clear. Words that are specific and familiar help to make a message clear.

ChannelThe means through which a message is transmitted. Message can be transmitted

through, hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and touching channels. Can add nonverbals to the message to make it more meaningful.

AudienceWhithout an audience, communication does not take place. This

emphasizes the fact that all communication by a speaker must be audience centerend.

ResponseThe success or failure of a communication is determined by

audience response. Successful when communicating, the speaker’s purpose-to inform, to entertain, or to persuade-must be echieved.

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS

Communication breakdowns occur because of some failure in the communication process. The message daydreaming you fail to hear your instruction announce. Speaker has failed to analyze the audience correctly.

Communication breakdowns can be traced to one of the five elements in the communcation process: the speaker, message, channel, audience, or response.

Consider the following situations and determine where the breakdowns in communication occured.

1. You fail to hear your instructor announce a quiz for the next class period.

2. You miss much of what your new girlfriend’s father tells you.3. You can’t decipher a message on your answering machine.4. You fail to understand a lecture on computer literacy.5. Your girlfriend starts crying when you ask her if she’s gained

some weight.

LISTENING

A frustating while delivering your speech, chances are that less than 15 percent of your audience will be actively listening to you. Difference between hearing and listening. Hearing is the act of perceiving, sounds, while listening involves making sense out of what you have heard.

Listening is an active process involving both concentration and thinking. Following are eight barries to concentracion in listening:

• External noiseTaking , footsteps, whispering, coughing, and street noise are some of things that make it difficult to pay attention to a speaker.

• Internal noisePersonal problems or concern about others can be so intens that it is extremely difficult to listen carefully.

• Bias toward speakerAn instructor whose voice is raspy, prefaces everything with “you know” by concentrating on the content of the speech rather than the delivery

• Emotional reactionWord or phrase can cause a negative respons with a listener ‘s ability to concentrate. Honky or greaser can trigger emotional respons that screen out emotional reaction.

• DaydreamingA pleasant daydream rather than paying attention? The tendency to daydream is influenced by two factors. First a listener is able to think at a much faster rate than a speaker can speak. Second attention is intermittent.

• Faking attentionStudents learn to sit at their desks while learning forward with hands propped under their chins and an interested expression on their face. It can be a difficult habit to break.

• FatigueTired from too much studying or partying the night before, you will find it difficult to concentrate.

• Improper note takingWind up missing the point the speaker is trying to make. The way to avoid this problem is to develop note taking skills.

WAYS TO IMPROVE LISTENING

• Prepare to listenTo prepare yourself to listen. This means knowing something about the subject beforehand. To determine the subject from the title of the speech or lecture. You can go to the library or read your textbook to obtain information that will help you better understand what speaker has to say.

• Avoid distractionsDistraction can interfere with concentration and make it difficult to listen. To limit external distraction, arrive early enough to get a centrally located seat close to the speaker.

• Identify the central ideaIf the speech you are listening to has been well prepared, the central idea should become immediately apperant. Clue as to the centaral idea from the title or purpose.

• Identify the main pointsThe listener’s job is to sort out these main points from the supporting material. This take thinking and concentration.

• Think along with the speakerTry to reconstruction the organizatol pattern of the speech. Determine if the speaker is supporting each new idea with a variety of supporting mterials.

• Take effective notelearning to take effective notes is an excellent way to improve your listening skills. It takes clear thinking and concentration to sort out main ideas from supporting detail.

NOTE-TAKING TIPS

• Write Down Only Important IdeasA good speech is planned around a central idea and several main points. Words like specifically, further, and first indicate that a speaker is moving from one point to another.

• Write LegiblySometimes note takers write so hurriedly that when they finish, they can’t read their own notes.

• Keep upBehind in your note taking, skip a few lines and begin again.

• Use your own wordsYour own vocabulary, they will be easier to understand and remember.

• Be briefA common mistake among inexperienced note takers is the tendency to write down too much.

• Don’t eraseWasting time erasing, draw a line through the mistake and continue.

• Don’t worry about spellingWrite it phonetically. Check the spelling later when you expand your notes.

• Date your notesEnable you to pinpoint a missed lecture or the specific date of a speech.

• Expand your notesStudying for an exam, it is wise to expand them as soon after a lecture as possible.

THANKFOR

ATTENTION