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The chemistry and uses of limestone
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Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock that is mainly made up of a
substance called calcium carbonate.
Calcium carbonate has the chemical formula, CaCO3
Because it has many uses and can be used to make other products, limestone is a valuable
resource.
Basic properties of limestone
The appearance of limestone can vary tremendously.
Limestone is calcium carbonate and like any carbonate, it reacts with acids producing carbon dioxide gas.
bubbles of CO2
Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky.
Because it reacts with acids, it is sometimes added to lakes to remove acidity caused by acid rain.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock and most of it (especially chalk) was formed from the remains of tiny sea creatures.
Limestone, chalk and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate CaCO3.
Limestone Chalk Marble
This process took millions of years.
Limestone and chalk often contain fossils.
Where is limestone found in the British Isles?
limestone areas
There are also limestone cliffs on the coast in the Vale of Glamorgan
Sedimentary rocks at Llantwit Major in the Vale of Glamorgan
Layers of limestone and shale
fossils in the fallen limestone blocks
fossils from rocks on left
prepared specimen – a Jurassic oyster (180 million years old!)
More fossils found in limestone.
A Jurassic ammonite from North Yorkshire.
180 million years old.
A Silurian gastropod (snail) from Shropshire.
400 million years old.
Important uses of limestone
As a building material1.
Limestone has been used for thousands of years for buildings and roads.
However, since it is attacked by acids it is easily weathered and eroded.
2. For making glass
Glass is made by heating a mixture of limestone , sand and sodium carbonate (soda).
For making cement
Cement is made by heating together powdered limestone and clay in a rotary kiln.
Limestone and clay Rotating
kilnGas burners
Crusher
Cement
3.
Cement
mortar for joining bricks together
concrete for buildings etc.
Mix with sand and water
Mix with sand and water and chippings
Summary – the uses of limestone
Buildings and roads
Glass (heat with sand and sodium carbonate)
Neutralise acidic soils and lakes
Cement (heat with clay)
Mortar (cement + water + sand)
Concrete (cement + sand + gravel + water)
CaCO3
Limestone Quarrying
The quarrying of limestone can have major effects on the environment.
Limestone quarrying provides the raw materials for making many important substances such as glass and cement etc. It also provides employment for people and benefits the local economy.
But what exactly are the disadvantages?
Limestone Quarrying – some disadvantages
An ‘eyesore’ in areas of the countryside
Noise from blasting
Dust etc. from lorries
Loss of habitat for wildlife
Heating limestoneWhen limestone is strongly heated is begins to glow (limelight!)It decomposes to form calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide gas.We can write a word equation:
calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
or a symbol equation:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
This type of reaction, where a substance is broken down by heat is called a THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
The thermal decomposition of limestone
Calcium oxide (quicklime) is produced industrially using a lime kiln
Limestone in
Hot air in
Kiln rotates to ensure that the limestone is mixed with the hot air
Air + carbon dioxide
Lime out
calcium carbonateheat
calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
A thermal decomposition reaction
a lime kiln
Adding water to quicklime
Calcium hydroxide solution is limewater which turns ‘milky’ with carbon dioxide.
We can write a word equation:
calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
When water is added to quicklime (calcium oxide), the reaction produces much heat and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is formed.
A reaction that produces heat is called an exothermic reaction.
or in symbols
‘slaking’ lime
Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) also has uses:
to neutralise acidic soil
to make lime mortar (often used to restore old buildings
Heating other carbonates
A number of other carbonates are decomposed in the same way as calcium carbonate when heated e.g.
copper carbonate copper oxide + carbon dioxide
zinc carbonate zinc oxide + carbon dioxide
Both these reactions are again examples of a thermal decomposition.
heat
(green) (black)
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
(Zinc oxide is yellow when hot, white when cool)
heat
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2