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State Perspective on Implementing State Perspective on Implementing Fuel Cell Technology Fuel Cell Technology
Shannon Baxter, Ph.D.California Air Resources Board
June 27, 2001
Air Resources Board
California Environmental Protection Agency
EPA Fuel Cell Workshop
OverviewThe California Air Resources BoardAir Quality in California Motivation to Implement Fuel Cells
– Improve the air quality in CA with near-zero and zero emission technologies
– Encourage the fuel flexibility of new, clean technologies
Implementing Fuel Cells– Partnerships– Mandates– Removing barriers
California Air Resources BoardCalifornia Air Resources Board
Part of the California Environmental Protection Agency
Established in 1967 to– Attain and maintain healthy air quality– Conduct research– Control pollution from motor vehicles
2001 Clean Air Plan
Air Resources Board’s GoalAir Resources Board’s Goal
Ensure all individuals in California, especially children and the elderly, can live, work and play in a healthful environment -- free from harmful exposure to air pollution
Improving Air QualityImproving Air QualityHighest Ozone: Greater Los AngelesHighest Ozone: Greater Los Angeles
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
ppm
for
1 ho
ur
.
Standard
Daily VMT* Increasing Daily VMT* Increasing Faster Than PopulationFaster Than PopulationDaily VMT* Increasing Daily VMT* Increasing Faster Than PopulationFaster Than Population
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
PopulationVMT
Year
* vehicle miles traveled
Why are fuel cells promising?Why are fuel cells promising?
Near-zero to zero emissions (including CO2)
Higher fuel efficiency than I.C.E.Fuel flexibleQuietSimpleHigh Quality Power
Applications for Fuel CellsApplications for Fuel CellsTransportation
– Light Duty Vehicles– Heavy Duty Vehicles– Marine Vehicles– Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
Stationary/Distributed Power– Homes, Offices– Back-up generators
Portable– Lawn Mowers, Power Tools
Implementing Fuel CellsImplementing Fuel Cells
California Fuel Cell PartnershipStationary Fuel Cell CollaborativeProject Funding
– Caltech/JPL, Direct methanol fuel cell demonstration unit development
– SunLine’s HbT unit– Freightliner/Xcellsis Fuel Cell Auxillary Power
Unit– DCH Technology’s Water Taxi
PARTNERSHIPSPARTNERSHIPS
California Fuel Cell PartnershipCalifornia Fuel Cell PartnershipFull PartnersFull Partners
AutomakersAutomakers Fuel ProvidersFuel ProvidersFordFord TexacoTexacoDaimler ChryslerDaimler Chrysler ShellShellHondaHonda BPBPVolkswagenVolkswagen ExxonMobilExxonMobilHyundaiHyundai General MotorsGeneral Motors Public AgenciesPublic AgenciesToyotaToyota Ca. Air Resources BoardCa. Air Resources BoardNissanNissan Ca. Energy CommissionCa. Energy CommissionFuel Cell ProvidersFuel Cell Providers South Coast AQMDSouth Coast AQMDBallardBallard U.S. DOE U.S. DOEInternational Fuel CellsInternational Fuel Cells U. S. DOT U. S. DOTXCELLSiSXCELLSiS
California Fuel Cell PartnershipCalifornia Fuel Cell PartnershipAssociate PartnersAssociate Partners
Hydrogen SuppliersHydrogen Suppliers Transit AgenciesTransit AgenciesAir Products and ChemicalsAir Products and Chemicals Sunline TransitSunline TransitPraxairPraxair AC TransitAC TransitProton EnergyProton EnergyStuart EnergyStuart EnergyHydrogen Burner TechnologyHydrogen Burner TechnologyPacific Gas & ElectricPacific Gas & Electric
Methanol SupplierMethanol SupplierMethanexMethanex
Environmental and Energy Environmental and Energy Statement of IntentStatement of Intent
Adopted by the CaFCP Steering Team, July 2000
The California Fuel Cell Partnership is committed to promoting fuel cell vehicle commercialization as a means of moving toward a sustainable energy future, increasing energy efficiency and reducing or eliminating air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.
Exploring the Path to Commercialization
Roadmap Study
• Cooperative effort among CaFCP members • Examine opportunities and barriers to commercializing FCEVs• Consider several fuel options - will NOT pick winners/losers• Expect draft completed Spring 2001
W. Sacramento Facility
CaFCP Bus DemonstrationCaFCP Bus Demonstration Up to 20 buses placed at transit agencies
– SunLine Transit in Palm Desert– AC Transit in the Bay Area
Represents small fleet introduction Operated in regular fare service Fueled with hydrogen
StationaStationary Fuel Cell Collaborativery Fuel Cell CollaborativePURPOSEPURPOSE
Provide leadership role in facilitating the advancement, demonstration and use of fuel cells for power generation in stationary applications throughout California
KEY GOALSKEY GOALS Fund pilot projects in partnership with stakeholders Identify and facilitate policies that encourage the
use of fuel cells in stationary applications Establish a mechanism for giving weight to
environmentally superior technologies in government building projects
Participate in fuel cell education and outreach activities
CORE GROUPCORE GROUPProposed Membership
Governor’s Office Governor’s Office of Planning &
Research Ca Air Resources BoardCa Department of General ServicesCa Energy CommissionCa Public Utilities CommissionLos Angeles DWPSouth Coast AQMDNational Fuel Cell Research CenterCa Department of TransportationCal/EPA
Ca Resources AgencyCa Business, Transportation and
Housing Agency Ca Trade and CommerceU.S. Department Of EnergyU.S. Department Of DefenseU.S. General Service
AdministrationU. S. Environmental Protection
AgencyHouston Advanced Research
Center
ADVISORY COMMITTEEADVISORY COMMITTEE
Proposed Membership
•Fuel Cell Manufacturers
•Government Agencies
•Utilities
•Fuel Suppliers
•Potential Developers
•Non-Governmental Organizations
H-Power Corporation
POTENTIAL TASKSPOTENTIAL TASKS
Purchase of fuel cell units by California agencies Explore agreements to include fuel cells for new
building projects Support pilot projects in industrial sectors with high
sensitivity to power reliability Support demonstration projects that have capability
to facilitate market adoption Develop and maintain web site
Short-Term Tasks
POTENTIAL TASKSPOTENTIAL TASKS
Support fuel cell technologies for stationary power generation applications
Work with agencies developing regulations for distributed power generation
Partner with key stakeholders to fund stationary fuel cell projects
Establish and maintain effective communication with stakeholders
Ongoing/Long-Term Tasks
RESOURCESRESOURCES
Self-generation buy down program (PUC) Public Interest Energy Research program (CEC) Renewables buy down program (CEC) Other State funds (e.g., ICAT) Advanced Technology Fund (SCAQMD) Penalty funds SB 5X, Appropriations for State Energy Projects
Potential Funding Opportunities
Hydrogen-Powered Water Hydrogen-Powered Water Transportation SystemTransportation System
Co-funding DCH Technologies’ project to develop hydrogen-powered water transportation system
System:– hydrogen turbine technology transitioning to PEM
fuel cells– mobile dockside fueling station employing fuel-
flexible reformer Looking to expand: boat builders, fishing fleets and
ferries
Hydrogen Fuels Issues that will Hydrogen Fuels Issues that will require Government Assistancerequire Government Assistance
Storage issuesDistribution issuesSafetyStandardizationConvenience / AvailabilityCostsExperience
Implementing Fuel CellsImplementing Fuel CellsMandate is Good Public PolicyMandate is Good Public Policy
Sets challenging but achievable environmental standard
Accelerates adoption of clean vehicle technologies
Wide ranging environmental and energy benefits
Economic growth opportunities for California
Zero Emission Bus MandateZero Emission Bus MandateLarge Transit Agencies (200+ buses) can use
diesel or natural gas as their primary fuelLarge fleets primarily using diesel fuel must
demonstrate ZEBs in 2003ARB ZEB feasibility review in 200615% purchase requirements 2008+ (for buses
on diesel path), 2010+ (for buses on alt. fuel path)
Economic BenefitsEconomic BenefitsZEV Program ZEV Program
New technologies - a California strengthNew businessesNew jobsNew partnerships
Santa Barbara
VenturaCamarillo
SimiValley
Valencia
AguoraHills
NorthHollywood
PasadenaLos Angeles
CarsonTorranceCypress
LongBeach
SanBernardino
Riverside
Irvine
Tustin
Newport Beach
SanDiego
La Jolla
Carlsbad
Poway
Los Angeles CountyVentura County
San Diego County
Orange County
Advanced Vehicle Advanced Vehicle Technology and Design CentersTechnology and Design Centers
Southern California:Southern California:
Santa Barbara CountyAshman Technology, Pavlics Engineering, Kilovac
Los Angeles CountyGeneral Motors ATV, Honda, Toyota, Honeywell, Enova Systems, Replica Roadsters, International Rectifier, Jinriksha, Litton Industries, Modular Electric, REBAC, Econotech, Hydrogen Burner Technology, Enginuity, Phoenix Fuel Cell Systems, HyGen Industries, Rockwell, Nissan, Mitsubushi, EBUS, Trojan Battery, Yussa/Exide, Keystone Battery, DCH Technology, Harvest Energy, FAS Engineering, JPL, Clean Fuel Connection, Stuart Energy USA, TechTran, Aerovironment, Delphi Automotive,AC Propulsion, Amerigon, Allison Products
San Diego CountyNissan, Th!nk Group, XCELLSIS, Alturdyne, ISE Research, Signal Processing, Schock Power Conversions
Orange CountyFord’s Premier Auto Group (Lincoln Mercury, Volvo, Jaguar, Aston-Martin), Hyundai, Kia, Mazda, Doran Motor, Gorilla Vehicles, Taylor Dunn, Power Systems Group, Gaffoglio Metalcrafters, Equus Marketing, AutoPacific, Prisma Design, Eco Soul, Badsey Industrial
Ventura CountyBMW, Volvo, Volkswagen, ODU USA, APS, Dreyco, Energy Systems, Motorola, Pentadyne, Planet Electric, US Flywheel Systems, Capstone Turbine Fountain
Valley
San BernardinoCounty
Santa Barbara County
RiversideCounty
Corona
San Bernardino CountyEldorado National, KTA
Riverside CountyUS Battery
San Dimas
Chino
California-Based Hydrogen California-Based Hydrogen Technology ProvidersTechnology Providers
Partial list includes – Harvest Energy Technology– Hydro Environment Resources– Hydrogen Burner Technology– Hygen Industries– IMPCO Technologies – Procyon Power Systems– Stuart Energy– Technip USA
Vision for Vision for the Futurethe Future
Nearly all zero and near-zero emission vehicles
Improved fuel efficiency for lower emissions
Sustainable fuel supply: H2 for fuel cells
Clean, healthful air for everyone