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Camera Arts
Chapter 9
the early history of photography
• Great slide show from About.com• http://inventors.about.com/od/weirdmuseum
s/ig/Illustrated-History-Photograph/Camera-Obscura.htm
The oldest known photograph in the world of a 17th century Flemish engraving, made by the French inventor Nicephore
Niepce in 1825, with an heliography technical process.
Boulevard du Temple, Paris - Daguerreotype taken by Louis Daguerre. Louis Daguerre circa 1838/39
Daguerreotype Portrait of Louis DaguerrePhotographer Jean-Baptiste Sabatier-Blot
1844
Robert Cornelius Self-Portrait Approximate quarter-plate daguerreotype, 1839
Robert Cornelius
Daguerreotype - Portrait of Samuel MorseMathew B Brady 1844-60
Daguerreotype Photograph 1844The General Post Office Washington, D.C.
Daguerreotype - Key West Florida 1849
Daguerreotype - Photograph of Confederate Dead 1862
Example of an Ambrotype - Unidentified Florida SoldierPeriod of Use 1851 - 1880s
Popularity of the daguerreotype declined in the late 1850s when the ambrotype, a faster and less expensive photographic process, became available.
Calotype, 1835The oldest
photographic negative in existence
The inventor of the first negative from
which multiple positive prints
were made was Henry Fox Talbot.
• Talbot sensitized paper to light with a silver salt solution. He then exposed the paper to light. The background became black, and the subject was rendered in gradations of grey. This was a negative image, and from the paper negative, photographers could duplicate the image as many times as they wanted.
Tintype Photography - The tintype photograpy process was patented in 1856 by Hamilton Smith.
• Daguerreotypes and tintypes were one of a kind images and the image was almost always reversed left to right.
• A thin sheet of iron was used to provide a base for light-sensitive material, yielding a positive image. Tintypes are a variation of the collodion wet plate process. The emulsion is painted onto a japanned (varnished) iron plate, which is exposed in the camera. The low cost and durability of tintypes, coupled with the growing number of traveling photographers, enhanced the tintype’s popularity.
Tintype Photograph of Members of the 75th Ohio Infantry in Jacksonville
Portraits & Photojournalism
Julia Margaret Cameron (self portrait)
An 1864 photo by Julia Margaret Cameron of her husband, Charles Hay Cameron
"Annie, my first success", 29 January 1864. Cameron's first print she was satisfied with
Longfellow in 1868 by Julia Margaret Cameron
Charles Darwin, 1868 by Julia Margaret Cameron
Ellen Terry photographed in 1864 by Julia Margaret Cameron
Julia Jackson, 1867 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron
The Angel at the Tomb, 1870 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron
The Rosebud Garden of Girls,-June 1868 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron
A Study of the Cenci-May 1868 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron
The Echo, 1868 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron
1870 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron
Invention of the Kodak, George Eastman
Daily lifeCrow Camp, 1910. Richard Throssel
The Tobacco Planting, ca. 1905-1911Richard Throssel
Dorothea Lange, 1936
http://alafoto.com/?p=821
Dorothea Lange's 1936, Migrant Mother,
Oregon, August 1939. “Unemployed lumber worker goes with his wife to the bean harvest. Note Social Security number tattooed on arm.”
July 1939. Gordonton, N.C. “Country store on dirt road. Sunday afternoon.
August 1936. Drought refugees from Abilene, Texas, following the crops of California as migratory workers.
Japanese American Children Pledging Allegiance 1942
Japanese American Grocer 1942
Dorothea Lange, People of Japanese ancestry arriving at Tanforan Assembly Center, 1942
Ansel Adams, Mrs. Naguchi and two children, Manzanar War Relocation Center in CA, 1943
The Steerage 1907 Stieglitz
Stieglitz-Spring Showers, The Coach 1902
"Venetian Canal" (1894)
by Alfred Stieglitz
1918
Alfred StieglitzIcy Night, 1893
The Plaza, 1896
FlatironSpring Show
ers
Ansel Adams, Evening, McDonald Lake, Glacier National Park (1942)
The Tetons and the Snake River (1942)
Autumn Tree against Cathedral Rocks, Yosemite, 1944
Moon and Half Dome
Orville Cox and georgia o’keeffe by Ansel Adams
Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Through the First Epoch of the Weimar Beer-Belly Culture, 1919.
Hannah Höch Balance 1925
Hannah Höch Strong-Armed Men 1931
Hannah Höch Burst Unity 1955
Hannah Höch Grotesque 1963
Man Ray - Dada & Surrealismchamps delicieux (rayographie series)
1924
1929
Cindy Shermanhttp://www.cindysherman.com/biography.shtml
Untitled film still #6
Untitled 96
Terms to knowDaguerrotype
• Landscape photography• Photojournalism• Pure photography• Which camera put photography into the hands of
everyday people?• What was the first american conflict to be recorded
in photographs?• Match camera artists to their type of photography-– Ansel adams, alfred steiglitz, dorothea lange, julia
margaret cameron
• End of chapter 9
Chapter 10
Graphic design and illustration
Things to know
• Origin of all types of graphic design• Industrial revolution contributed greatly to graphic
design applications• Symbols• Typography• Layout• Graphic design• Illustration• Match artists to work : rockwell, toulouse -lautrec
• Graphic design – Visual presentation of information– the goal is communication of a specific message– Usually trying to sell something or give directions
• Sometimes called commercial art– At SIU they call the degree a communications
design
Examples of things that are designed before production
• Books • Book jackets• Newspapers • Magazines• Advertisements • Packaging• Websites • CD covers• Road signs • Logos• Television & film credits
How old is graphic design art?• Since the beginning of civilization
• Written languages• Symbols
• Today’s graphic design is rooted in– Invention of the printing press, 15th century
• Reproduction and distribution
– Industrial Revolution, 18th-19th centuriesIncreased commercial applications
– Prior, most products were local – After, mass manufacturing
symbols
• Most basic level of communication• Letters are symbols
Ω Ж Φ Ш М• Even arrows had to be developed
→ Δ
yin yang – dynamic balance of opposites, explains existence
female/male being/nonbeinglight/darkaction/inaction
opposites are mutually interdependent
both are necessary to make the whole
Symbols have no meaning in themselves, they are given meaning by society.
The swastika dates back to Neolithic Europe, up to 5,700 yrs ago. Svastika = Sanskrit for good luck.
India
US Dept of Transportation,
1974
developed to communicate to
international travelersby
Cook and Shanosky Associates
logos
typography
• The arrangement and appearance of letters• Calligraphy • Font, typeface
• People began to pay special attention to this with the invention of movable type, 1450
• Sometimes designers will create their own lettering• Sometimes designers use a combination of
typefaces
Joan Dobkin, leaflet for Amnesty International, 1991
Textbook, pg 243
layout
• Blueprint for how an extended work such as a book or magazine should look– The way a page or a pair of pages are balanced• Using smaller and larger shapes• Using darker and lighter colors• Generally asymmetrical• Looking for a visual appeal
posters/ads
• Color lithography (19th century) brought about eye-catching posters– Color wasn’t practical in magazines or newspapers
• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec– Flat simplified forms influenced by Japanese prints– Immediately collector’s items
Toulouse-Lautrec
Toulouse-Lautrec
Constructivism – a graphic design art movement after the
Russian Revolution of 1917
They had high hopes to create a new society, wanted to make
art for the masses, not the elite. They used bold compositions.
During the 1930s, the Soviet gov’t abolished independent
artist groups, the gov’t demanded all art to be clear,
easy to understand & realistic.Poster for the 1930 film "Earth" by the Stenberg brothers
Milton Glaser, 1996
illustration• An image created to accompany words– Books - Poems– Magazines - Newspapers
• Illustration is a different kind of environment for artists– Tight deadlines– The work is usually thrown away• Illustrators usually find ways to work quickly but still
create striking images
Norman Rockwelldid about 6 covers a year for
The Saturday evening Post for over 40 yrs.
He did 322 covers for TSEP
Rockwell’s last cover for the Post1960, 1963
Norman Rockwell, lithograph, 1942
Part of The Four Freedoms series.
Norman Rockwell
He also worked for the Boy Scouts, and he illustrated over 40 books.
He produced over 4000 original works.
Alan Lee
John Howe
Ted Nasmith
End of chapter 10
• Except digital realms…….
