Soal Biologi

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BIOLOGY

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Compare, with the aid of a diagram, the structure of generalised prokaryotic and eukaryotic animal cells.

(a) Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. (b) Explain how the properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of the cell surface membrane. State the composition and the function of the plant cell wall.

(c)

Tutorplus Distinguish between the structure of plant and animal cells. Tuition centre

(a) Label the following electron micrograph of a prokaryotic cell.

I: II: III: IV: (b) (c)

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................

Calculate the magnification of the prokaryotic cell. State two advantages of using a light microscope over an electron microscope.

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State one function of each of the following organelles. 6. Lysosome Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic recticulum Nucleus Mitochondrion

What is the name of this process? A. B. C. D. Exocytosis Pinocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis

7. Draw diagrams to show the four stages of mitosis in an animal cell with four chromosomes.

8. Outline the differences between the behaviour of the chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.

9. Which phases of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?

I I A. B. C. metaphase metaphase anaphase II prophase telophase prophase

II


BIOLOGYmetaphase

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D.

anaphase

10. Living organisms produce a wide variety of organic compounds. (a) Define the term organic.

Organic compounds are made of chemical elements, which are therefore essential to living organisms. (b) (c) State the three most commonly occurring elements. Some organic compounds contain other elements. State one substance, or group of substances, that contains (i) nitrogen.

..................................................................................................................................... (ii) phosphorus. ..................................................................................................................................... 11. Explain, with reference to its properties, the significance of water as a coolant, a means of transport and as a habitat.

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12. The diagrams below show various molecular structures.I . C3H

O ( C2

I I . H O2 C H

O

C

H C

Hn

)C O H

H

H C O H R

H C O

O

H

H

I I I . H C O

C C H O H C H

2H

O O H C O H

H

I V

. H N H

O C H C O H

H H C O

H

(a)

Identify which of the diagrams represent (i) (ii) the structure of glucose. the structure of amino acids.


(iii) the structure of fatty acids. 13. Outline the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage.

14. Outline the production of a dipeptide by a condensation reaction. Include the structure of a generalized dipeptide in your answer.

15.(a) (b)

State two products of the process of glycolysis. Explain the significance of polar and non-polar amino acids within the cell.

16. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Define the term active site of an enzyme. Outline how enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions. Explain the effect of pH on enzyme activity. State three functions of lipids.

17. Distinguish between the structure of DNA and RNA. DNA RNA

.............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. ..............................................................

.............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. ..............................................................

18. Draw a diagram of the molecular structure of a portion of DNA.


BIOLOGY

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19. Which enzyme removes the RNA primer during replication? A. B. C. D. RNA primase DNA polymerase I DNA ligase Helicase

20. A biochemist isolated and purified molecules needed for DNA replication. When some DNA was added replication occurred, but the DNA molecules formed were defective. Each consisted of a normal DNA strand paired with segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. Which of the following had been left out of the mixture?


A. B. C. D.

DNA ligase Helicase Nucleotides DNA polymerase

21. A certain gene codes for a polypeptide that is 120 amino acids long. Approximately how many nucleotides long is the mRNA that codes for this polypeptide likely to be? A. B. C. D. 30 40 360 480

22. Compare DNA transcription with translation.

23. Where do transcription and translation occur in eukaryotic cells? Transcription A. B. C. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Translation Cytoplasm Mitochondria Cytoplasm


D.

Nucleus

Nucleus

24. The diagram below shows possible pathways for the breakdown of glucose in various cells.G l u c o s e

A ( n B o P o C r o c e s P s r Qo c e s s R x y g e ( no x p y r ge es en n p t )r e s e n + D D + E t )

(a) (b) (c)

State the names of processes Q and R. Deduce the names of substances A and D. State the organelle in which process R takes place.

25. At the start of glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to produce glucose 6-phosphate, which is converted into fructose 6-phosphate. A second phosphorylation reaction is then carried out, in which fructose 6-phosphate is converted into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. Biochemists measured the enzyme activity of phosphofructokinase (the rate at which it catalyzed the reaction) at different concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate. The enzyme activity was measured with a low concentration of ATP and a high concentration of ATP in the reaction mixture. The graph below shows the results.

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A

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i t y H i g h A T P c o n c e n t r a t i o n

F (a) (i)

r u

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- p

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Using only the data in the above graph, outline the effect of increasing fructose 6phosphate concentration on the activity of phosphofructokinase, at a low ATP concentration.


BIOLOGY

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(ii) (b) (i)

Explain how increases in fructose 6-phosphate concentration affect the activity of the enzyme. Outline the effect of increasing the ATP concentration on the activity of phosphofructokinase.

(ii)

Suggest an advantage to living organisms of the effect of ATP on phosphofructokinase.

26. Which is not a product of the Krebs cycle? A. B. C. D. CO2 NADH + H Pyruvate ATP+


27. Explain the similarities and differences in anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.

28. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen while aerobic respiration requires oxygen. (a) (b) State one final product of anaerobic respiration. Complete the table showing the differences between oxidation and reduction. Oxidation Electrons gained or lost Oxygen or hydrogen gained or lost (c) The structure of a mitochondrion is shown in the electron micrograph below. Reduction


Name the parts labelled A, B and C and state the function of each. Part A: Name: .................................................................................................................. Function: ............................................................................................................. Part B: Name: .................................................................................................................. Function: ............................................................................................................. Part C: Name: .................................................................................................................. Function: ............................................................................................................. 29. During photosynthesis in plants, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll. This energy is then used to carry out photolysis, which supply substances that are needed to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules such as glucose. (a) (b) State the names of two products of photolysis in photosynthesis. Explain briefly one method for measuring the rate of photosynthesis in a plant.

(c)

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity. Draw a line on the graph below to show the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis.

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o

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p

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t o

s y

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t h

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(d)

State two factors in the environment of a plant, apart from light intensity, that can affect


BIOLOGY

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the rate of photosynthesis in the plant. 30. (a) State the names of the parts of the chromosome labelled (i) and (ii) on the diagram below.

(b)

Tutorplus ............................................................................................................................................... Tuition centreExplain how the inheritance of chromosome 21 can lead to Downs syndrome. Explain how meiosis promotes variation in a species. ...............................................................................................................................................

(c)

31. The diagram below shows a cell in meiosis. What can be deduced from this diagram?

Stage of meiosis shown

Haploid number of chromosomes in this cell 6 3 6 3

A. B. C. D.

Metaphase I Prophase I Prophase I Metaphase I

32. The diagram below shows the pedigree of a family with red green colour-blindness, a sex-linked condition.


1

s t

g

e n

e r a t i o

n 1 2 n n o o

K r m r m a l e

e y a l a l w m a l e a l e c o i t h n c o d n i t i o n n

f e m i t h w

2

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n 2 3 4

(a)

Define the term sex-linkage.

(b) (c)

Deduce, with a reason, whether the allele producing the condition is dominant or recessive. (i) Determine all the possible genotypes of the individual (2nd generation-1) using appropriate symbols.

(ii)

Determine all the possible genotypes of the individual (3rd generation-4) using appropriate symbols.

33. In garden peas, the pairs of alleles coding for seed shape and seed colour are unlinked. The allele for smooth seeds (S) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled seeds (s). The allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). If a plant of genotype Ssyy is crossed with a plant of genotype ssYy, which offspring are recombinants? A. B. C. D. 34. (a) (b) SsYy and Ssyy SsYy and ssYy SsYy and ssyy Ssyy and ssYy Define the term co-dominance. A man of blood type AB and a woman of blood type B are expecting a baby. The womans mother had blood type O. Deduce the possible phenotypes of the offspring from the cross shown below.


BIOLOGYt t s t g p g h e n e n a m o o t y t y p p eA s B e s B

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P P P

a r e n a r e n a r e n

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F F

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35. What is a difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? A. B. C. D.

Tutorplus Tuition centre Autosomes are not found in gametes but sex chromosomes are.Sex chromosomes are found in animal cells and autosomes are found in plant cells. Autosomes are diploid and sex chromosomes are haploid. Sex chromosomes determine gender and autosomes do not.


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