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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
pasuxismgebeli
redaqtori anastasia qitiaSvili
wigni moamzades: lika Rlonti
anastasia qitiaSvili
nino labartyava
cico gvaramaZe
konsultanti lamara CikvaiZe
mxatvari-dizaineri buba oCiauri
damkabadonebeli qeTevan gogava
teqnikuri redaqtori nino balanCivaZe
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro
erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisada Sefasebis centri
ISBN 978-9941-0-0535-0
s a r C e v i
w i n a s i t y v a o b a
mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saxelobo ganaTlebis maswav leblebisa
da instruqtorebisaTvis. sa xelmZRvanelo SemuSavebulia avtorTa jgufis mier
erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis cent ris pro fesiuli ganaTlebis
mimarTulebis farglebSi.
saxelmZRvanelos daniSnulebaa, daexmaros saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavlebleb-
sa da instruqtorebs swavlis procesis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi. avtorebi
mzad arian saxelmZRvanelosTan dakavSirebiT miiRon konstruqciuli SeniSvnebi
da ga iTvaliswinon isini Semdeg gamocemaSi.
avtorebi madlobas uxdian TanamSromlobisa da praqti kuli magaliTebis mo-
wodebisaTvis profesiuli swavlebis centrebs:
informaciuli teqnologiebis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis m. ToiZis saxelobis samxatvro profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis profesiuli swavlebis centri `speqtri~
Tbilisis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis politeqnikuri profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis mravalprofiliani profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tblisis mravaldargovani profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis profesiuli swavlebis centri `margi~
foTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
kaspis profesiuli swavlebis centri
kaWreTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
winamZRvrianTkaris winamZRvriSvilis profesiuli swavlebis centri
N 1 quTaisis profesiuli swavlebis centri
N 2 quTaisis profesiuli swavlebis centri
didi jixaiSis nikolaZis saxelobis profesiuli swavlebis centri
baTumis profesiuli swavlebis centri
qobuleTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
tyibulis profesiuli swavlebis centri
zestafonis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Cxorowyus profesiuli swavlebis centri
mestiis profesiuli swavlebis centri
xidisTavis profesiuli swavlebis centri
kazreTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
qarelis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Telavis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Sesavali
saxelmZRvanelos mizania saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavlebelebsa da
in st ruqtorebs daexmaros swavlebis procesis efeqturad dagegmvasa
da warmarTvaSi. saqarTvelos kanonis `profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~
mixedviT profesul ganaTlebas axorcielebs maswavlebeli da instruq-
tori. maswavlebels ZiriTadad evaleba Teoriuli codnis gadacema,
xolo instruqtori atarebs profesiul da praqtikul swavlebas, Tum-
ca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebels uxdeba instruqtoris movaleobis
Sesrulebac da piriqiT. amitom, saxelmZRvaneloSi ar aris gamijnuli
erTmaneTisagan maswavleblebisa da instruqtorebisaTvis gankuTvnili
rekomendaciebi.
swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavleblebsa da
instruqtorebs sxvadasxva kompetenciis floba esaWiroebaT, rogori-
caa dargobrivi, pedagogiuri, socialuri da personaluri. maT mxolod
specialobis safuZvliani codna ki ar evalebaT, aramed codnis efeq-
tianad gadacemac, saswavlo garemos mowyoba, studentebis motivireba,
stimulireba, swavleba saklaso da samuSao adgilze, jgufebis marTva,
xelmZRvaneloba, studentebis Sefaseba da a.S.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo swavlebis yvela am aspeqts exeba da Se-
icavs konkretul rekomendaciebs.
saxelmZRvanelo iwyeba fsiqologiuri Teoriebis mokle mimoxilviT.
am Tavis mizania, mkiTxvels warmodgena Seuqmnas im Teoriul mimar-
Tulebebze, romelic safuZvlad udevs swavlebis meTodikas. ganxilu-
lia bihevioristuli, kognituri da humanisturi Teoriebi, maT Soris
msgavseba-gansxvaveba da pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi. am TavSive aris
naCvenebi, rom swavlebisas mxolod maswavlebeli ki ar unda gansaz-
Rvravdes, ra da rogor aswavlos studentebs, aramed studentebTan er-
Tad gegmavdes saswavlo process da studentis individualur SesaZle-
blobebs iTvaliswinebdes.
Semdegi Tavi (Tavi 2) exeba swavlis procesSi individualur gan-
sxvavebebs. am Tavis ZiriTadi mizania maswavlebelsa da instruqtors
aC venos, rom yvela adamiani erTnairad ar swavlobs, rom adamiane bi
gan sxavevbulad aRiqvamen movlenebs, imaxsovreben masalas, azrovneben
da msjeloben. maT gansxvavebuli unarebi da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. am
individualuri gansxvavebebis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia efeqturi
swavleba. amasTanave, am Tavis mizania gviCvenos swavlebis moqnili, mra-
valferovani midgomebis upiratesoba standartul, xist midgomebTan
SedarebiT.
Tavi 3 eTmoba motivaciis sakiTxs: motivacia, rogorc swavlis pro-
5
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
cesis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli faqtori, mecnierTa da
fsiqologebis mxridan yovelTvis did yuradRebas imsaxurebs. maswavleb-
lisa da instruqtoris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa studentebis dain-
tereseba, maTi motivireba, swavlebis imdagvarad organizeba, rom swavlis
procesi studentebisaTvis saintereso gaxdes. am TavSi ganxilulia motiva-
ciis tipebi, motivaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, rogoricaa adamianis
moTxovnileba, interesebi, pasuxismgebloba, pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi
motivaciis marTvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis.
Tavi 4 eTmoba komunikaciis process. am Tavis mizania mkiTxvels da anaxvos
komunikaciis mniSvneloba swavlebis procesSi. kidev erTxel aris naCvenebi,
rom xSir SemTxvevaSi swavlebis araerTi problema ukav Sirdeba komunikaciis
process da, Tu codnis gadacema Sesabamisi komunikaciis procesis Tanxle-
biT ar xdeba, maswavleblis mxridan mxolod sagnis floba ar aris sakmarisi.
aqve aris ganxiluli araverbaluri komunikacia, romlis Sesaxeb arc Tu ise
bevrma maswavlebelma icis, Tumca saklaso garemoSi is umniSvnelovanes fun-
qcias asrulebs.
Tavi 5 da 6 eTmoba swavlebis miznis dagegmvasa da swavlebis meTode bis
SerCevas. am Tavebis mizania maswavlebels da instruqtors aCvenos, rom swav-
leba efeqturi ver iqneba, Tu yuradRebiT ar SevarCevT yoveli leqciisa
Tu kursis mizans, zustad ar ganvsazRvravT swavlebis misaRwev Sedegebs,
swavlebis konkretul meTods da zustad ar SevarCevT saswavlo masalas,
romelic am Sedegis miRwevisaTvis aris saWiro. am Tav Sic aqcenti keTdeba
swavlebis mrvalferovani meTodebis gamoyenebis aucileblobaze.
Tavi 7 da 8 eTmoba swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebs. maTi mizania mas-
wavleblebsa da instruqtorebs miawodos sistematizirebuli in formacia
swav lebisa da Sefasebis Sesaxeb zogadad da konkretul me Todeb Tan dakav-
SirebiT. saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebis
farTo speqtri, romelic rogorc jgufuri, ase ve individualuri swavlebisas
gamoiyeneba. swavlebis meTodebi ganxilulia Semdegi principebiT: meTodis
arsi, misi gamoyenebis pirobebi, studentebis optimaluri raodenoba, meTo-
dis pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi, saswavlo garemosa da swavlebis damx-
mare saSualebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi,
praqtikidan aRebuli magaliTebi da rekomendaciebi meTodis SerCevasa da
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. meTodis arsis sworad gageba-gamoyenebaSi ro-
gorc maswavlebels, ise instruqtors daexmareba praqtikidan aRebuli mag-
aliTebi da konkretuli rekomendaciebi. daaxloebiT amave formatiT aris
ganxiluli Sefasebis meTodebic.
saxelmZRvanelos Tan erTvis terminTa ganmarteba, romelSic Tavmoyrilia
saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebuli terminebi da maTi mokle ganmartebebi.
6
fsiqologebis azriT, swavla aris axali informaciis, codnis, Cve-
vebis, damokidebulebebisa da ganwyobebis SeZena. swavla gulisxmobs
cvli lebas erT romelime zemoTCamoTvlil sferoSi, rac gamowveu lia
gamocdilebis SeZeniT. aviRoT, mag.: zonrebis Sekvris magaliTi. es
r Tuli Cveva ramdenime moqmedebas moiazrebs: zonris gadakecva da
maryuJis gakeTebas. yovelive amas ki sWirdeba praqtika da gamocdi le-
bis SeZena.
swavla sabolood gamocdilebis Sedegia – mas mohyveba adamianis moq-
medebis cvlileba. cvlileba SeiZleba iyos rogorc realuri (dakvir-
vebadi), mag.: students ar SeeZlo da axla SeuZlia Teqis moTel va, ise
potenciuri (aradakvirvebadi), mag.: studentma iswavla axali Te oria.
yvela cvlilebaze dakvirveba SeuZlebelia, swavla nervul sistemaSi
mimdinare araTvalsaCino procesia.
sakmaod rTuli procesia swavla, romelsac saukuneebis manZilze
ikvlevdnen fsiqologebi da filosofosebi; masze gavlenas axdens
garemo faqtorebi, adamianis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, gan-
wyobebi, motivacia, interesebi, sxva adamianebTan urTierToba da a.S.
amitom, arsebobs swavlis sxvadasxva Teoria, romlebic swavlis pro-
cesis sxvadasxva aspeqtze akeTeben aqcents. esenia:
bihevioristuli Teoria, romlis mixedviT swavla aucileblad
qcevaSi cvlilebas gulisxmobs, rasac SeiZleba davakvirdeT da aRvr-
icxoT. Teoria swavlis procesSi gansakuTrebul miSvnelobas garemo
faqtorebsa da maswavlebels aniWebs; swavla gulisxmobs garemosTan
urTierTobis procesSi gamocdilebis miRebasa da informaciis dag-
rovebas. es Teoria efeqturia, rodesac swavleba mTlian klasze an
studentTa jgufzea orientirebuli da ara konkretul individebze.
kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT swavla adamianis kognitur
aqtivobas saWiroebs, rogoricaa informaciis gaazreba, gadamuSave-
ba, azris gamotana; Teoriis mixedviT swavla SesaZlebelia qcevaSi
maSinve ki ar aisaxos, aramed kognitur cvlilebaSi gamoixatos. am
Teoriis mixedviT swavlis procesis centrSi dgas moswavle, romelic
garkveuli SesaZleblobebis, interesebisa da gamocdilebis matarebe-
lia. adamiani codnas `pasiurad~ki ar iRebs, aramed agebs TandaTano-
biT, gamocdilebis safuZvelze.
humanisturi Teoria, romelic swavlis procesSi gansakuTrebul
mniSv nelobas pirovnul, individualur gansxvavebebs aniWebs. swavla
swavlis fsiqologiuri Teoriebi
7
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
ma Sinaa efeqturi, rodesac xdeba indvidualuri gansxvavebebis gaTva-
liswineba da dakmayofileba.
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es Teoriebi ar gamoricxaven, pi-
riqiT _ avseben erTmaneTs.
mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
1. 1 1. biheviorizmi
biheviorizmi swavlis procesSi gan-
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas garemo faq-
torebs aniWebs. biheviorizmis mixed-
viT swavlisaTvis stimuls garemo
faqtorebi iZlevian; amitom bihevior-
istebi ikvleven garemo faqtorebs,
anu stimulebsa da am stimulebze re-
aq ciebs. mocemul Teorias stimul-
reaqciis Teoriis saxeliTac moixse-
nieben. mag.: telefonis zari aris stimuli imisaTvis, rom telefonis
yurmili aviRoT.
bihevioristuli Teoria maswavlebelze koncentrirebuli Teo-
riaa, anu is direqtiuli swavlebis Teorias warmoadgens. am Teoriis
mixedviT moswavle swavlis procesSi pasiuria, swavla damokidebulia
maswavlebelze da informaciis gadacemis formaze. ZiriTadi aqcen-
ti keTdeba swavlebaze da ara swavlaze. Tu maswavlebeli saswavlo
garemos gaxdis pozitiurs da sasiamovnos, waaxalisebs studentebs,
moswavleebi efeq turad is-
wavlian masalas da piriqiT.
bihevioris tul Teorias ar
ain teresebs swavlis pro cesSi
adamianis in dividualuri gan-
sx vavebebi da SesaZleblobe-
bi. misTvis mTavaria garemos
imdagva rad organizeba, rom
moswavleebma `wvrTnis~ sa-
fuZ velze ga mocdileba Sei-
Zi non anu daiswavlon.
metic, bihevioristebis mi-
8
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xedviT arsebobs daswavlis forma, romelic sulac ar saWiroebs in-
formaciis damuSavebas, gaanlizebas anda azris gamotanas; mas asoci-
aciur daswavlas uwodeben.
asociaciuri daswavlisas erTi movlena asociaciurad, gaucno-
biereblad ukavSirdeba meores. mag.: maswavleblis mimarT dadebiTi
damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia gavrceldes sagnis mimarT damokideb-
ulebaze ise, rom moswavles ar hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu ratom da
rogor xdeba damokidebulebebis Camoyalibeba.
asociaciur daswavlaSi Tavis mxriv or formas ganasxvaveben: kla-
sikursa da operatiul ganpirobebulobas.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba – aseve moixsenieba rogorc `piro-
biT_refleqsuri daswavla~, vinaidan moiazrebs pirobiTi refleqsis
gamomuSavebas. is pirvelad rusma fiziologma ivane pavlovma (1849-
1936) aRwera.
ivane pavlovi, ikvlevda ra saWmlis monelebis procesebs ZaRleb-
Si, Semdeg movlenas gadaawyda: eqsperimentis dros ZaRlebi nerwyvis
gamoyofas iwyebdnen sakvebis miRebisas. es bunebrivi refleqsia. mo-
cemulma movlenam pavlovs
ubiZga Semdegi eqsperimen-
tis dagegmvisaken. is reka-
vda zars, romelic cxadia,
ar iwvevda nerwyvis gamo-
yofas; Sem deg is rekavda
zars da amave dros ZaRls
aZlevda sakvebs; mocemuli
proceduris ramodenimejer
gameorebis Semdeg zaris xma
iwvevda nerwyvis gamoyofas. anu zaris xmaze, romelic ZaRlisTvis
stimulia, ZaRli imave reaqciiT pasuxobda, rogoriTac sakvebis da-
naxvaze; amde nad, stimulebis (sakvebi da zaris xma) asociaciis gziT
da ramodenimejer gameorebis Semdeg ZaRlma axali qceva daiswavla.
pavlovis Teoriis gavleniT jon uoTsonma daswavlis Semdegi Teo-
ria Camoayaliba: nebismieri daswavla xdeba klasikuri ganpirobebis
gziT da adamianis Tandayolil refleqsebs eyrdnoba.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis magaliTs xSirad vawydebiT swavlebis
procesSi. swored klasikuri ganpirobebuloba aris mizezi imisa, rom
zogierTi maswavlebeli, sagani mogvwons, zogi ki ara.
magaliTad, aviRoT sagani masalaTmcodneoba; sanam studenti mas ar
icnobs, is misTvis jer neitraluri stimulia, magram auditoria da
9
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
maswavlebeli, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian am saganTan, SeiZleba
stimulad gadaiqcnen. es stimuli SeiZleba daukavSirdes rogorc sa-
siamovno reaqcias, (mosaxerxebeli skami, keTilganwyobili maswavle-
beli,) ise usiamovnos (mouxerxebeli skami, braziani maswavlebeli).
sabolood, am stimulze SesaZlebelia emocia daukavSirdes sagans,
anu SesaZloa maswavlebeli aswavlides masalaTmcodneobis sagans da
iwvevdes mis mimarT negatiur damokidebulebas. cxadia, sagnis swav-
la kognitur aqtiobas saWiroebs maSin, roca sagnisadmi negatiuri
damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba xdeba uSualod klasikuri ganpirobe-
bulobis gziT.
arsebobs daswavlis kidev erTi forma: `daswavla cdisa da Sec-
domis meTodiT~. is Camoayaliba edvard Torndaikma.
mocemuli stilis daswavla Semdegnairad mimdinareobs: axal da
ucxo situaciaSi adamiani sxvadasxva qcevas mimarTavs manam, sanam misi
qceva sasurvel Sedegs ar moitans. amis Semdeg xdeba warmatebuli
qcevis gameoreba, rasac daswavla ganapirobebs. mag.: warmoidgineT,
rom students axlad dawyebuli aqvs muSaoba kompiuterTan. is beWdavs
dokuments, magram zustad ar axsovs, Tu rogor unda ganaxorcielos
teqstis centrirebis operacia. is mimarTavs sxvadasxva qcevas (aW-
ers sxvadasxva Rilaks) manam, sanam sasurvel Sedegs ar miaRwevs. amis
Semdeg, rodesac is miujdeba kompiuters samuSaod, ufro iolad gan-
axorcielebs sasurvel qcevas.
Torndaikis daswavlis kanonebi
efeqtis kanoni: moxdeba im qcevis gameoreba, daswavla, romelsac
Tan axlavs “kmayofilebis gancda” da piriqiT, ar moxdeba im qcevis
gameoreba, romelsac Tan ar axlavs “kmayofilebis gancda”.
mzaobis kanoni: nebismieri qmedebis daswavla-ardaswavla mzao-
bazea damokidebuli. mzaobaSi igulisxmeba adamianis ganviTarebis
done da motivacia. mag.: studenti kompiuteris gamoyenebiT dava-
lebis Sesrulebis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiT
maSin aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs, Tu man ukve garkveul doneze icis
kompiuterTan muSaoba.
mravali reaqciis kanoni: rodesac adamiani gadaawydeba prob-
lemas, romlis gadasaWreladac mas ara aqvs mza qceva, is mimarTavs
mraval gansxvavebul qcevas manam, sanam erT-erT maTgans saWiro
rezultati ar mohyveba.
10
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XX saukunis erT-erTma cnobilma fsiqologma b.f. skinerma ganavr-
co ganmtkicebis Teoria da mas operantuli ganpirobebulobis Teo-
ria uwoda.
skineris mixedviT, adamianis qcevaTa
umravlesoba operantulia, mag.: sas-
wavlebelSi wasvla, werilis dawera: es
imas miSnavs, rom es qcevebi winaswaraa
ganzraxuli, nebelobiTia da ara uSua-
lod stimuliT gamowveuli, rogori-
caa mag.: Tvalis xamxami, dacemineba.
skineris Teoriis mixedviT daswav-
lisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia ganmtkicebisa da dasjis gamoyneba.
ganmtkiceba SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negati-
uri. pozitiuri ganmtkiceba waxalisebas gulisxmobs; negatiuri gan-
mtkiceba ki aris usiamovno stimulis mocileba misaRebi qcevis ganx-
orcielebis Semdeg. is ganicdeba rogorc Sveba.
pozitiuri ganmtkicebis magaliTebi saswavlo garemoSi imdenad
mravalferovani da cnobilia, rom maTi CamoTvla banalurad mogeCvene-
baT. yovelTvis, roca maswavlebeli uRimis students, eubneba raime
sasiamovnos, aqebs, uwers maRal niSans, aRniSnavs TanatolebTan mis
warmatebebs, is iyenebs pozitiur ganmtkicebas. moswavle gaimeorebs
ganwyobis anu damokidebulebis kanonis Tanaxmad Cven mivmar-
TavT garkveul qcevas Cveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da
damokidebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mocemuli kanoni aRiarebs
kulturis da gamocdilebis zegavlenas. Cveni damokidebulebebi
kulturis zegavlenas ganicdis. mag.: zogierTi kulturisaTvis
agresiuli qceva ufro damaxasiaTebelia, amitom mocemul kul-
turaSi mosalodnelia aseTi qcevis daswavla da ganmtkiceba.
dominanturi elementebis kanonis Tanaxmad, problemur situ-
aciaSi organizmi reagirebs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan (domi-
nantur) elementebze. studenti swori gadawyvetilebis Ziebisas
pirvel rigSi TvalSisacem detalebs afiqsirebs.
analogiuri reaqciis kanoni gulisxmobs, rom, roca Cven vx-
vdebiT axal situaciaSi, pirvel rigSi mivmarTavT im qcevas,
romelsac mivmarTavdiT msgavs situaciaSi. Cven reaqcia gadagvaqvs
erTi situaciidan meoreSi, rac aucilebelia adaptaciisaTvis.
11
12
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
anu daiswavlis im qcevas, romelsac maswavleblis mxridan amgvari qme-
deba mosdevs. negatiuri ganmtkiceba mag.: maswavlebeli aRar aZ levs
SeniSvnas students, aRar uwers cud niSans, mas Semdeg, rac man dava-
leba kargad Seasrula.
arsebobs dasjis ori saxe: pozitiuri da negatiuri.
dasjis tips, rodesac arasasiamovno zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebi
gamoiyeneba arasasurveli qcevis aRkveTis mizniT, pozitiuri dasja
ewodeba. mag.: datuqsva an cudi niSnis dawera studentis cudi qcevis
Sesabamisad.
negatiuri dasja aris arasasurveli qcevis Sedegad gamoyenebu-
li garkveuli sasjeli, (anu jarima), romelic moiazrebs sasiamovno
stimulis moSorebas. mag.: moswavlis datoveba skolaSi gakveTilebis
Semdeg.
cxrili 1.1. magaliTebi saswavlo garemodan
stimuli operantuli
reaqcia
Sedegi
(ganmtkiceba
an dasja)
rezultati
gamocdis daniSvna
ucxo enaSi
studenti kar-
gad swavlobs
sagans
dadebiTi ganmtki-
ceba: studenti
friads iRebs
mosalodnelia,
rom studenti
momavalSic
kargad imeca-
dinebs
maswavlebeli akri-
tikebs studentebs
araswori pasuxebis
gamo
studenti mxo-
lod maSin pa-
suxobs, rode-
sac sakuTar
sisworeSia
darwmunebuli
negatiuri ganmt-
kiceba: maswavle-
beli ar akritikebs
students
izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom
studenti mx-
olod maSin pa-
suxobs, rode-
sac sakuTar
codnaSi iqneba
darwmunebuli
maswavlebeli ata-
rebs gakveTils
studenti
megobarTan
saubrobs
pozitiuri dasja:
maswavlebeli ava-
lebs students
klasis dalagebas
gakveTilebis Sem-
deg
mcirdeba imis
albaToba,
rom studen-
ti SemdegSic
ilaparakebs
gakveTilebze.
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maswavlebeli stu-
dentebs pirdeba,
rom gamocdebis
kargad Cabarebis
SemTxvevaSi monaw-
ileobas miiReben
gamofenaSi
studentebi
cudad abare-
ben gamocdebs
negatiuri dasja:
studentebi ar
Rebuloben gamof-
enaSi monawileobas
mcirdeba alba-
Toba imisa, rom
studentebi
SemdgomSic cu-
dad Caabareben
gamocdebs
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi bihevioristuli
Teoriis mixedviT
bihevioristuli Teoriis mixedviT swavlebis procesSi maswav-
lebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:
gazardos dadebiTi stimulebis raodenoba, sixSire da
intensioba;
Seamciros negatiuri stimulebis raodenoba, sixSire da
intensioba;
swavla kargia dadebiTi ganwyobiT;
swavlisaTvis saWiroa gameoreba da maswavleblisa da in-
struqtoris mxridan ukukavSiri;
mizanmimarTuli waxalisebisa da jarimebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia qcevis garkveuli saxeobebis daswavla;
maswavlebelma da saswavlebelma unda ubiZgos adamians
problemis gadasaWrelad mimarTos sxvadasxva qcevas,
ris Semdegac unda dajildovdes swori reaqcia;
adamianebi reagireben gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan da
uCveulo stimulebze (ix. dominanturi elementebis ka-
noni) da ara zogadad mTel situaciaze. amitom swavlebis
procesSi maswavlebelma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos
mniSvnelovan (dominantur), aspeqtebze. mag.: mniSvnelo-
vani aspeqtebis gamoyofa didi SriftiT, feris gamoyene-
ba, xSiri gameoreba.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
1. 2 2. kognituri Teoriebi
kognituri Toriebis mixedviT swavlis procesSi azrovnebis monaw-
ileoba swavlis process aadvilebs. swavla efeqturia, rac ufro sa-
fuZvlianad xdeba masalis gaazreba da gadamuSaveba.
kognituri Teoriebi warmoadgens konstruqtivistul midgomas.
bihevioristuli Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT konstruqtivizmis Teori-
iT swavlis procesSi aqcenti keTdeba moswavleze, studentze da
ara mas wavlebelze. moswavle an studenti avtomaturad ki ar pa-
suxobs garemo stimulebs da am gziT ki ar iZens codnas, aramed
(termini kon struqtivizmi swored
amas miuTiTebs) swavlobs kogni-
turi aqtivobebis safuZvelze, ra-
Sic igulisxmeba problemaTa gadaw-
yveta, analizi, sinTezi, Sefaseba,
damaxsovreba. saswavlo garemoSi Zi-
riTadi aqcenti keTdeba ara swavle-
baze, aramed swavlaze.
konstruqtivizmi eyrdnoba J.pia-
Jes, l. vigotski da j.bruneris Te-
oriebs. vinaidan, Cveni wigni profesi-
uli swavlebis maswavleblebisT visaa
gankuTvnili, romelTa auditoriis asaki 15 wlis zeviTaa, amitom
aRniSnul kognitur Teoriebs mokled mimovixilavT. mocemuli Te-
oriebi bavSvis ganviTarebis stadiebsa da azrovnebis Taviseburebebs
moicavs. vrclad mxolod informaciul models SevexebiT.
Sveicareli fsiqologi Jan piaJe (1896-1980) swavlis procesis mTa-
var figurad bavSvs, moswavles miiCnevs. piaJes mosazrebis Tanaxmad
adamianis ganviTareba aris adaptaciis procesi. adaptaciis umaRlesi
forma ki aris Semecneba. piaJe adaptaciis qveS 2 process moiazrebs:
asimilaciasa da akomodacias.
piaJes Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac garemodan miRebuli informacia
bavSvis gamocdilebas Seesabameba, maSin bavSvi Tavisi gamocdilebis
Sesabamisad agrZelebs qcevas anu xdeba asimilacia; aRniSnuli pro-
cesiT xdeba ukve arsebuli Cvevis ganmtkiceba da reaqciis avtoma-
tizmamde dayvana; magram, rodesac garemo bavSvisTvis axalia da mis
gamocdilebas ar Seesabameba, bavSvi garemo moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
icvlis qcevas anu xdeba akomodacia. ganviTarebis procesisaTvis mniS-
velovani faqtoria balansi akomodaciisa da asimilaciis procesebs
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Soris. Tu adamiani yovel jerze moaxdens reaqciis asimilacias da
ga naxorcielebs erTsa da imave moqmedebas, ver moxdeba axlis daswav-
la. meore mxriv, Tu adamians sul uwevs garemosTan Tavidan Segueba,
ver moxerxdeba naswavlis ganmtkiceba.
rusi mecnieri lev vigotski (1896-1934) Tavis TeoriaSi ganviTarebis
procesSi centralur rols kulturasa da socialur faqtorebs ani-
Webs. sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisas, socialur garemoSi swavlobs
bavSvi imas, rasac sazogadoeba saukuneebis manZilze agrovebs. kul-
turis gavleniT viTardeba logikuri azrovneba, problemis gadaWris
unari, ena. swored kultura gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda viswavloT da
ganviTarebis ra dones unda mivaRwioT. socialurad misaRebi qceva
TandaTan xdeba adamianisTvisac misaRebi. vigotskis mixedviT swavla
win uZRvis kognitur ganviTarebas anu Cven jer vswavlobT da Semdeg
amis safuZvelze vviTardebiT.
vigotski ganasxvavebs ganviTarebis aqtualur da uaxloes zonas:
adamians aqvs unari gaakeTos raime sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe – es aris
misi ganviTarebis aqtualuri zona. mag.: adamians SeuZlia TavisiT,
damoukideblad gadaWras garkveuli sirTulis amocana. uaxloesi gan-
viTarebis zona aris adamianis unari gaakeTos raime sxvisi daxmare-
biT. swored am etapze aris saWiro adamianis sxva, ufro gamocdil
adamianebTan urTierToba; uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona aris poten-
ciali, romelic stimulirebas saWiroebs, risi funqciac ojaxma da
maswavleblebma unda Seasrulon.
jerom bruneris (1915 – ) Teorias `swavla aRmoCenis gziT~ uwo-
deben. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mocemul TeoriaSi aris is faqti,
rom maswavlebeli naklebad gamodis xelmZRvanlis rolSi. adamiani
aqtiuradaa CarTuli swavlebis procesSi, Tavad amuSavebs informa-
cias da arsebuli codnis safuZvelze ayalibebs axal koncefciebsa
da ideebs.
bruneris TeoriaSi adamiani TviTon ayalibebs realobis versiebs,
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, gamoaqvs azri. amitom bruneris mosazrebiT
saswavleblis funqcia aris pirobebis Seqmna, raTa adamianma damou-
kideblad aRmoaCinos garemos kanonzomierebebi da mimarTebebi.
Sesabamisad, maswavleblis funqcia SemdegSi gamoixateba: amocanisa
da sakiTxis formulireba da axsna; magaliTebis moyvana; dakvirvebe-
bze dayrdnobiT hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba; hipoTezebis dasamtkice-
blad an uarsayofad testebis, eqsperimentebis momzadeba da Catareba;
axali informaciis ganzogadeba, misi gamoyenebis SesaZlo variantebis
formulireba.
16
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
warmogidgenT konstruqciuli swavlebis martiv magaliTs:
situacia: studentebi swavloben mSeneblobisaTvis duRabis momzadebas
maswavlebeli: iciT, duRabis damzadebisas ratom iyeneben Semkvrel
niv Tierebebs? ra kavSiri aqvs amas SenebasTan?
ras fiqrobT, rogor unda vipovoT pasuxi kiTxvaze?
studentebi: CavataroT cda, vawarmooT dakvirveba.
maswavlebeli studentebs aZlevs mimarTulebas: mniSvnelovania is, rom
duRabis damzadebisas aucilebelia wylis gamoyenebac.
studentebs eZlevaT davaleba ganaxorcielon praqtikuli dakvirvebebi
da Seagrovon faqtebi. meore leqciaze studentebi ganazogadeben Tavi-
anT dakvirvebebs.
sabolod studentebs gamoaqvT daskvna, rom duRabis damzadebisas imi-
tom iyeneben Semkvrel nivTierebebs, rom wyalTan Serevisas Semkvreli
nivTierebebi fizikur-qimiuri procesebis zemoqmedebiT Txevadi mdgo-
mareobidan gadadian myar mdgomareobaSi. amdenad, duRabis damzadebisas
swored Semkvreli nivTierebebis safuZvelze xdeba SesaZlebeli Seneba.
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT:
maswavlebelma students unda Seuqmnas fizikuri da inteleq-
tualuri aqtivobis ganxorcielebis pirobebi;
swavlebisas daculi unda iyos balansi axal da Zvel masalas
Soris. davaleba unda iyos studentebisaTvis gasagebi, Seesa-
tyvisebodes misi codnis dones (asimilaciis procesi) da Tan
moicavdes garkveul siaxles, risi dauflebac unda moxdes
(akomodaciis procesi);
saswavlo programaSi unda moiazrebodes studentisa da mas-
wavleblis aqtiuri urTierTobis aucilebloba;
maswavlebelma unda icodes studentis codnis realuri done,
raTa optimalurad dagegmos swavlebis procesi;
swavlebis procesis efeqturobisaTvis saWiroa studente-
bis aqtivacia, is unda iyos swavlebis procesis aqtiuri mo-
nawile;
studentis aqtivoba maswavlebelma unda mimarTos garkveuli
mimarTulebiT. swavlebis procesi moicavs TanamSromlobas
studentsa da maswavlebels Soris;
aucilebelia studentebis individualuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba.
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informaciuli modeli
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kognituri Teoria aris informaciuli mo -
deli. mocemuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebi adamianis SemecnebiTi pro -
cesebis muSaobas kompiuteris funqcionirebas adareben. adamianis tvi-
ni kompiuteris msgavsad iRebs informacias, awesrigebs, inaxavs da sa-
Wiro dros iyenebs mas. es modeli atkinsonisa da Sifrinis (Atkinson& Shiffrin, 1968) mier aris SemuSavebuli da mexsierebis mravalkomponen-
tian modeladac moixsenieba.
informaciuli modeli 3 komponentisagan Sedgeba.
pirveli komponenti codnis sacavia. aq inaxeba garemodan sxvadasx-
va dros miRebuli informacia da asociaciebi.
meore komponentSi xdeba garemodan miRebuli informaciis gada-
muSaveba da damaxsovreba; xolo Semdeg saWiro dros misi amotana da
gamoyeneba.
mesame komponenti aris adamianis
mier sakuTari Tavis gancda, rogorc
Semecnebis subieqtis. am komponents
metaSemecneba ewodeba.
mexsierebis mravalkomponentiani
mo delis Tanaxmad arsebobs Semde-
gi tipis mexsiereba: sensoruli mex-
siereba, xanmokle anu muSa mex si-
ereba da xangrZlivi mexsiereba.
sensoruli mexsiereba mexsie re-
bis pirveli etapia. sensorul mex-
sierebaSi inaxeba SegrZnebebi: mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, Sexebis. aq Se-
mosuli masala aracnobieria da xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi rCeba
mexsierebaSi.
xanmokle mexsiereba aris mexsierebis tipi, romelic masalas ra-
modenime wamis ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. am etapze masala advilad ikarge-
ba sxvadasxva faqtoris gavleniT. mag.: Tanakursels vTxovT telefo-
nis nomers. sanam nomers viniSnavT, is gvaxsovs, magram mogvianebiT
SeiZleba veRar gavixsenoT.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba – mexsierebis tipia, sadac masalis xSiri ga-
meorebisa da gadamuSavebis Semdeg xdeba informaciis Senaxva da aR-
dgena xangrZlivi drois manZilze – Tveebi, wlebi, kvirebi. mag.: Cven
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi vinaxavT faqtebs, codnas, Teoriebs, da a.S.
18
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
cxrili 1.2 mexsierebis tipebi
sensoruli xanmokle xangrZlivi
moqmedebis
xangrZlivoba
1 wamze
naklebi
20 wamamde SeuzRudavi
stabiluroba myisieri iolad ikargeba garemos
zegavleniT
mdgradi
moculoba SezRuduli SezRuduli (7±2) SeuzRudavi
zogadi daxa-
siaTeba
momentaluri,
aracnobieri
STabeWdileba
aqtiuri, informaciis
Senaxva SesaZlebelia
gameorebis xarjze.
codnis baza:
asociaciuri,
pasiuri, gada-
muSavebis re-
zultati.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SezRudulia. ZiriTadad mozardi da
mozrdili asakis adamianebi imaxsovreben 6-dan 9 erTeulamde (sityvas,
ricxvs) anu saSualod 7 erTeuls. am Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba
aucilebelia swavlebis procesSi. aris SemTxvevebi, roca students
saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli xanmokle mexsiereba. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi maswavlebels SeuZlia Semdeg gzas mimarTos: an mcire mocu-
lobis informacia miawodos students, an didi moculobis masala ise
gadaastruqturos, rom daaxloebiT 6-9 erTeulis farglebSi Caetios,
an izrunos misi mexsierebis ganviTarebaze. masalis xSiri gameorebiT
SesaZlebelia xanmokle mexsierebis gavarjiSeba.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba Seicavs informacias, romelic Cven gvaqvs
samyaros Sesaxeb. informacia xangrZliv mexsierebaSi ufro dacu-
lia xanmokle mexsierebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac informacia garemos
zegavleniT iolad SeiZleba damaxinjdes da daikargos. Tu adamians
aqvs informacia, rom safrangeTis dedaqalaqi parizia, mas es ecodine-
ba meore dResac da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSic. xanmokle mexsierebis
sacavidan informaciis xangrZlivi mexsierebis sacavSi gadasatanad
saWiroa masalis gameoreba, informaciis gadamuSaveba, azris gamotana,
Zvel naswavl masalasTan dakavSireba da a.S.
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pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi:
vinaidan saswavleblis da maswavleblis funqcia aris studen-
tisaTvis sakmaod didi moculobis codnis gadacema, swavlebis
procesi xangrZliv mexsierebaze unda iyos orientirebuli.
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi rCeba is masala, romelic ufro efeq-
turad iyo daswavlili, amitom saswavlo masala unda iyos
saintereso, TvalsaCino, cxovrebiseuli.
SemogTavazebT or magaliTs saswavlo garemodan.
magaliTimaswavlebeli xsnis sadenebisa da kabelebis gayvanas foladisa da
plastmasis milebSi.
maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis, rom milebSi gahyavT aluminisa da
spilenZis ZarRviani sadenebi da kabelebi kveTiT 2,5kv.mm; is ixilavs
sxvadasxva SemTxvevas: sadenebisa da kabelebis gayvana nestian Seno-
bebSi, qimiurad aqtiur, feTqebad-saSiS garemoSi.
maswavlebeli xsnis teqnologiuri operaciebis Tanamimdevrobas:
1. saproeqto dokumentaciis Seswavla;
2. instrumentebisa da masalebis SerCeva da momzadeba;
3. sadenebisa da kabelebis momzadeba da gayvana.
meore tipis gakveTili: maswavlebeli xsnis imave sakiTxs. maswavlebeli axdens demonstri-
rebas, rom milebSi gahyavT aluminisa da spilenZis ZarRviani sadene bi
da kabelebi kveTiT 2,5kv.mm; yvela students uCvenebs sadenis formasa
da zomas.
maswavlebeli ganixilavs sxvadasxva SemTxvevas: sadenebis gayvana
nes tian da gansakuTrebiT nestian SenobebSi. maswavlebeli studntebs
sTxovs gaixsenon, rogor aris maT binaSi an saxlSi gayvanili sad-
enebi, ra masalisagan aris damzadebuli, aris Tu ara daculi yvela
usafr Txoebis zoma, gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi, sadac sineste maRa-
lia, mag.: abazanaSi; studentebTan erTad ganixilavs, rogor SeiZleba
maqsimaluri usafrTxobis zomebis dacva.
Semdeg maTi yuradReba gadaaqvs ekranze sadac sqematurad aris mo-
20
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
cemuli teqnologiuri operaciebis Tanamimdvroba. sqemebs Tan axlavs
mokle ganmartebebi.
albaT dagveTanxmebiT, rom meore tipis leqciaze ufro efeqtu-
rad moxdeba masalis aTviseba. maswavleblis qceva iwvevs studente-
bis dainteresebas. ganxiluli magaliTi cxovrebiseulia, gamoiyeneba
TvalsaCino masala. aseT leqciaze studentebi ufro aqtiurebi iq-
nebian da ukeT daimaxsovreben masalas, vidre pirvel leqciaze.
ratom viviwyebT? vinaidan swavlebis procesi xangrZliv mexsiere-
bazea orientirebuli, maswavleblisTvis sasargeblo iqneba codna
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom xdeba daviwyeba. amiT maswavlebels miecema
sa Sualeba swavlebis meTodebi dagegmos ise, rom Seamciros saWiro
masalis daviwyeba.
rogorc wesi, iolad gvaviwydeba masala, romlis xSiri gamoyeneba
da gaxsenebac ar xdeba. amas Caqrobas uwodeben; Tu me dRes movis-
mine amindis prognozSi, rom Tovlis safarveli dReisaTvis 15 san-
timetria, da Semdeg es informacia aRaravin Semaxsena, namdvilad ar
memaxsovreba erTi wlis Semdeg.
damaxinjeba – masala, romlis xSiri gaxseneba ar xdeba, magram
mTlianad ar gamqrala mexsierebidan, SeiZleba damaxinjdes an airios
sxva mogonebebTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi informacias arasworad, fragmen-
tulad vixsenebT. amitom maswavlebelma axsnis dros xazi unda gaus-
vas mniSvnelovan da gamokveTil aspeqtebs, romlis damaxsovreba da
aRdgena ufro advilia.
gandevna – arsebobs mosazreba, rom adamiani iviwyebs TavisTvis usi-
amovno movlenebs. mocemuli fenomeni ganxilulia zigmund froidis
(1856-1939) TeoriaSi, usiamovno da matravmirebeli mogonebebi idevne-
ba cnobierebidan da ileqeba fsiqikis aracnobier nawilSi.
amasTanave, SeiZleba Zvelma naswavlma masalam axlad aTvisebuli
daC rdilos. maswavlebels zogjer uWirs axali studentebis saxelebi-
sa da gvarebis damaxsovreba da maT Zveli moswavlis saxeliT mimar-
Tavs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu msgavsebac saxezea. aseT SemTxvevas
pro aqtiuri Seferxeba ewodeba. analogiurad, rodesac maswavlebeli
daimaxsovrebs axali studentebis gvarebs, SesaZloa sirTule Zveli
studentebis gvarebis gaxsenebisas Seeqmnas. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
retroaqtiur SeferxebasTan.
masalis axsnisas mniSvnelovania, rom xazi gaesvas axali masalis ka-
vSirs adre aTvisebul masalasTan.
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mniSvnelovani (mosaWidi) aspeqtebis amotanis problema – fsi-
qo logebi miiCneven, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi daviwyebulad migvaCnia is
informacia, romlis amotanac gviWirs mexsierebidan. zogjer miRebu-
li informaciidan SegviZlia mxolod warsuli gamocdilebis aRdgena.
aseT SemTxvevaSi gaxseneba xdeba ara calkeuli detalebis, aramed Zi-
riTadi arsis. amitom swavlebis procesSi aqcenti unda gakeTdes mniS-
vnelovan, xelmosaWid detalebze, risi wyalobiTac moxdeba ara mxo-
lod zogadi informaciis, aramed calkeuli detalebis gaxseneba.
1. 3 3. socialur-kognituri Teoria
Cven xSirad vswavlobT ara sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelze, ara-
med sxvebze dakvirvebisa da maTi mibaZvis gziT; mocemul process da-
kvirvebiT, mibaZvis gziT daswavlasac uwodeben. swored dakvirvebisa
da mibaZvis gziT xdeba metyvelebis maneris, Cacmisa Tu varcxnilobis
stilis, da a.S. damkvidreba, mocemuli kulturisaTvis misaRebi qcev-
ebis daswavla. es Teoria albert banduram (1925-1988) Camoayaliba;
mas socialur – kognituri Teoria ewodeba, vinaidan is warmoadgens
SemaerTebel rgols biheviorizmsa da kognitur midgomas Soris.
adamians, romelsac akvirdebian models uwodeben, xolo modelze
dakvirvebis gziT garkveuli moqmedebebis an qcevis aTvisebis pro-
cess modelirebas uwodeben. Tu qcevas, romelsac adamiani akvirdeba,
dadebiTi Sedegi mohyveba, da adamini moelis, rom mis SemTxvevaSic
aseTi Sedegi iqneba, izrdeba am qcevis Sesrulebis albaToba da piriq-
iT. modeli SeiZleba iyos realuri adamiani, an filmis, nawarmoebis
personaJi, istoriuli gmiri, warmosaxuli adamiani da a.S.
banduras Teoriis mixedviT dakvirvebis gziT daswavlaSi oTxi pro-
cesia CarTuli: yuradReba, Senaxva, motoruli reproduqcia (anu
qcevis gameoreba) da motivaciuri procesebi.
yuradReba – bunebrivia, rom gagviWirdeba raimis swavla, Tu yur-
adRebas ar mivaqcevT im qcevas, romlis aTvisebac gvinda. mag.: ada-
miani SeiZleba bevrjer Seswrebia xaWapuris cxobis process, magram
SesaZloa damoukideblad ver gaakeTos, Tu qceva misTvis imdenad
mniSvnelovani ar iyo, rom masze yuradReba gaemaxvilebina.
Senaxvis procesi – Tu Cven gvinda raime qcevis daswavla, garda
imisa, rom masze yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT, unda davimaxsovroT
kidec is, rasac vakvirdebodiT.
22
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
albert banduras Tanaxmad, swavla vizualurisa (rasac vxedavT) da
verbaluris (rasac vismenT) aRqmis sinTezia. rTuli qcevis dauflebi-
sas mniSvnelovania mocemul qcevaze ara mxolod dakvirveba da mo-
qmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobis damaxsovreba, aramed instruqciisa Tu
miTiTebebis kargad mosmena da gageba. simaRlidan xtomisa da curvis
swavlisas Turme kargi rezultati miiRweva maSin, rodesac adamiani
iTvaliswinebs instruqtoris instruqciebs da uSualod Sesrulebamde
xdeba qcevis modelis warmodgena gonebaSi.
motoruli reproduqcia (anu qcevis gameoreba) – gulisxmobs gon-
ebaSi warmodgenili qcevis moqmedebaSi gadatanas. moqmedebis warmate-
biT Sesruleba damokidebulia Tandayolil unarsa da gavarjiSebaze.
zog adamians ufro metad exerxeba raimes keTeba, vidre sxvebs. aseve,
rac ufro kargad aris adamiani gavarjiSebuli raimes keTebaSi, miT
ufro zustia misi moqmedeba.
motivacia – imisaTvis, rom adamianma modelirebis gziT raime iswav-
los, is motivirebuli unda iyos amisaTvis; misTvis raime mizezis gamo
es qceva unda iyos sasurveli. motivacia ufro farTod ganxilulia
me-3 TavSi.
banduras Teoriis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Teoria Si
centraluri adgili ar ukavia asociaciur kavSirebsa da cdisa da
Secdomis meTods. mocemuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, aravin miandobs ax-
albeda mZRols saWes da ar aswavlis marTvas cdisa da Secdomis
me TodiT. avtomobilis tarebis swavlebisas gamarTlebulia marTvis
inst ruqciebis (nabeWdi da zepiri saxiT) miwodeba, magaliTze dak-
virvebis gziT axsna.
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi socialur-kognituri
Teoriis mixedviT
maswavlebelma swavlebis procesSi unda marTos studen-
tebis yu radRebis, Senaxvis, motoruli reproduqciisa
da motivaci is procesebi.
23
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1. 4 4. humanisturi midgoma
humanisturi fsiqologia swavlobs adamianis unikalobasa da `me~-s
formirebas. mocemuli Teoriis mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebi arian
karl rojersi (1902-1987) da abraam maslou (1908-1970).swavlebis humanisturi midgoma eyrdnoba konstruqtivizms da (kon-
centrirebulia moswavleze, studentze) swavlebis procesSi did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs moswavlis individualur stils, pirovnebis harmo-
niul ganviTarebasa da faseulobaTa formirebas; es Teoria aqcents
ake Tebs adamianis warmatebebze da ara warumateblobaze.
vinaidan Teoria swavlis procesSi pirovnul gansxvavebebs aniWebs
mniSvnelovan rols, amitom Teoriis mimdevrebi maswavleblebs urCeven
swavlebis procesSi sxvadasxva formis gamoyenebas: leqciis, diskusi-
is, proeqtebis prezentaciis, TamaSebis, distanciuri mecadineobebis.
Semdeg TavebSi araerTxel SevxvdebiT individualuri gansxvavebebis
gaTvaliswinebis, da amdenad, humanisturi midgomis mniSvnelobas swav-
lebis procesSi.
aSS-Si Catarda kvleva skolebze, romlebic swavlebis humanistur
formas iyenebdnen; aRmoCnda, rom aseTi skolebis moswavleebi ga-
moirCeodnen maRali TviTSefasebiT, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiTa da
TanamSromlobis unariT.
yvela adamiani erTnairad ar swavlobs; amas araerTi kvleva da mec -
nieri amtkicebs. amasve adasturebs maswavleblebisa da moswavlee-
bis, studentebis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba; swavlaze gavlenas ax-
dens adamianis kognituri SesaZlebloba, gamocdileba da interesebi.
adamianebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen, gadaamuSaveben da imaxsovreben
informacias; amas swavlis stils uwodeben; es imas ki ar niSnavs,
rom adamians mxolod am stiliT SeuZlia swavla, aramed imas, rom am
stiliT swavla misTvis yvelaze advilia da mosaxerxebeli.
swavlebis dros standartuli midgoma yvela studentisadmi yve-
la situaciaSi sul ufro araefeqturi xdeba; Tanamedrove swavleba
adamianis individualur SesaZleblobebzea orientirebuli; swavlebis
procesi imdagvarad unda daigegmos, rom yvela students hqondes
sak uTari potencialis ganviTarebis saSualeba.
es fotoebi kargad gamoxataven adamianebs Soris individualur gan-
sxvavebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxvanairad xe-
davs am fotoebs yvela maTgani sworia.
ras xedavT am suraTze?
profils Tu eskimoss? axalgazrda Tu xandazmul adamians?
am TavSi ganvixilavT 3 mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rac swavlis proces-
Si individualuri gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebaSi dagvexmareba; ese-
nia: swavlis sensoruli stili, informaciis gadamuSaveba da mra-
valmxrivi inteleqti.
individualuri gansxvavebebi swavlis procesSi
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2. 1 1. swavlis sensoruli stili: vizualuri, audialuri da kinesTetikuri
informacias samyarodan aRqmiT viRebT. Cven vxedavT sagnebs da
mov lenebs, gvesmis saubari da sityvebi, SevigrZnobT temperaturas da
a.S. saerTod, sxvadasxva situaciaSi gansxvavebuli tipis informaciis
miRebaa saWiro, Tumca rogorc cnobilia, adamianebi ukeT aRiqva-
men da imaxsovreben erTi romelime tipis informacias anu adamianTa
umetesobas informaciis miRebis erTi dominanturi stili aqvs. gamo-
yofen vizualuri, audialuri da kinesTetikuri stilis adamianebs.
vizualuri stilis adamianebs uadvildebaT axali informaciis vi-
zualurad miReba – suraTebiT, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT; maT urCevni-
aT saswavlo masalas xedavdnen, vidre ismendnen an raimes akeTebdnen.
saklaso garemoSi maTTvis yvelaze efeqturi vizualuri masalebis
gamoyenebaa.
audialuri stilis adamianebs urCevniaT masala moisminon; isini
ukeT imaxsovreben saubars, diskusias, dialogebs; maT aseTi saxiT
miRebuli masalis gaxsenebac uadvildebaT. aseTi adamianebisaTvis
yvelaze efeqturi swavlis procesSi leqciebis mosmena, diskusiebsa
da seminarebSi monawileobis miRebaa.
kinesTetikuri stilis adamianebs uadvildebaT swavla, rodesac
raimes akeTeben, Wrian, ageben, awyoben an asruleben rolebs. maT
ur CevniaT informacia gadaamuSavon moZraobiTa da demonstrirebiT.
aseTi adamianebi saklaso garemoSi yvelaze advilad maSin swavloben,
rodesac isini fizikurad aqtiurebi arian.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom klasisa da saswavlo kursisagan damoukideb-
lad (Rockville, Maryland) studentebis 29%-Si vizualuri stili domini-
rebs, 34%-Si – audialuri, xolo 37%-Si – kinesTetikuri.
cxadia, Znelia swavlis procesSi yvela students misTvis sasurve-
li saxiT mivawodoT informacia, Tumca maswavlebelma swavlis pro-
cesi ise unda dagegmos, rom saswavlo masala yvelasaTvis advilad
aRqmadi iyos. amis gamo rekomendebulia swavlebis mravalferovani,
kombinirebuli meTodebis gamoyeneba, rac yvela students met-nak-
lebad aqtiurs gaxdis – saintereso vizualuri masalebis gamoyeneba,
multimedia, gasagebi da saintereso argumentebi, studentebis CarT-
va diskusiaSi, demonstrirebis da simulaciebis gamoyeneba, roluri
TamaSebi da a.S.
25
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
2. 2 2. informaciis gadamuSaveba
Cven ara mxolod informacias viRebT samyarodan, aramed vawes-
rigebT, gadavamuSavebT da vinaxavT mas, raTa SemdgomSi saWiro dros
da adgilas gamoviyenoT; mecnierebis azriT, (Regorc, 1987) adamianebi
amas gansxvavebulad akeTeben; zogi ufro sistematurad da mowesrige-
bulad, zogi ki ufro araorgnizebulad, mouwesrigeblad.
gamoyofen or ganzomilebas: aRqmisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis.
aRqmis mixedviT ganasxvaveben konkretuli da abstraqtuli aRqmis
stilis adamianebs, xolo informaciis gadamuSavebis mixedviT – orga-
nizebuli da araorganizebuli stilis adamianebs.
konkretuli aRqmis adamianebi metad koncentrirebulebi arian
fizikur realobaze, rasac xedaven, grZnoben, esmiT, ynosaven da exe-
bian; aseTi adamianebi obieqturebi arian, maT swavlisas sWirdebaT
raime xelSesaxebi da realuri informacia, rasac SeigrZnoben da aRiq-
vamen.
abstraqtuli aRqmis adamianebisTvis, piriqiT, ufro mniSvnelova-
nia ganzogadebuli azrebi, warmodgenebi, Teoriebi, principebi. isini
metad subieqturebi arian, vidre obieqturebi. isini Teoriebisa da
koncefciebis samyaroSi cxovroben. maT swavlis procesSi Teoriebis,
zogadi principebis codna esaWiroebaT.
informaciis gadamuSaveba, rogorc sityva miuTiTebs, niSnavs infor-
maciis mowesrigebas, gadamuSavebas da Senaxvas. organizebuli stilis
adamianebi informacias sistematiurad da Tanamimdevrulad awesrige-
ben; isini logikurebi da zustebi arian. maT axasiaTebT sworxazovani,
kargad mowesrigebuli, logikuri azrovneba. swavlis procesSi maT
uyvarT sizuste da garkveuloba.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, araorganizebuli stilis adamianebi mentalu-
rad qaoturebi arian. isini ufro intuiturebi arian azrovnebaSi,
ma salis damaxsovrebaSi, vidre logikurebi. maT ufro uadvildebaT
mov lenis erTianobaSi warmodgena da danaxva, vidre movlenis Semad-
geneli calkeuli nawilebis aRqma. swavlis procesSi maT ar uyvarT
CarCoebi da wesebi.
am ori ganzomilebis mixedviT gamoyofen 4 tipis adamians: konkre-
tuli araorganizebuli, konkretuli organizebuli, abstraqtuli
araorganizebuli da abstraqtuli organizebuli.
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yvela adamians aqvs oTxive stili, Tumca adamianebis umetesobas rome-
lime maTgani ufro dominanturi aqvs.
es modeli Zalian kargad gamoxatavs adamianebs Soris gansxvavebas.
mag, konkretuli da organizebuli tipis studentebs ufro uadvil-
debaT swavla, rodesac masala da swavlis procesi kargad aris struq-
turirebuli, aqvT detaluri instruqciebi, kargad gansazRvruli we-
sebi, mokle, magram mkafiod formulirebuli amocanebi; gamokveTili
abstraqtuli da araorganizebuli tipis studentebs, mag.: swavla ur-
CeviaT arastruqturirebul jgufur garemoSi, uyvarT saubari, msj-
eloba, go nebrivi ieriSiT axali ideebis Segroveba, Tavisufleba sas-
wavlo situaciaSi.
cxrilSi 2.1 mocemulia oTxive stilis mokle aRwera.
cxrili 2.1. informaciis gadamuSavebis tipebi
abstraqtuli organizebuli konkretuli organizebuli
kiTxva, msjeloba,
diskusiaSi CarTva,
axali ideebi, cod-
nis SeZena, logika,
testebi, hipoTeze-
bis Camoyalibeba,
gonebrivi savarji-
Soebi, kvleva
analizi, Sefase-
ba leqciebis
mosmena, akademi-
uri saqmianoba,
kvleva, filoso-
fia, obieqtu-
roba, intleq-
tualuri saqmi-
anoba, wesrigi
magaliTebi, mo-
nacemebi da ricx-
vebi, diagramebi,
kompiuteri, real-
uri gamocdileba,
rukebi, mok le
instruqciebi
wesebi, gegmebi,
meTodologia,
savele gasvlebi,
wesrigi, konkre-
tika
konkretuli araorganizebuli abstraqtuli araorganizebuli
problemis gadaWra,
damoukidebloba,
arCevanis gakeTeba,
Ria-SekiTxvebi,
suraTebi/ara de-
talebi, orig-
inaloba, naklebi
SezRudvebi, riski,
bevri resursebi
sakuTari ganrigi,
eqsperimentebi,
SemoqmedebiToba,
gamowvevebi, Ta-
maSebi, moqni-
loba,
jgufuri muSaoba,
sakuTari mosazre-
bebis qona, vizu-
alizacia, moZra-
oba, iumori, in-
tuicia, emociebi
TviTgamoxatva,
TanamSromloba
warmodgena, Ria-
SekiTxvebi, ganx-
ilvebi, drama,
media, fantazia,
poezia, ara-
sworxazovneba,
spontanuroba,
subieqturoba,
TanamSromloba
27
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
2. 3 3. inteleqti
inteleqtis Seswavlas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs; galtoni, bine,
ster ni iyvnen is adamianebi, romlebmac pirvelad scades inteleqtis
ga zomva. inteleqti moiazreboda rogorc adamianis unari, gadaeWra
axali amocana an Seeqmna produqti, romelic mocemuli kulturisaT-
vis Rirebuli iqneboda. dReisaTvis inteleqtis Sesaxeb warmodgena
Seicvala; inteleqti ganixileba ara rogorc unari, romlis `gazomva~
SeiZleba, aramed potenciali, romelic SesaZlebelia ganviTardes imis
mixedviT Tu ra aris mocemul kulturaSi miCneuli Rirebulad, ra
SesaZleblobebi eZleva adamians da rogori garemo aqvs. metic, dRei-
saTvis saubroben ara erTi saxis fiqsirebul inteleqtze, romelic
adamians aqvs an ara aqvs, aramed mravalmxriv inteleqtze, romelic
sxvadasxva sferoSi vlindeba; hovard gardneris mixedviT (Howard Gardner, 1983) arsebobs 8 saxis gansxvavebuli inteleqti; yvela adami-
ani flobs rvave saxis inteleqts, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT; ro-
gorc wesi, adamians erTi saxis dominanturi (yvelaze ganviTarebuli)
inteleqti aqvs. cxrilSi mocemulia rvave saxis inteleqti da maT
Soris gansxvavebebi.
cxrili 3.2 inteleqtis tipebi
lingvisturi inteleqti
aqvs kargad ganviTarebuli sityvaTa maragi, advilad imax-
sovrebs saxelebs, TariRebs, axal sityvebs, moswons wera
da kiTxva, literatura, uyvars sityvebiT TamaSi.
logikuri da maTematikuri inteleqti
advilad xedavs tendencias, kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli
abstraqtuli azrovneba, SeuZlia kategoriebsa da ideebs
Soris mimarTebis damyareba, advilad angariSobs, xmarobs
kompiuters, uyvars Tavsatexebis, logikuri amocanebis
amoxsna.
sivrciTi inteleqti
advilad imaxsovrebs sagnebis sivrceSi ganlagebas, Seu-
Zlia zustad aRidginos gamosaxuleba da misi sivrciTi
mdebareoba, uyvars xatva, dizaini, Seneba, kargad erkveva
rukebsa da diagramebSi.
musikaluri inteleqti
advilad imaxsovrebs melodias, aqvs kargad ganviTarebuli
ritmis SegrZneba, xSirad mReris, mgrZnobiarea bgerebisa
da xmebis mimarT.
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kinesTeti-kuri inte-leqti
advilad swavlobs sxeulis SegrZnebebiT, simulaciiT, ro-
luri TamaSebiT, uWirs didxans erT adgilze gaunZrevlad
jdoma, exerxeba sportuli TamaSebi, cekva, warmodgenebi,
aqvs kargi koordinacia, advilad urTierTobs adamianebT-
an, esmis da gamoxatavs damokidebulebas JestebiT, mimike-
biT.
interperso-
naluri inte-
leqti
kargad esmis adamianebis, advilad swavlobs sxvebTan urT-
ierTobis procesSi, exerxeba organizeba da xelmZRvanelo-
ba, kargad esmis sxva adamianebis emocia, SeuZlia mosme-
na; SeuZlia adamianebs Soris mediacia, uyvars socialuri
TamaSebi.
intraperso-naluri inte-leqti
uyvars marto muSaoba, aris damoukidebeli, aqvs Zlieri
nebisyofa, kargad ganviTarebuli intuicia, sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulia, kargad icis sakuTari Zlieri da susti
mxareebi.
naturalistu-
ri inteleqti
kargad erkveva samyaroSi – florasa da faunaSi, exerxeba
mosavlis moyvana, konservacia.
mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teoria tradiciuli Teoriebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT mravalferovania; is adamianis SesaZleblobebis farTo speq-
trs asaxavs, dawyebuli lingvisturi unarebidan damTavrebuli natu-
ralisturi inteleqtiT. tradiciuli swavleba ZiriTadad lingvistur
da logikur unarebs scnobda, da Sesabamisad, adamianebi, romlebic
metad logikurebi da zustebi iyvnen metad inteleqtualebad iTvle-
bodnen. samagierod, TiTqmis SeumCneveli rCeboda bavSvebis inteleqti
musikis, xelovnebis, dizainis da a.S. ganxriT.
dReisaTvis ganaTlebis sferoSi mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teo-
rias did yuradRebas aqceven. am Teoriis mixedviT, swavlebis pro-
cesSi maswavlebeli yovelTvis unda iTvaliswinebdes individualur
gansxvavebs; man imdagvarad unda warmarTos swavlebis procesi, rom
saSualeba misces students, erTi mxriv, warmatebiT gamoiyenos domi-
nanturi inteleqtis tipi da, meore mxriv, ganaviTaros `susti~ tipis
inteleqti.
mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teoria, swavlebis sul mcire 8 gansxvave-
bul stils gulisxmobs; swavlebis procesSi verbaluri informaciis,
cifrebis, suraTebisa da musikis gamoyeneba, TviTrefleqsia, fizikuri
varjiSebis, interpersonaluri urTierTobebis da naturalisturi ga-
mocdilebis gamoyenebas. es imas ar niSnavs, rom maswavlebelma rvave
stili erTi leqciaze unda gamoiyenos, aramed SearCios saswavlo
miznebTan yvelaze Sesatyvisi ramodenime maTgani.
29
swavlis procesis erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani faqtori motivaciaa. swored
motivacia aris mizezi imisa, rom zo-
gierTi studenti mondomebulia, ar
ac dens leqciebs, swavlobs, cdilobs
kargi Sedegis miRwevas, zogi ki ara.
swavlebis motivacia gavlenas ax-
dens swavlebis procesze da xarisxze.
adamianebi erTsa da imve situaciaSic ki SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli
motivebis gavleniT swavlobdnen.
motivacia damokidebulia adamianis moTxovnilebebze. amerikelma
fsiqologma abraam masloum (1954 weli) Seqmna motivaciis ierarqi-
uli modeli, sadac Camoayaliba adamianur moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia.
is ganasxvavebda ZiriTad moTxovnilebebsa da metamoTxovnilebebs.
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi Seicavs:
fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs (sakvebis, wylis miReba);
usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebs (komfortis, usafrTxo pirobeb-
Si yofnis survili);
siyvarulisa da mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnilebebs (urTierTo-
bis, urTierTmijaWulobis, jgufTan mikuTvnebuloba);
TviTpativiscemis moTxovnilebebs (maRali TviTSefasebis qo-
nis, pativiscemisa da aRiarebis miReba).
mocemuli moTxovnilebebi ierarqiuladaa ganlagebuli. maRali
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod ufro dabali
donis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg. rodesac adamians Sia
an sciva, im momentSi naklebad fiqrobs aRiarebaze an pativiscemaze.
ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs deficitur moTxovnilebebsac uwodeben.
metamoTxovnilebebi Seicavs esTetiur, kognitur, TviTrealizaci-
is moTxovnilebebs. am moTxovnilebebs zrdis moTxovnilebebsac uwo-
deben.
maswavlebelma aucileblad unda icodes studentebis moTxovnile-
bebis Sesaxeb da swavlebis procesis efeqturobisaTvis scados maTi
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba: mijaWvulobis, kuT-
vnilebis, aRiarebisa da TviTpativiscemis.
motivacia
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a
TviTaqtua-
lizaciis
pativiscemis
socialuri
usafrTxoebis
fiziologiuri
nax. 3.1 motivaciis ierarqiuli modeli
ansxvaveben ori saxis motivacias: garegans da Sinagans.
garegani motivaciis SemTxvevaSi adamiani ZiriTadad saqmianobs
garegani jildos misaRebad: Seqebis, fuladi jildos, maRali
niSnis, serTifikatis da a.S.
Sinagani motivaciisas ki adamians Tavad siamovnebs da surs mo-
qmedeba, imis miuxedavad miiRebs jildos Tu ara. es motivacia
TviT pirovnebidan gamomdinareobs. mag.: samuSaos dasrulebis
Semdeg kmayofilebis gancda.
garegan motivacias did yuradRebas uTmobs bihevioristuli mid-
goma, gansakuTrebiT Seqebasa da waxalisebas. pozitiur da negatiur
ganmtkicebas adgili aqvs nebismier saswavlo garemoSi. maswavleblebi
aqeben da SeniSvnas aZleven studentebs, uweren dabal an maRal niS-
nebs. rodesac ganmtkiceba sistematurad gamoiyeneba, is aucileblad
axdens qcevaze zegavlenas.
rodis unda Seaqos maswavlebelma studenti?
Seqeba maSin aris gansakuTrebiT efeqturi, Tu is iwvevs studen-
tis TviTpativiscemis gazrdas. mag.: Tu Seqebas Tan axlavs kon-
struqciuli rCevebi, maSin mas ufro xangrZlivi da mniSvnelovani
efeqti mohyveba, vidre mxolod sityvas “kargia”. amasTanave, rCeva
unda iyos Zalian konkretuli da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda Sei-
cavdes studentebis Sedarebas.
32
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
zogi mecnieris azriT, Seqebisas xazi unda gaesvas adamianis mon-
domebas da ara inteleqtsa da niWs. rodesac xazi esmeba adamianis
mondomebas, maSin is miiCnevs, rom swavliTa da mondomebiT SesaZle-
belia gonierebis (inteleqtis) formireba da ganviTareba. xolo,
rodesac Seqebisas xazi esmeba mxolod inteleqtualur SesaZle-
blobebsa da niWierebas, maSin Cndeba gancda, rom inteleqti mudmivi
mocemulobaa da, rodesac moswavle saTanadod ver asrulebs dava-
lebas, mas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom saamisod “unari”ar gaaCnia da
kargavs motivacias.
Sinagan motivacias gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas humanisturi mid-
goma aniWebs. adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovania swrafva TviTrealiza-
ciisa da kompetenturobisaken. yvela adamians aqvs survili, iyos
darw mu nebuli sakuTar TavSi da kompetenturad gamoiyurebodes sx-
vebis TvalSi. swored es ubiZgebs students daeuflos meore enas,
ganviTardes, didi dro dauTmos fizikur varjiSs an romelime in-
strumentze dakvras.
zogi studentisaTvis garegani motivacia ufro mniSvnelovania, vi-
dre Sinagani. amitom, maswavlebelma motivaciis orive formas unda
mimarTos da maTi kombinirebiT miaRwios sasurvel Sedegs. fsiqolo-
gebis azriT, is adamianebi, romelTa qcevasac Sinagani motivebi gan-
sazRvravs, ufro darwmunebuli arian sakuTar TavSi, ufro metad
Re buloben kmayofilebas saqmianobidan da ufro iolad itanen waru-
mateblobas, vidre garegani motivirebis adamianebi. xSirad xdeba ise,
rom garegani motivaciidan gadavdivarT Sinagan motivaciaze, mag.: asa-
kis matebasTan erTad.
motivTan mWidro kavSirSia interesi. saswavlo dawesebulebebis um-
niSvnelovanesi mizani aris interesis gamowveva, rogorc konkretuli
sagnis, ise mTeli swavlebis procesis mimarT. saWiroa gvaxsovdes, rom
miznisken swrafvisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania gare ganmamtkiceblebi.
gare ganmamtkicebels mimarTavs yvela maswavlebeli, Tumca arsebobs
sawinaaRmdego azric, rom mudam garedan micemulma ganmamtkicebelma
SeiZleba gamoiwvios studentebis maTze damokidebuleba da Sesabam-
isad motivaciis Semcireba. iTvleba, rom isini, vinc Sinagani motive-
bidan gamomdinare moqmedeben, ufro metad arian dainteresebuli sa-
kuTari saqmianobiT.
mo
ti
va
ci
a
motivacia gavlenas axdens adamianis warmatebasa da warumateb-
lobaze. sainteresoa is faqti, rom adamianebi gansxvavebulad xsnian
sakuTar warmateba-warumateblobas. mag.: zogi studenti maRali niSnis
miRebas sakuTar niWierebas miawers, zogi ki iRbalsa da gamarTlebas.
adamianebi, romlebic warmatebas sakuTar Tavs miaweren ufro kompe-
tenturad grZnoben Tavs, vidre is adamianebi, vinc warmatebul qcevas
gamarTlebiTa da bedisweriT xsnian.
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu rogor xsnis ada-
miani sakuTar warmatebas Tu warumateblobas. dasaxuli miznis miRwe-
va im SemTvevaSia advili, Tu studentebs mivaxvedrebT, rom warmateba
maT mondomebazea damokidebuli, rom maT SeuZliaT akontrolon swav-
lis procesi da miaRwion sasurvel Sedegs.
maswavlebelma saswavlo garemo im-
dagvarad unda moawyos, rom stu den te-
bis motivaciis aqtivacias axden des.
rodesac saklaso garemoSi aqtivaci-
is done Zalian dabalia, maSin studen-
ti mowyenilia, misi yuradReba gafan-
tulia, is ar aris CarTuli gakveTilis
procesSi. xolo Tu aqtivacia Zalian
maRalia, maSin studenti grZnobs SiSsa
da Zlier SfoTvas. amitom maswavlebelma studentTa aqtivaciis kon-
troli unda moaxdinos. saklaso garemosTvis idealuria aqtivaciis
saSualo done. bunebrivia, rom studentebi, ro melTac ar ainteresebT
gakveTili, ver grZnoben Tavs komfortulad, ver iTviseben efeqtu-
rad masalas da verc Zlieri SfoTvis SemTxvevaSi iqnebian CarTuli
gakveTilSi.
maswavlebels SeuZlia akontrolos studentebze moqmedi stimule-
bis umravlesoba. is, Tu rogor gamoiyurebian maswavleblebi, ras
da rogor amboben, did zegavlenas axdens studentTa yuradRebis xa-
risxze. mag.: Tu maswavlebeli azviadebs gamocdis mniSvnelovanebas,
test Si Seaqvs Zalian rTuli davalebebi, emuqreba an mkacrad eqceva
studentebs – iwvevs Zlier SfoTvas, rac iwvevs maTi yuradRebis ga-
fantvas. aseve, Tu maswavlebeli Zalian monotonurad, nela, qaoturad
awvdis masalas, esec iwvevs yuradRebis gafantvasa da mowyenilobas.
33
34
komunikacia aris adamianebs Soris urTierTobis procesi, romlis
mizania informaciis gadacema. komunikaciis procesSi erTi mxare, anu
informaciis wyaro, informacias gadascems meore mxares, anu infor-
maciis mimRebs, romelime sakomunikacio arxis saSualebiT. infor-
maciis wyaro da mimRebi SeiZleba erTi an meti adamiani iyos. mag.:
leqciis axsnis procesSi maswavlebeli aris informaciis wyaro, xolo
studentebi – informaciis mimRebebi.
informacia, romelic komunikaciis procesSi gadaicema, SeiZleba
iyos verbaluri (sityvieri) an araverbaluri (usityvo). amis mixed-
viT komunikacia iyofa verbalur anu sityvier da araverbalur, anu
usityvo komunikaciad. komunikaciis procesSi ZiriTadad gulisxmo-
ben mosazrebebis, ideebis, Sexedulebebis gacvlas, rac sityvierad
xdeba, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania komunikacia JestebiT, mimike-
biT, poziT da a.S.
sakomunikacio arxi, rome-
lic informaciis gadacemi-
sas gamoiyeneba, SesaZlebelia
iyos sxvadasxva; mag.:
vizualuri, rodesac maswav-
lebeli iyenebs TvalsaCino e-
bebs da studentebi xedaven
masalas;
audialuri, rodesac mas-
wavlebeli saubrobs da stu-
dentebi ismenen informacias;
taqtiluri, rodesac studenti xeliT exeba mag.: Tixas da xvdeba,
rom is sveli da rbili aris;
komunikaciisas SesaZlebelia erTdroulad erTi an ramdenime arxis
gamoyeneba. rac ufro meti arxi gamoiyeneba informaciis gadasacemad,
miT ufro advilia masalis gageba da damaxsovreba.
erTi SexedviT komunikacia ar unda iyos rTuli, Tumca bevri so-
cialuri Tu politikuri problema araswori, damaxinjebuli komu-
nikaciiT aris gamowveuli. igive iTqmis swavlebis procesze. Zalian
xSirad swavlebis problemebi, sxva mizezebTan erTad, araswori komu-
nikaciiT aris gamowveuli.
komunikacia SesaZlebelia Seferxdes sxvadasxva faqtoris gavleniT,
komunikacia
35
ko
mu
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a
maT sxvanairad barierebs uwodeben. barierebi xels uSlis informa-
ciis gadacemasa da gagebas. es SesaZlebelia iyos:
enobrivi barierebi, rogoricaa msmenelisaTvis gaugebeli Jar-
gonis gamoyeneba, specialuri terminologia, ucxo ena;
fizikuri barierebi, rogoricaa xmauri, maRali an dabali tem-
peratura, arakeTilmowyobili saklaso garemo;
fsiqologiuri barierebi, rogoricaa interesis arqona, uyur-
adReboba;
meorexarisxovani barierebi, rogoricaa mosaubreebs Soris
gansxvavebuli gamocdileba, kulturuli gansxvavebebi.
am barierebis kontroli da komunikaciis procesSi maTi Semcireba
mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs komunikacias.
4. 1 1. verbaluri komunikacia
verbaluri komunikacia aris sityvieri komunikacia anu komunikacia
enis gamoyenebiT.
verbaluri komunikaciis mizani aris sityvieri informaciis gada-
cema. verbalur komunikacias didi mniSvneloba aqvs saklaso garemoSi;
leqciis, seminaris, diskusiis, jgufuri muSaobis didi nawili ver-
balur komunikacias eTmoba.
informacia maqsimalurad gasagebi da advilad gadasamuSavebeli rom
iyos, sxvadasxva faqtoris gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro. es faqtorebia:
terminologia;
informaciis Sinaarsi;
informaciis sidide;
organizeba;
analizi;
informaciis gadacemis dro.
es maxasiaTeblebi icvleba konteqstisa da komunikaciis miznis mi-
xedviT; amasTanave, informaciis miReba da misi gadamuSaveba didad
aris damokidebuli kulturaze; rac erTi auditoriisTvis gasagebia,
Se saZlebelia gaugebari da miuRebeli iyos sxvasTan.
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
informacia rom gasagebi iyos, saWiroa:
terminologia, romelsac komunikaciisas viyenebT, auditori-
isaTvis gasagebi iyos; specterminologiis gamoyenebisas darw-
munebuli unda viyoT, rom studentebs terminologia esmiT;
Sinaarsi unda iyos naTlad Camoyalibebuli; yovelTvis unda
SevecadoT, rom yvelaferi, risi Tqmac gvsurs, iyos mkafiod
formulirebuli da naklebad nagulisxmevi. aseve, unda gaviT-
valiswinoT auditoriis gamocdileba, rogorc individualuri,
ise kulturuli.
informaciis sidide damokidebulia Temasa da auditoriaze,
Tumca is ar unda iyos Zalian grZeli da mosabezrebeli da
aseve – Zalian mokle da gaugebari;
masala unda iyos kargad struqturirebuli da logikurad or-
ganizebuli; gamokveTili unda iyos mniSvnelovani momentebi;
aseve, sasurvelia informaciaSi igrZnobodes movlenebis qro-
nologia: movlenis dawyeba, ganviTareba da dasasruli;
informacia unda Seicavdes logikur analizs;
informaciis gadacemis dro Zalian mniSvnelovania komunika-
ciis efeqturobisaTvis; komunikaciisaTvis saWiroa ara mar-
to informaciis kargad Camoyalibeba, aramed saWiro dros ga-
dacemac.
klasSi didi dro ixarjeba maswavleblis mier masalis axsnaze. rac
ufro naTlad, martivad, logikurad da gasagebad Camoayalibebs mas-
wavlebeli asaxsnel masalas da rac ufro metad daukavSirebs mas au-
ditoriis gamocdilebas, miT ufro advilad gasagebi gaxdeba masala
studentebisaTvis.
4.1.1. mosmena
erTi SexedviT mosmena ar unda iyos problema, Tumca adamianebs
xSirad uWirT informaciis zusti gageba.
arsebobs termini aqtiuri mosmena, rac mianiSnebs, rom mosmena
ar aris pasiuri procesi da mxolod informaciis gagebas ar niSnavs.
aqtiuri mosmena niSnavs ara mxolod imis gagebas, Tu ras ambobs ada-
miani, aramed rogor da ra emociiT. aqtiuri mosmenis dros msmeneli
ZiriTadad mosaubrezea koncentrirebuli. kargi mosmena niSnavs ara
mosaubrisaTvis sakuTari mosazrebebis da emociebis Tavsmoxvevas, ar-
amed mosaubris informaciisa da emociis zust gagebas.
36
ko
mu
ni
ka
ci
a
aqtiuri mosmena sizustes saWiroebs, amitom, sasurvelia informa-
ciis mosmenisa da gagebis Semdeg yovelTvis gadavamowmoT, ramdenad
zustad gvesmis mosaubris.
aqtiuri mosmenisas msmeneli yur-
adRebas gamoxatavs rogorc araver-
balurad, mag.: TvaliT kontaqti, Tavis
daqneva, Ria Jestebi, ase ve verbalu-
rad, mag.: `ra moxda Semdeg~, `Sen ro-
gorc miTxari... iqneb da akonkreto~ da
a.S.
aqtiur mosmenasTan mWidro kavSir-
Sia ukukavSiri, rac niSnavs imas, rom
msmeneli mosaubres atyobinebs, rom
man moismina da zustad gaigo mosaubris azri da damokidebuleba. Sesa-
Zlebelia iTqvas, rom ukukavSiri aqtiuri mosmenis Sedegia. ukukavSiri
SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi. ukukavSiris da-
niSnulebaa adamians Seatyobinos, rogor gaaumjobesos Sedegi.
arsebobs ukukavSiris ram denime saxe:
pozitiuri, romlis mi zania studentis waxalise ba; mag.: `Sen zus-
tad gaiangariSe ra moculobis sa Seni masala dagWirdeba ked lis amo-
sayvanad; ase ga agrZele!~
uarofiTi, romlis miza-
nia mosaub ris dablokva; ma-
galiTad, `rogorc Cans, Sen
uyuradRebod mousmine am
instruq cias, amitom, ara swo-
rad Se asrule davaleba~.
neitraluri, romelic
arc waaxalisebs da arc
aferxebs mosaubres; mag.:
`gasagebia, mesmis~
informatiuli, romlis
mizania msmenelisaTvis in-
formaciis miwodeba; mag.:
`rasac axla Tqven akeTebT,
amas formatirebis process
uwodeben~.
Semajamebeli – romlis mizania mosaubris naTqvamis, qcevis da a.S.
Sejameba; mag.: `Seni naTqvamidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
37
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
SenTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli individualuri muSaobaa~.
pedagogikaSi, ufro meti aqcenti pozitiur ukukavSirze unda keT-
debodes; saWiroa aRiniSnos is, rasac miaRwia studentma da ara mxo-
lod is, rasac ver miaRwia.
4.1.2. SekiTxvis dasma
mniSvnelovania SekiTxvis sworad dasma. imis mixedviT, Tu ra sakiTxze
da ra informaciis misaRebad vekiTxebiT, icvleba SekiTxvis forma,
Sinaarsi da miRebuli pasuxic.
SekiTxva Sedgeba Sinaarsisa da formisagan; cxadia yoveli kiTxva
garkveuli Sinaarsis matarebelia. formis mixedviT ki arsebobs daxu-
ruli da Ria SekiTxvebi.
daxurulia SekiTxva Tu misi pasuxebi winaswar gansazRvrulia. da-
xurul SekiTxvaze pasuxs didi dro ar sWirdeba; daxuruli SekiTxve-
biT mowmdeba ramdenad zustad axsovs adamians informacia. daxuruli
SekiTxvebi xSirad Sedis testebSi.
daxurul SekiTxvas SeiZleba 2 pasuxi hqondes `diax/ara~ an ram-
denime pasuxi da maTgan swori pasuxis SerCeva iyos saWiro; daxurul
kiTxvebSi Sedis daTanxmebis xarisxic~ srulad veTanxmebi, nawilobriv
veTanxmebi, neitraluri, sakmaod veTanxmebi, saerTod ar veTanxmebi~,
romlidanac respondenti erT pasuxs irCevs.
daxuruli kiTxvebis magaliTebi
1. `dasaSvebi aris Tu ara mcire zomis minis daWra Targis gamoy-
nebiT, romelic imave minidanaa gamoWrili?
1 diax 2 ara
2. `ra manZiliT unda iyos saWrebi erTi meorisagan daSorebuli
minebis damagrebisas?
1 10-15 mm 2 25-50 mm 3 30-35 mm
3. `almasis minisaWrelis SerCevis dros upirvelesad gaTval-
iswinebuli unda iyos minis sisqe?~
1 veTanxmebi 2 nawilobriv veTanxmebi
3 ar veTanxmebi
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Ria SekiTxvas winaswar gansazRvruli pasuxebi ar aqvs. mas SeiZleba
mravali pasuxi hqondes; aseTi kiTxvebiT SesaZlebelia gadamowmeba,
Tu rogor aRiqvams studenti movlenas, ra mosazrebebi aqvs da a.S.
Ria SekiTxvis mizani SesaZlebelia iyos pasuxis dakonkreteba, pasux-
is kidev ufro gavrcoba, meti axsna-ganmartebis micema da a.S. aseT
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad students sWirdeba masalis gaxseneba,
gadamuSaveba, Sefaseba, argumentireba. Ria SekiTxvebze pasuxs ufro
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre daxurulze.
mag.: `rogor gavzardoT marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianoba
1 ha-ze?~
an `ras gulisxmobs soflis meurneobis produqtebis pirvela-
di gadamuSaveba?~
maswavlebeli ZiriTadad imisaTvis ekiTxeba studentebs, rom gai gos,
ramdenad kargad esmiT maT masala. Tumca, maswavlebelma SesaZlebe-
lia arasworad dasvas SekiTxvebi da Sesabamisad, studentebs azris
srulyofilad gamoTqmis saSualeba ar misces; sasurvelia SekiTxvebi
daisvas cal-calke da ara ramodenime erTad; students mosafiqre-
blad saWiro dro unda hqondes; SekiTxvis dasmis dros maswavlebeli
unda iTvaliswinebdes studentebis codnasa da individualuri gansx-
vavebebs; aseve, mas winaswar ar unda hqondes gaazrebuli kiTxvaze
pasuxi da studentebs am pasuxisaken ar unda ubiZgos; SekiTxva unda
daisvas mTeli jgufisTvis da ara jgufis nawilisaTvis.
4. 2 2. araverbaluri komunikacia
araverbaluri komunikacia aris komunikacia sityvebis gareSe, anu
ada mianis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiTa da qceviT.
urTierTobisas informaciis udidesi nawili 90% araverbalu-
rad (sxeuli da xmis to ni/tembri) gadaicema;
araverbaluri komunikaciiT gamo ixateba emociebi, damokide-
buleba, moZraobis mimarTuleba, sagnebis forma, rac zog jer
Znelad gamoiTqmis sityvebiT;
araverbaluri komunikacia ufro Zvelia, vidre verbaluri; ada-
mianebi metyvelebis dawyebamde urTierTobisaTvis araverbalur
komunikacias iyenebdnen; bavSvebic jer swavloben araverbalur
39
40
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
komunikacias, Semdeg verbalurs;
verbaluri komunikaciis siswore
da sandooba mtkicdeba araver-
baluriT, Tu maT Soris Seusabam-
obaa, mag.: adamiani pozitiurad
afa sebs movlenas, magram misi
sa xis gamometyveleba amis sawi-
naaRmdegos adasturebs, adamia-
nebi uf ro metad araverbalur
informa cias endobian;
araverbaluri komunikacia ufro
sandod da gulwrfelad aris miCneuli, vidre verbaluri,
radgan ufro Znelia araverbaluri maniSneblebis kontroli,
vidre sityvebis;
verbaluri komunikacia wydeba, rodesac wyaro wyvets infor-
maciis miwodebas; araverbalurad informacia yovelTvis gada-
icema sxeulis poziT, CacmulobiT da qceviT;
adamianebi xSirad cdiloben realuri emociebis dafarvas. ro-
gorc wesi, yalbi, arabunebrivi emocia droSi Zalian gaxan-
grZlivebulia an piriqiT, Sekvecili. gamocdili adamianisaTvis
advili dasanaxia adamianebis realuri emocia sxeulis pozis,
Jestebisa da sxva aravebaluri maniSneblebis mixedviT.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom saklaso garemoSi informaciis udidesi na-
wili araverbalurad gadaicema. amasTanave, rodesac studentebi mas-
wavlebels zogadad an mis kompetenturobas afaseben, umetes SemTx-
vevaSi araverbalur informaciaze miuTiTeben. mag.: sasiamovno xma
aqvs, gamaRizianebeli manerebi aqvs, momwons misi xmis tembri da a.S.
amis sawinaaRmdegod, aRmoCnda, rom maswavleblebi nakleb yuradRe-
bas aqceven studentebis araverbalur maniSneblebs da ZiriTadad ma-
salis gadacemiT arian dakavebuli.
saklaso garemoSi mniSvnelovania Semdegi araverbaluri maniSneb le-
bis gaTvaliswineba da kontroli: sxeulis poza, Jestebi, saxis ga-
mometyveleba, xmis maxasiaTeblebi, Cacmuloba da manZili; aseve
fi zikuri garemo da dro.
sxeulis poziT iseTi mniSvnelovani informaciis miReba SeiZleba
adamianis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi statusi, damokidebuleba, emociebi
da a.S. mag.: rodesac studenti leqciaze zis modunebuli, maswavleb-
sityvebi
10%
sxeul
is ena 5
0%
xmis maxasi-
aTblebi
40%
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els ar uyurebs, es SesaZlebelia niSnavdes, rom mas ar aintersebs
leqcia; xolo win wamoweuli studenti, romelic iniSnavs masalas,
gamoxatavs interess.
Jestebi warmoadgens xelebis moZraobas; arsebobs Caketili da Ria
Jestebi, agresiuli da keTilganwyobili; mag.: gadajvaredinebuli xe-
lebi Caketili pozaa, muStis dartyma magidaze an saweri kalmiT an
joxiT miTiTeba agresiulad aRiqmeba. maRali statusis, maRali TviT-
Sefasebis, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul adamianebs ufro farTo Jest-
ebi aqvT, vidre dabali statusis da morcxv adamianebs, romlebic
sakuTar TavSi ar arian darwmunebuli; saklaso garemoSi sasurvelia
maswavleblis Jestebi iyos Ria da araagresiuli.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakomunikacio saSualeba saxis gamome-
tyvelebaa. saxis gamometyvelebaSi Sedis Rimili, TvalebiT kontaqti
da mimikebi; maswavlebeli studentebis saxis gamometyvelebiT Ses-
aZlebelia mixvdes, esmiT da ainteresebT Tu ara sakiTxi, ician Tu
ara masala da a.S. aseve, maswavleblis saxis gamometyveleba studen-
tebisaTvis SeiZleba mniSvnelovani ganmamtikicebeli iyos; rodesac
studentis pasuxze maswavlebeli iRimis da Tavs aqnevs, studentisaT-
vis es niSnavs, rom misi pasuxi sworia; SeWmuxnili Subli, moRuSuli
saxe uaryofiT stimulad aRiqmeba. igive iTqmis TvalebiT kontaqtze;
rodesac studentebma pasuxi ician maswavleblis kiTxvaze, isini cdi-
loben maswavlebels TvalebSi uyuron; maswavlebeli Tvalebis kon-
taqtiT cdilobs moswavlis mxridan yuradRebis miqcevas da SenarCu-
nebas. aseve gagebas, Tu ramdenad ainteresebT studentebs Tema.
xmis maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis xmis toni da tembri; tembris kontro-
li ufro Znelia, vidre tonis. sasurvelia xmis toni iyos gadasacemi
masalis Sesatyvisi; Zalian maRali toni agresiulad aRiqmeba. xmis
toniT advili misaxvedria adamianis emociuri mdgomareoba; nawyeni,
gabrazebuli, dabneuli an bednieri adamianis xmis toni mkveTrad gan-
sxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan.
adamianebis Sefasebaze did gavlenas axdens Cacmuloba. Cacmulo-
bis mixedviT daskvnas akeTeben adamianebis gemovnebaze, energiulo-
baze, rolze, guneba-ganwyobaze, statusze da a.S. xSirad Cacmulobis
mixedviT msjeloben adamianebis kompetenturobaze, mimzidvelobasa
da sandoobaze.
arsebobs garkveuli molodini rogor unda icvamdes maswavlebeli;
es damokidebulia kulturaze, saswavleblis tipze. Tu maswavlebeli
42
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
met-naklebad ar jdeba mosalodnel stilSi, SesaZlebelia mis mimarT
Zalian dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Camoyalibdes. mag.:
Tanamedrovea da misabaZia an Zvelmoduria da yuradRebis miqceva ar
Rirs.
nax. 4.1 sxvadasxva tipis urTierTobisas dakavebuli manZili
adamianebs Soris manZili icvleba urTierTobis tipisa da kultu-
ris mixedviT; rac ufro axlo urTierToba aqvT adamianebs, miT mci-
rea urTierTobisas manZili; megobrebi ufro axlo manZilze urTier-
Toben, vidre maswavlebeli da studenti an ucnobi adamianebi. aseve,
aRmosavluri kultura ufro mcire manZils irCevs urTierTobisas,
vidre evropuli. rodesac urTierTobisas bunebrivi manZili irRveva,
adamianebi iwyeben SfoTvas, uxerxulad grZnoben Tavs da cdiloben
maTTvis komfortuli manZilis aRdgenas. did jgufebSi ufro didia
maswavlebelsa da students Soris manZili, vidre mcire jgufebSi.
fizikuri garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs komunikaciis efeq-
turobas; rogoraa ganlagebuli aveji, ra eqspoziciebia kedlebze gan-
Tavsebuli, mniSvnelovani informaciis momcemia, Tu vin swavlobs am
oTaxSi, ras saqmianoben isini, da a.S. garemo gavlenas axdens adamian-
ebs Soris urTierTobaze. swored amitom didi yuradReba eqceva sak-
43
ko
mu
ni
ka
ci
a
laso garemos mowyobas; kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom naTel, keTilmowyobil
saswavlo oTaxSi ufro pozitiuria studentebs Soris urTierToba,
vidre bnel da arakeTilmowyobil garemoSi.
gakveTilis formatis mixedviT icvleba saklaso garemoc. klasi-
kuri leqciis dros studentebi merxebTan sxedan, xolo maswavlebeli
Tavis magidasTan an dafasTan dgas da ise xsnis masalas; maswavleblis
magida da skami gansxvavdeba studentebis merxebisagan da skamebisagan
zomiTa da formiT; aseTi komunikaciisas maswavlebeli da studentebi
araTanabar situaciaSi arian; treiningebisas, mcire jgufebSi muSao-
bisas studentebi sxedan wreSi. aseTi garemo urTierTobas metad Rias
da komfortuls xdis. saerTod, pozitiuri saswavlo garemo naklebad
Seicavs barierebs da naklebad usvams xazs maswavleblisa da studen-
tis statuss Soris gansxvavebas.
dro mniSvnelovani faqtoria komunikaciis procesSi; komunikaciis
efeqturoba damokidebulia drosa da drois marTvaze. mag.: kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom axali masalis gacnoba umjobesia gakveTilis dasawy-
isSi an bolos, rodesac sxva masalaSi Sereva aRar xdeba. studentebi
yvelaze pasiurebi masalis gadamuSavebis TvalsazrisiT gakveTilis
SuaSi arian, amitom am dros axali masaliT gadatvirTva aramizanSe-
wonilia.
droSi Sedis pauzebi da saubris tempi; drois udidesi nawili mi-
dis SekiTxvebis dasmasa da pasuxebSi; maswavlebelma unda icodes, ra
dro SeiZleba dasWirdeT studentebs pasuxis gasacemad an sakiTxis
gadasaWrelad da ra xangrZlivobisa SeiZleba iyos pauzebi. adamianebi
gansxvavdebian informaciis gadamuSavebis siCqaris mixedviT, amitom
sxvadasxva adamians erTsa da imave kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad da erTi
da imave masalis gadasamuSaveblad SeiZleba met-naklebad gansxvave-
buli dro dasWirdes. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi 5 wamze
mets ar elodebian studentis pasuxs. amasTanave, maswavlebelma unda
SearCios saubris adekvaturi tempi; saubris Zalian swrafi tempis
SemTxvevaSi studentebs uWirT masalis gageba da gadamuSaveba; xolo
saubris Zalian neli tempi SesaZlebelia studentebisaTvis mosawyeni
gaxdes.
droSi Sedis punqtualobac; swavlebis procesSi Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia maswavleblis mxridan punqtualobis dacva; maswavlebeli ara mxo-
lod zustad unda gamocxaddes leqciaze, aramed zustad dagegmos
aqtivobebi da gansazRvrul dros daamTavros leqcia.
saswavlo mizani aris swavlebis procesis aucilebeli komponenti.
saswavlo mizani gansazRvravs Tu ra unda viswavloT da Semdeg, ra
unda SevafasoT. SeuZlebelia swavlebis procesis efeqturobis dad-
gena Tu winaswar ar gvecodineba risi miRweva gvinda da Sefasebis ra
proceduras gamoviyenebT.
saswavlo miznebi SeiZleba Camo-
vayaliboT Zalian zogadad, mag.: mos-
wavleTa potencialis gamovlena,
srul fasovani moqalaqeebis aRzrda.
zogadi mizani asaxavs moswavleTa
efeq turi ganviTarebis mimarTule-
bas, magram mocemuli mi zani maswav-
leblisaTvis yoveldRiur cxovreba-
Si sakmarisi ar aris. misTvis aucilebelia konkretuli, yoveldRiuri,
specifikuri miznebis dasaxva.
arsebobs saswavlo miznebis sami farTo sfero: miznebi kognitur,
afeqtur da fsiqometrul sferoebSi.
benJamen blumma da misma kolegebma Camoayalibes swavlebis proce-
sis kognituri da afeqturi miznebi; Teoria cnobilia pedagogiuri
miznebis taqsonomiis saxelwodebiT.
taqsonomia anu miznebis ierarqia aRwers konkretul miznebs, rom-
lebic mizanTa ufro zogad klasSi erTiandebian. mocemuli Teo riis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba nebismieri profilis saswavleblis konkretuli
pedagogiuri miznebis SemuSavebisaTvis.
kognituri miznebis taqsonomiaSi (ierarqia) 6 klasi gamoiyofa.
esenia:
• codna; • analizi;
• gageba; • sinTezi;
• gamoyeneba; • Sefaseba.
kognituri miznebis ierarqia mocemulia cxrilSi 5.1.
maswavlebelma saswavlo procesis ganmavlobaSi Semdeg mizans unda
miaRwios: studentebs unda hqondeT mocemul saganSi codna, unda
hqondeT gaazrebuli miRebuli informaciis arsi, SeeZloT codnis
gamoyeneba, informaciis gaanalizeba, sinTezireba da Sefaseba.
saswavlo miznebi
44
sa
sw
av
lo
mi
zn
eb
i
cxrili 5.1. blumis kognituri miznebis taqsonomia
1. codna
• obieqtebis, faqtebis, TariRebis, terminebis, wesebis,
principebis, procesebis codna;
• arsebuli klasifikaciebisa da kategoriebis codna;
• kriteriumebis codna;
• meTodebis codna;
• smeniTi, werilobiTi da grafikuli informaciis
damxsovreba da aRdgena zusti an msgavsi formiT.
2. gageba
• faqtebis, wesebis, principebis, procesebisa da Teoriebis
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemis unari;
• teqstidan ZiriTadi azris gamotana;
• werilobiTi, smeniTi da grafikuli informaciis erTi
formidan meoreze gadatana;
• Sesabamisi magaliTebis moyvanis SesaZlebloba.
3. gamoyeneba
• miRebuli informaciis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi;
• nimuSisa da principebis mixedviT davalebisa Tu samuSaos
Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba;
• arsebuli kanonzomierebis gavrcelebis farglebis
gansazRvra.
4. analizi
• masalis danawevreba misi ukeT gagebisa da damaxsovrebis
mizniT;
• movlenis, Sinaarsis dafaruli azris aRmoCena da axsna;
• procesTa Soris kanonzomierebebis gamovlena;
• movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena;
• sakuTari poziciis axsna, dasabuTeba;
5. sinTezi
• calke mocemuli elementebis gaerTianeba.
• axali produqtis Seqmna;
• hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba, kvlevis dagegmva;
• problemis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebis Camoyalibeba;
• problemis gadaWrisTvis saWiro moqmedebebis dagegmva;
6. Sefaseba
• sakuTari poziciis argumentirebuli dasabuTeba;
• garkveul kriteriumebsa da standartebze dayrdnobiT
daskvnebis gakeTeba;
• problemis gadaWris ramodenime gzidan erT-erTis
arCevis
marTebulobis dasabuTeba;
• modelis (sistemis) moqmedebis Sefaseba;
• mosazrebebis, Teoriebis, Rirebulebis dasabuTeba;
• monacemebisa da masze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli daskvnebis
Sesabamisobis dadgena.
45
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
afeqturi miznebi moiazrebs swavlebis procesTan dakavSirebul
emociur reaqciebs:
motivaciur sferos;
interesebs;
Tanxmobas;
movlenisadmi pozitiur an negatiur damokidebulebas;
procesSi CarTulobas.
profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi aseve didi yuradReba eqceva iseT
afeqtur miznebs, rogoricaa Sromis usafrTxoeba da SromisaTvis
momzadeba.
saswavlo miznebis fsiqometruli sfero unar-Cvevebis SeZenazea
orientirebuli; aq Sedis iseTi moqmedebebi, rogoricaa instrumentebis
gamoyeneba, motoruli moZraobebi, moZraobis daxvewa. maswavlebelma
saswavlo procesis ganmavlobaSi Semdegs unda miaRwios: students
unda SeeZlos daxazva, detalebis awyoba, daSla, damontaJeba, dapro-
eqteba da a.S.
saswavlo miznebi fsiqometrul sferoSi SeiZleba davyoT martiv
(qveda done), saSualo sirTulisa da kompleqsur (zeda done) moq-
medebebad. cxrilSi 5.2 mocemulia fsiqometrul sferoSi saswavlo
miznebis klasifikacia.
cxrili 5.2. saswavlo miznebi fsiqometrul sferoSi.
done maxasiaTeblebi
qveda done daxazva, dakavSireba-gacalkeveba, gameoreba, imitireba
saSualo done Secdomis aRmoCena, damontaJeba, garemonteba, dayeneba
zeda done Seqmna, simulireba, gamokvleva, daproeqteba, konstru-
ireba
rac ufro zeda safexuris fsiqometrul mizans isaxavs maswavlebe-
li, miT rTulia da did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs unar-Cvevis daswavla.
maswavlebels sWirdeba yoveli gakveTilis yuradRebiT dagegmva.
maswavlebelma unda icodes ara mxolod ra mizans emsaxureba yoveli
mecadineoba Tu leqcia, aramed ra Sedegs unda miaRwios; swavlebis
procesi Sedegze unda iyos orientirebuli.
46
sa
sw
av
lo
mi
zn
eb
i
swavlis Sedegi es aris swavlis procesSi SeZenili axali codna da
unarebi. ganasxvaveben SeZenili unarebis 5 ZiriTad tips:
inteleqtualur unarebs;
verbalur informacias;
damokidebulebebs;
motorul Cvevebs;
kognitur strategiebs.
taqsonomiis msgavsad pedagogiuri miznebis orientirad SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT swavlis Sedegi. SemogTavazebT e. ganies mier SemuSavebul
swavlis Sedegebs da masze dafuZnebul pedagogiur rekomendaciebs,
ro melic saWiroa mocemuli Sedegis misaRwevad.
cxrili 5.3 swavlis Sedegis kavSiri pedagogiur miznebTan
da swavlebisaTvis saWiro pirobebTan.
swavlis Sedegi mizaniswavlebisaTvis
saWiro pirobebi
inteleqtualuri unarebi
zogadi wesebis codna
students unda See-
Zlos awonis meTodiT,
eleqtrotengamzomis
gamoyenebiT merqnis
tenianobis gansazRvra
saWiroa wesebis ax-
sna; wesebis das-
wavlisa da gagebi-
saTvis verbaluri
instruqciebis miwo-
deba
wesebis, kanonzomiere-
bebis codna
studentma unda
icodes merqnis mikros-
kopuli da makrosko-
puli agebuleba
aucilebelia ZiriTa-
di cnebebis, konkre-
tuli magaliTebis
ganxilva da ganmt-
kiceba
cnebebis codna
studentma unda Se-
Zlos merqnis saxeebis
CamoTvla
----------------------------
----------------------------
gansxvavebis codna
studentma unda Se-
Zlos sxvadasxva deta-
lis an xelsawyos gan-
sxvaveba
unda moxdes masa-
lis mravaljeradi
ganmeoreba da ganmt-
kiceba
47
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
swavlebis martivi tipi
(stimul reaqcia)
sasurvelia, students
hqondes swavlebis
procesis, saswavle-
blisadmi pozitiuri
damokidebuleba
dadebiTi ganmtkice-
ba: pozitiuri gamoc-
dileba
verbaluri informaciastudentma unda Se-
Zlos merqnis saxeebis
CamoTvla
miwodebisas informa-
cia Sinaarsis mixed-
viT kargad unda
iyos organizebuli,
aucilebelia arsisT-
vis xazis gasma, stu-
dentTa motivireba
damokidebulebastudents urCevnia Sem-
invis samuSaoebis Cat-
areba, iatakis filebiT
mopirkeTebas.
informaciis miwo-
deba saqmianobis
sxvadasxva sferoebis
Sesaxeb
motoruli Cvevebi
students daxmarebis
gareSe unda SeeZlos
Seminvis samuSaoebis
Catareba: Targis gam-
oyenebiT minis daWra,
Casma, damagreba, sago-
zavis wasma.
verbaluri instruq-
cia, ganmtkiceba,
praqtikuli mecadi-
neoba
kognituri strategiebi
studentma unda
mimarTos sakuTar
strategias masalis
damaxsovrebisaTvis
damaxsovrebis efeq-
turi strategiebis
ganxilva da swavleba
48
saswavlo kursis momzadebis dros erT-erTi umTavresi kiTxva,
romelzedac maswavlebeli pasuxs saWiroebs, aris: rogor avarCio
Cemi kursis swavlebisaTvis yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi meTodi?
dResdReisobiT swavlebis uamravi sxvadasxva meTodia cnobili, maT
Soris saxelobo ganaTlebaSic. yvela maswavlebelma unda SearCios
swavlebis saTanado strategia da meTodika, romelic uzrunvelyofs
studentebis mier masalis optimalur aTvisebas. pedagogiuri mid-
gomebis arsebul simravleSi garkvevisaTvis gTavazobT ramdenime
rekomendacias:
swavlebis meTodis SerCevisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, mkafiod unda iyos
gansazRvruli swavlis Sedegebi: ra unda icodes da risi gakeTeba
unda SeZlos studentma mocemuli saswavlo kursis dasrulebis Sem-
deg? swavlis SedegebiT ganisazRvreba rogorc kursis Sinaarsi, aseve
swavlebis meTodika da Sefasebis formatic.
swavlis Sedegebis Camoyalibebis dros gaiTvaliswineT rogorc
dargobrivi codnis, aseve zogadi unarebis gamomuSavebis aucile-
bloba. anu studentma Tqveni kursis farglebSi unda SeiZinos ara
marto dargobrivi kompetencia, mag.: veb-gverdis dizaini, metalis
detalebis gamoCarxva, eleqtroaparaturis SekeTeba da a.S., aramed
iseTi zogadi unarebic, rogoricaa, mag.: komunikacia, jgufSi an da-
moukideblad muSaoba, drois menejmenti da a.S. swavlis Sedegebis
gansazRvrisas isic unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom misaRwevi Sedegebi re-
alisturi unda iyos, anu dasaxeT iseTi miznebi, romelTa miRwevac
arsebuli resursebis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli iqneba.
swavlis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, ufro martivi iqneba Sesabamisi
swavlebis meTodis SerCeva. Tu kursi Teoriuli xasiaTisaa da ar
gulisxmobs praqtikuli unarebis gamomuSavebas, maSin mizanSewonili
iqneba leqciis, seminarebisa da /an diskusiis meTodis gamoyeneba. Tu
kursis farglebSi studenti garkveul praqtikul unarebs unda daeu-
flos, maSin optimaluria demonstrirebis da/an proeqtebis meTodis
gamoyeneba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos saintereso momenti: kvlevebiT dadasturebu-
lia, rom swavlebis meTodikis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas SemTxvevaTa
90%-Si gansazRvravs saxelmZRvanelo. saxelobo ganaTlebis SemTx-
vevaSi da saqarTveloSi dResdReisobiT arsebuli realobis gaTval-
49
rogor SevarCioT swavlebis meTodebi
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
iswinebiT saxelmZRvaneloze dayrdnoba (misi praqtikulad ararsebo-
bis gamo) namdvilad ar SeiZleba. ganmsazRvreli unda iyos dagegmili
swavlis Sedegebis miRweva.
erTi kursis farglebSi SesaZloa swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis gam-
oyeneba: mag.: dasawyisSi leqcia, mere ki seminari da diskusia; an da-
sawyisSi demonstrireba, mere ki proeqtebi da a.S.
swavlebis meTodis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania yvela detali:
ramdeni saaTia gamoyofili am kursis swavlebisaTvis;
ramdeni studenti iqneba jgufSi;
kursi/sagani savaldebuloa Tu arCeviTi;
ra tipis saswavlo masalaa am kursis farglebSi gaTvaliswineb-
uli (saxelmZRvanelo, maswavleblis konspeqti Tu sxva);
ra sagnebi da ra meTodiT aqvT studentebs ukve naswavli;
ra sagnebs da am sagnis paralelurad ra meTodiT swavloben
studentebi;
rogori resursebia xelmisawvdomi swavlebisaTvis (eleqtro-
nuli media, laboratoria, saxelosno, Cveulebrivi saklaso
oTaxi da a.S.)
yvela saswavlo kurss misTvis damaxasiaTebeli swavlebis meTodika
Seesabameba, Tumca uSualod swavlebis procesSi sruliad dasaSvebia
dagegmili meTodikis Secvla; Tu maswavlebels miaCnia, rom student-
Ta am konkretul jgufTan umjobesia sxvagvarad muSaoba da a.S.
50
51
7. 1 1. leqcia
ra aris es?
klasikuri ganmartebiT, leqcia aris garkveuli informaciis mom-
cveli momzadebuli sityva auditoriis winaSe.
leqcia warmoadgens studentTa didi raodenobisaTvis informaciis
gadacemis efeqtur meTods. leqciis dros studentebs miewodebaT
sistematizebuli codna, Sesaswavli sferos ZiriTadi koncefciebi da
Teoriebi. acnobs ra msmenels sabazo Teoriul informacias, leqcia
sagnis SemdgomSi damoukideblad Seswavlis winapirobas qmnis.
rodis viyenebT?
ramdenadac leqcia studentebisaTvis informaciis didi raodeno-
biT miwodebas uzrunvelyofs, amgvari swavlebis meTodis gamoyene-
ba mizanSewonilia Sesavali kursebisa da sagnebis Teoriuli nawilis
Seswavlisas. profesiuli ganaTlebis specifikidan gamomdinare, erTi
sagnis farglebSi xSirad mogviwevs saleqcio swavlebis Sexameba swav-
lebis sxva meTodebTan, ase mag.:
leqcia + praqtikuli mecadineoba;
leqcia + seminari;
leqcia + seminari + praqtikuli mecadineoba da a.S.
studentebis raodenoba
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, leqciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia student-
Ta did jgufTan muSaoba. ramdenadac leqciis dros ZiriTadad mas-
wavlebeli aris aqtiuri (is kiTxulobs leqcias) rTulia calsaxad
ganisazRvros leqciaze damswreb studentTa optimaluri raodenoba,
es ZiriTad auditoriis//saklaso oTaxis tevadobazea damokidebuli.
sauniversiteto tradicia icnobs ramdenime aseuli studentisaTvis
leqciis wakiTxvis SemTxvevebs. saqarTveloSi profesiuli ganaTlebis
sferoSi am etapze aseTi mravalricxovani auditoriis winaSe leqciis
wakiTxva naklebad savaraudoa, Tumca sruliad SesaZlebelia, stu-
dentTa raodenoba ramdenime aTeuliT ganisazRvros.
swavlebis meTodebi
52
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
Pros & Contras
swavlebis saleqcio meTods mTeli rigi upiratesobebi aqvs: moicavs
ra erTdroulad studentebis did raodenobas, leqcia swavlebis
yvelaze ufro ekonomiuri meTodia, rodesac saqme exeba saswavlo ma -
salis didi moculobis gadacemas gansazRvrul droSi. logikurad or-
ganizebuli faqtebi da ideebi Tanamimdevrulad da swrafad miewodeba
studentebs. saswavlo masala, romelic SesaZloa sxvadasxva saxelmZR-
vaneloSi iyos gabneuli da romlis moZiebaze studentebs bevri dro
daexarjebodaT, leqciaze maT kompaqturad miewodebaT. leqcia avsebs
swavlebis sxva meTodebs da, rogorc wesi, win uZRvis mag.: demonstri-
rebas an diskusias.
bevri dadebiTi mxaris miuxedavad, swavlebis saleqcio meTods ram-
denime uaryofiTi aspeqtic axasiaTebs: leqcia xels ar uwyobs stu-
dentTa aqtiur monawileobas. swavla aqtiuri procesia, maSin rode-
sac leqcia studentebs pasiur msmenelad moiazrebs da maswavleblis
aqtiurobas efuZneba. leqcia ver uzrunvelyofs swavlis Sedegebis
sruli speqtris dafarvas. ase mag.: praqtikuli an jgufSi muSaobis
unarebi leqciaze namdvilad ver gamomuSavdeba. garda amisa, leqciaze
rTulia imis dadgena, ramdenad kargad gaiges studentebma miwode-
buli masala. maswavlebelma SesaZloa imaze meti informacia miawodos
studentebs, vidre maT aTviseba SeuZliaT.
sakmaod rTulia studentebis didi raodenobis yuradRebis mobili-
zeba da SenarCuneba leqciis ganmavlobaSi. maswavlebeli kargi orato-
ri unda iyos, rom SeZlos dagegmili informaciis efeqturi gadacema
studentebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, studentebis yuradReba leqciis
dawyebidan pirveli 10-15 wuTis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba da iz-
rdeba leqciis dasasruls. Sesabamisad, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma
leqciis mimdinareobis dros gazardos studentTa monawileoba Car-
Tuloba maTi mxridan yuradRebis amaRlebis mizniT. garda amisa, leq-
ciaze miRebuli codnis SenarCunebis xarisxi swavlebis aqtiur meTo-
debTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro dabalia; cnobilia, rom Cven wakiTxuli
da/an mosmenili informaciis daaxloebiT 10-20% vimaxsovrebT, maSin
rodesac masalis moyolis an weris dros vimaxsovrebT mis 70%-mde,
xolo yvelaze ufro efeqturia (90%-mde) aqtiurad Sesrulebuli sa-
muSaos dros miRebuli codnis damaxsovrebis done.
mokled leqciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi ase SegviZlia
davajamoT:
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dadebiTi mxareebi:
Teoriuli informaciis miwodebis efeqturi meTodi;
maswavleblis mier advilad kontrolirebadi saswavlo garemo
ar saWiroebs specialur aRWurvilobas;
variaciulobis didi potenciali.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
meTodi gamouyenebelia praqtikuli unarebis swavlebisaTvis;
maswavlebelsa da studentebs Soris komunikaciis nakleboba;
rTulia auditoriis yuradRebis SenarCuneba;
leqciis momzadebas mniSvnelovani dro sWirdeba;
Sefaseba leqciis procesSi garTulebulia;
leqcia swavlebis formaluri teqnikaa da students
pasiurs xdis.
saswavlo garemo
leqcia maqsimalurad gasagebi rom iyos, yuradReba unda mieqces
auditoriaSi/saklaso oTaxSi msmenelTa ganTavsebas. tradiciulad
gamoiyeneba auditoriis e.w. frontaluri stili – anu maswavlebeli
dgas studentebis winaSe, rogorc wesi, dafasTan, xolo studentebi
mwkrivebad arian ganlagebuli (ix. naxazi 7.1). maswavleblis xma yvelas
kargad unda esmodes. Tu gaTvaliswinebulia TvalsaCinoebis gamoy-
eneba, maSin dafa/ekrani oTaxis nebismieri wertilidan kargad unda
Candes. maswavlebeli aseve kargad unda xedavdes auditorias, raTa
masTan kontaqti ar dakargos da SeamCnios msmenelTa reaqcia. mniS-
vnelovania, rom msmenelebs hqondeT weris saSualeba leqciis dros
informaciis CaniSvnis mizniT.
auditoriis frontaluri stiliT ganawileba xazs usvams maswav-
leblis aqtiur da msmenelTa erTgvarad pasiur rols, Tumca leqcia
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs msmenelTa CarTulobas da aq-
tiur diskusias – leqciis msvlelobisas studentebs unda SeeZloT
SekiTxvebis dasma. cxadia, SekiTxvebi maswavlebelmac unda dasvas,
magram ara ganvlili masalis codnis Semowmebis mizniT, aramed imis
dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad gasagebia mimdinare leqcia, raTa saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi droulad moxdes koreqtireba/damateba.
Tu msmenelTa auditoria mcirericxvovania (ar aRemateba 15 stu-
dents), sasurvelia maTi ganTavseba ise, rom xeli Seewyos yoveli stu-
dentis aqtiur monawileobasa da CarTulobas leqciaSi. Sesabamisad
gamoiyeneba ara frontaluri, aramed sadiskusio stili e.w.`U for-
54
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
mati~ (ix. nax.: 7.2) studentebi da maswavlebeli ganlagebuli arian U formis magidis irgvliv ise, rom yvela erTmaneTs kargad xedavs da
maswavlebels aqvs saSualeba, miuaxlovdes nebismier students.
nax. 7.1 nax. 7.2
leqciis frontaluri stili leqciis sadiskusio stili
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
radganac leqcia gulisxmobs sabazo informaciis miwodebas msmenel-
ebisaTvis, romelic maTTvis gasagebi da advilad gadasamuSavebeli
unda iyos, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba TvalsaCino masalis gamoyenebas.
TvalsaCinoeba SesaZloa Semoifarglos mxolod teqstiT – leqtori
saubris paralelurad informaciis ZiriTad punqtebs dafaze/ekranze
warmoadgens (rogorc wesi, winaswar momzadebuli prezentaciis saxiT
ppt formatSi). es uadvilebs msmenelebs gaigon leqciis arsi da Cain-
iSnon ZiriTadi momentebi. imave formatSi SesaZlebelia arateqsturi
masalis, mag.: ruqebis, sqemebis, diagramebis, cxrilebis da a.S. prezen-
tacia. Tu ama Tu im mizezis gamo SeuZlebelia prezentaciis momzade-
ba, maSin SesaZloa didi zomis tabulebis gamoyeneba – am SemTxvevaSi
garkveul sirTules warmoadgens am TvalsaCinoebis ganTavseba dafaze,
misi moxsna da a.S. – es procesi xSirad asistirebas saWiroebs; asis-
tentad SeiZleba studenti gamoviyenoT. TvalsaCinoebis gamoyeneba
ar unda iqces TviTmiznad – TvalsaCinoeba unda daexmaros msmenels,
ukeT gaigos leqciis farglebSi gadasacemi informacia da gauadvi-
los mas momavalSi am masalis Seswavla. TvalsaCinoeba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania vizualuri tipis studentebisaTvis, visac mxedvelo-
biTi mexsiereba ukeT aqvs ganviTarebuli.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
Tu saswavlo kursi mxolod leqciis formatiT iswavleba (anu araa
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kombinirebuli swavlebis sxva meTodebTan), maSin leqciis dros mi-
wodebuli masalis codnis Sesamowmeblad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT
Sefasebis rogorc weriTi, aseve zepiri formebi:
weriTi Sefaseba zepiri Sefaseba
• testi • kiTxva-pasuxi
• Ria kiTxvebze pasuxi • prezentacia
• Txzuleba/ese
radganac leqcia ZiriTadad Teoriuli masalis asaTvisebladaa gan-
kuTvnili, Sefasebisas ver gamoviyenebT praqtikuli unarebis demon-
strirebas – mowmdeba Teoriuli codna.
Tu leqcia sagnis swavlebis mxolod erT-erTi komponentia (mag.:
praqtikul mecadineobasTan erTad), maSin SesaZlebelia Sefasebis sxva
formebis gamoyenebac.
magaliTebi
mag.: N1mag.: N1
Tema: saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Taflovani mcenareebi da maTi
mniSvneloba mefutkreobaSi
mizani: studentebs gaacnos
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Taflovani mcenareebi, maTi daxa-
siaTeba, yvavilobis kalendaruli vadebi;
mcenareTa saneqtre produqtiuloba; mcenareebidan miRebuli
Taflis maxasiaTeblebi (feri, gemo, aromati, dakristaleba
da a.S).
Taflovani mcenareebis mniSvneloba futkris sakvebi bazis mow-
yobasa da gaumjobesebaSi.
maswavlebeli studentebs acnobs Taflovan mcenareebs Semdegi
klasifikaciiT:
mindvris (mzesumzira, esparceti, samyura, ZiZo da a.S.),
mdelos;
tyis (wabli, cacxvi, akacia, suro, da aS);
baRis (vaSli, msxali, qliavi, atami da a.S.);
subtropikuli mcenareebi (mandarini, forToxali, limoni
da a.S).
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
maswavlebeli proeqtoriT uCvenebs studentebs mindvris jgufis
Taflovan mcenareebs; uxsnis maTi yvavlobis kalendarul vadebsa da
maTgan yvavilis mtvris aRebis vadebs; cxrilis saxiT uCvenebs Ti-
Toeuli mcenaris saneqtre produqtiulobas, romelic sxvadasxva mce-
narisaTvis gansxvavebulia, magaliTad 1 ha-ze 40 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg da
a.S maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis TiToeuli tipis mcenarisagan
miRebuli Taflis upiratesobasa da nakls; uxsnis futkris sakvebi
bazis gaumjobesebis meTodebs.
mag.: N2mag.: N2
Tema: sanitarul-teqnikur sistemaSi gamoyenebuli armatura
mizani: studentebs avuxsnaT
ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba is;
aris Tu ara armaturis konstruqcia damokidebuli misi muSao-
bis pirobebze, daniSnulebasa da sxva faqtorebze.
maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis, rom armaturis detalebis dasam-
zadeblad gamoyenebuli masala unda akmayofilebdes mTel rig moT-
xovnebs, ZiriTadad, eqspluataciis pirobebs. uxsnis ra saxisaa sak-
valTebi, rogor arian isini milsadenTan SeerTebuli, rogor iketeba
sakvalTis gasasvleli, an rogor iReba igi.
studentma aseTi teqnikuri saxis sakiTxebi kargad unda gaigos da
praqtikaSi damoukideblad SeZlos maTi gamoyeneba; maswavlebeli axs-
nisas iyenebs TvalsaCinoebebsa da naxazebs; axsenebs studentebs, ro-
gor aris maT saxlebSi gayvanili gaTboba da wyalmomarageba. is saSu-
alebas aZlevs studentebs leqciis drosac xeliT Seexon paralelur
sakvalTs moZravi SpindeliT, romelic gaTbobis sistemaSi gamoiy-
eneba; solur sakvalTs uZravi SpindeliT, romelic wyalmomaragebaSi
gamoiyeneba. xazgasmiT uxsnis im masalebs, romlisganac damzadebulia
sxvadasxva detali.
rekomedaciebi:
winaswar dagegmeT leqcia – leqciaze studentebs unda mia-
wodoT ZiriTadi informacia, romelic mTeli masalis sruli
aTvisebis winapirobas qmnis;
saleqcio masala logikuri TanamimdevrobT unda iyos organi-
zebuli (martividan rTulisaken) da advilad gasagebi audito-
riisaTvis;
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nu gadatvirTavT erT leqcias bevri gansxvavebuli tipis in-
formaciiT – SeecadeT TiTo leqcia TiTo Temis ganxilvas
dauTmoT;
`gaamdidreT~ Teoriuli leqcia konkretuli magaliTebiT;
leqciis bolos daskvnis saxiT SeajameT ZiriTadi punqtebi;
saleqcio kursis momzadebisas sasurvelia konsultacia ga-
iaroT Tqvens kolegebTan da SeaTanxmoT maTTan Tematika –
momdevno saseminaro Tu praqtikuli mecadineobebi saleqcio
kurss unda exmianebodes;
SeamowmeT auditoria leqciis Catarebamde – darwmundiT, rom
leqciis mimdinareoba uzrunvelyofilia saWiro damxmare sa-
SualebebiT;
kargad moamzadeT saleqcio masala – nu waikiTxavT wignidan
an konspeqtidan – moyeviT;
waaxaliseT studentebis mxridan kiTxvebis dasma;
mudmivad iqonieT mxedvelobiTi kontaqti auditoriasTan;
periodulad SeamowmeT, ramdenad `mogyvebaT~ auditoria da
mieciT Sesabamisi ukukavSiri.
7. 2 2. seminari
ra aris es?
seminari warmoadgens swavlebis formas, romelic, rogorc wesi,
studentTa mcirericxvovan jgufebSi mimdinareobs da studentebis
aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xSirad jgufis
winaSe samecniero statiis an Sesrulebuli proeqtis prezentaciiT
gamoixateba. Cveulebriv seminaris monawileebi damwyebebi ar unda
iyvnen. seminaris daniSnulebaa aswavlos studentebs maT mier arCeuli
disciplinis meTodologiis gamoyeneba da praqtikuli problemebis
gadaWra. xSirad seminari diskusiis an debatebis formas iRebs.
rodis viyenebT?
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, seminari aris ama Tu im proeqtze momuSave
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
studentTa jgufis Sexvedra, yvelasaTvis saintereso problemebis
gan xilvis mizniT. Sesabamisad, seminaris gamoyeneba SeiZleba maSin,
rodesac studentebs ukve dagrovili aqvT garkveuli Teoriuli da
praqtikuli codna da SeuZliaT damoukideblad monacemebis, faqtebis
wardgena-ganxilva. seminari, rogorc swavlebis damoukidebeli forma,
iSviaTad gamoiyeneba; Zalian xSiria seminarebis kombinireba leqciebT-
an da/an praqtikul mecadineobebTan, rodesac seminari leqciaze an
praqtikumze SeZenili codnis ganmtkicebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.
seminarze studentebi monacvleobiT warmoadgenen garkveul masa-
las, romelic SemdgomSi yvela monawilis mier ganixileba. profesiu-
li ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos konkretuli praqtikuli
davalebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi: leqciaze mosmenili masala, maswavle-
blis mier micemuli davaleba da a.S.
seminarze moxsenebiT SeiZleba rogorc erTi studenti, aseve stu-
dentTa jgufi warsdges – es maswavleblis gadasawyvetia da cxadia,
damokidebulia warsadgeni masalis specifikaze. seminarze studentis
moxsenebis xangrZlivobas, momdevno kiTxva-pasuxis, sesiisa da disku-
siis formats maswavlebeli gansazRvravs. studentebi aucileblad wi-
naswar unda iyvnen informirebuli `TamaSis wesebis~ Sesaxeb.
kiTxva-pasuxi da diskusia seminaris yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
nawilia da kargad gaZRolis pirobebSi is studentTa swavlebis yve-
laze ufro efeqturi meTodia. Tumca, Tu diskusia kargad ar aris
momzadebuli, studentebi SeiZleba daibnen da diskusiis mTeli tvir-
Ti maswavlebels daawves. SekiTxvebi momxsenebels, pirvel rigSi, Ta-
vad studentebma unda dausvan – seminaris daniSnulebaa studentebSi,
prezentirebis garda, ganxilvis, debatebis kulturis gamomuSaveba.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
studentebis damoukidebeli da jgufuri muSaobis xelSewyoba;
studentebSi kamaTis unaris gamomuSaveba;
komunikacia;
saseminaro masalis moZieba, referireba da analizi.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
diskusiis marTvis problema;
studentebis SesaZlo pasiuroba;
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studentebis raodenoba
rac ufro mcirericxvovania jgufi, miT ufro efeqturi iqneba yve-
la studentis monawileoba, ramdenadac seminari garkveuli sakiTxebis
ganxilvas gulisxmobs. seminarze studentTa maqsimaluri raodenoba,
Sesabamisad, ocs ar unda aRematebodes, xolo optimaluria maqsimum
aTkacian jgufebSi Catarebuli seminari.
saswavlo garemo
seminaris dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba studentebis
ganTavsebas klasSi/auditoriaSi – studentebis ganawileba xels unda
uwyobdes TiToeuli maTganis monawileobas ganxilvaSi. optimaluri
Sedegi miiRweva, rodesac seminaris monawileebi, maswavleblis CaTv-
liT, `mrgvali~ magidis irgvliv iyrian Tavs (naxazi 7.3a, 7.3b. cxadia,
dasaSvebia nebismieri formis magidis gamoyeneba). didi zomis magidis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ubralod SesaZlebelia skamebi wriulad gan-
valagoT (naxazi 7.4). garda imisa, rom aseTi ganTavsebisas seminaris
monawileebi erTmaneTs kargad xedaven, maT Tanabrad SeuZliaT ganx-
ilvaSi monawileoba; da, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, SeuZliaT erTma-
neTTan, da ara mxolod maswavlebelTan, saubari.
nax.: 7.3a, 7.3b – seminari magidasTan.
nax.: 7.4 – seminari wriulad ganlagebuli skamebiT.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
seminaris Catareba ar saWiroebs gansakuTrebul damxmare saSuale-
bebs – momxsenebels SeiZleba tradiciuli dafa/ekrani da prezenta-
ciis gamSvebi aparatura dasWirdes; anu seminari da leqcia erTnair
teqnikur uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs.
sasurvelia seminaris win studentebs daurigdeT gansaxilveli ma-
sala. studentebs unda SeeZloT Tavad seminaris mimdinareobis dros
saintereso momentebis CaniSvna.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
seminarze fasdeba rogorc momxsenebeli, ise diskusiaSi monawile
yvela studenti. Sefaseba emyareba studentebis zepir gamosvlebs.
momxseneblis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma unda Seafasos iseTi aspeqte-
bi, rogoricaa:
moxsenebis struqtura – ramdenad mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli
masala, arsebobs Tu ara logikuri urTierTkavSiri wardgenil
faqtebs Soris, gaakeTa Tu ara studentma Sesavali mimoxilva,
axsna Tu ara meTodika, gamoitana Tu ara daskvnebi da a.S.
gamoyenebuli masalis/wyaroebis sisrule;
drois menejmenti – ramdenad eteva momxsenebeli gansazRvrul
droSi;
dasmul kiTxvebze argumentirebuli pasuxebis gacemis unari
da a.S.
studentis diskusiaSi monawileoba fasdeba Semdegi aspeqtebiT:
yuradReba;
adekvaturi kiTxvebis dasmis unari;
diskusiis unari.
sasurvelia, seminaris SefasebisaTvis SeimuSavoT speciluri skala,
sadac mkafiod iqneba gansazRvruli, romeli kompetenciebi rogor
fasdeba da, rac mTavaria, studentebs winaswar unda gaacnoT Se-
fasebis kriteriumebi.
gTavazobT seminaris Sefasebis magaliTs momxseneblis SemTxvevaSi;
magaliTi gansazRvrulia 100 quliani SefasebisaTvis.
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struqtura kvleva gamoyenebuli
literatura
drois
menejmenti
diskusiis
unari
10% 35% 15% 5% 35%
magaliTebi
Tema: avtomobilis samuxruWe sistema
mizani: studentebma gaanalizon Tanamedrove avtomobilebze damon-
taJebuli Tvlebis blokirebis sawinaaRmdego (ABC) sistemis upirate-
soba hidravlikur da pnevmatur samuxruWe sistemasTan mimarTebaSi.
seminaris mosamzadeblad gamoyenebuli masalebi: sxvadasxva tipi-
sa da konstruqciis avtomobilis samuxruWe meqanizmebi, samuxruWe
meqanizmebis amZravebi; internetSi mopovebuli masalebi.
studentebi seminarisaTvis amzadeben prezentacias Tanamedrove av-
tomobilebze damontaJebuli Tvlebis blokirebis sawinaaRmdego (ABC) sistemis upiretesobis Sesaxeb.
amisaTvis isini akeTeben arsebuli klasikuri tipis meqanizmebis ana-
lizs, swavloben muxruWebis amZravebis muSaobis princips, sagzao pi-
robebs da damuxruWebis efeqturobas. analizis safuZvelze miRebuli
daskvnebis safuZvelze axdenen arsebuli konstruqciebisa da Taname-
drove antimablokirebeli sistemebis Sedarebas, ganixilaven avtomo-
bilis damuxruWebis process da am procesis Semadgenel nawilebs.
sistemis upiratesobis Cvenebis mizniT studentebi ganixilaven eqs-
tremalur situacias: `avtomobilis damuxruWeba molipul gzaze~.
studentebi xsnian, rom hidravlikuri da pnevmaturi samuxruWe sis-
temis SemTxvevaSi manqana curavs molipul gzaze, samuxruWe manZili
izrdeba, rac iwvevs Sejaxebas.
Semdeg aRweren Tanamedrove samuxruWe sistemis agebulebas. imave
pirobebisaTvis Tanamedrove avtomobilebSi samuxruWe sistema Sedgeba
Tvlebis siCqaris gadamwodisa da gadamrTveliani samuxruWe mowyobi-
lobisagan, romlebic erTmaneTTan kompiuteriT aris dakavSirebuli.
muxruWze dawolisas Tvlebis siCqaris gadamwodi afiqsirebs moments,
romelic uaxlovdeba avtomanqanis gaCerebas. Tu avtomobili agrZe-
lebs moZraobas, kompiuteri iZleva signals rogorc gamorTvis, ise
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
muxruWis CarTvis Sesaxeb, sanam avtomanqana mTlianad ar gaCerdeba.
(ABC) iZleva saSualebas gamoricxos mocureba, amcirebs samuxruWe
manZils da aCerebs avtomanqanas molipul gzaze.
seminarze SesaZlebelia studentebis mxridan damatebiTi sakiTxebi
wamoiWras; mag.:
1. ra RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro, rom (ABC) sistemam norm-
alurad ifunqcioniros?
2. ra konkretul situaciebSia efeqturi (ABC) sistemebi?
3. rogor aris SesaZlebeli efeqturi damuxruWeba? da a.S.
rekomendaciebi:
seminaris Catarebamde auxseniT studentebs, rogor unda
seminaris momzadeba: prezentaciisa da ganxilvisaTvis masa-
lis moZieba, Semdeg ki referireba;
Tu seminars studentTa jgufi amzadebs, daexmareT maT fun-
qciebis ganawilebaSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi seminaris efeq-
turoba dabali iqneba;
swored SearCieT saseminaro Temebi – Tematika unda exmiane-
bodes da xels uwyobdes mocemuli disciplinis ukeT Seswav-
las;
auxseniT studentebs seminaris dros SekiTxvebis dasmis we-
sebi;
seminaris bolos aucileblad SeajameT ZiriTadi punqtebi.
7. 3 3. diskusia
ra aris es?
diskusia warmoadgens swavlebis meTods, rodesac (rogorc wesi)
mas wavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobs sxvadasxva winadadebis,
midgomis, ideis problemebis gadaWris, meTodebis jgufuri ganxilva.
diskusia niSnavs sawinaaRmdego poziciebis polemikas, sxvadasxva az-
ris zepir (iSviaTad weriT) gamoxatvas.
diskusia mimdinareobs maswavlebelsa da studentebs, an ufro iS-
viaTad, studentTa or jgufs Soris.
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diskusiis warmatebuli warmarTvisaTvis maswavlebelma sworad unda
SearCios sadiskusio Tema da efeqturad gauZRves diskusias.
rogor unda SevarCioT sadiskusio Tema? sadiskusiod SeiZleba ga-
moviyenoT nebismieri Tema, romlis Sesaxebac gansxvavebuli azri ar-
sebobs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi studentebs sadiskusio Temaze sakmarisi
codna unda hqondeT, rom SeeZloT sakuTari azris gamoTqma da misi
gamarTleba an sxvisi azris gakritikeba – winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dis-
kusia azrs kargavs.
diskusia Tavisi xasiaTiTa da daniSnulebiT leqciis sruli antipo-
dia – Tu leqciis dros maswavlebeli awvdis studentebs informacias,
diskusiis dros studentebi arian aqtiuri da maswavlebeli iRebs
maTgan informacias. rac ufro intensiuria diskusia, miT ufro efeq-
turia swavleba.
diskusiisas mniSvnelovania kiTxvebis swori gamoyeneba. kiTxvebi
Tavisi daniSnulebiT gansxvavdeba: diskusia iwyeba e.w. mTavari kiTx-
viT, romelic gansazRvravs diskusiis arss, warmoadgens sadiskusio
sakiTxs. Semdeg maswavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas damazustebeli kiTx-
vebi, rom misces da/an Secvalos diskusiis mimarTuleba. dasaSvebia
studentis mier maswavleblisadmi dasmuli kiTxvis gadamisamarTeba
sxva studentisaTvis, raTa diskusiaSi yvela CaerTos.
rodis viyenebT?
diskusia ar/ver warmoiqmneba cariel adgilas – saWiroa sadisku-
sio Tema. aseTi Tema SesaZloa SeirCes ukve garkveuli saswavlo masa-
lis gavlis Semdeg – amdenad diskusia ar warmoadgens damoukidebeli
saswavlo kursis swavlebis erTaderT formats da is, rogorc wesi,
swavlebis kombinirebuli formebis dros gamoiyeneba, mag.: leqciasTan
an seminarTan erTad; an diskusia SeiZleba leqciis da/an seminaris
Semadgeneli nawili gaxdes.
Sesabamisad diskusias viyenebT leqciaze da/an praqtikul mecadi-
neobaze garkveuli formaluri codnis miRebis Semdeg misi ganmt-
kicebis mizniT.
Pros & Contras
diskusia argumentirebul oponirebas gulisxmobs. studentebis mo-
nawileoba polemikaSi maT mier axali codnis swraf aTvisebas uzrun-
velyofs. garda amisa, diskusia xels uwyobs iseTi zogadi unarebis
ganviTarebas, rogoricaa kritikuli azrovneba, komunikacia, jgufSi
muSaoba, konfliqturi situaciebis regulireba, prezentacia.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
dadebiTi mxareebi:
diskusiis dros ganxilul sakiTxebs studentebi yvelaze ufro
kargad imaxsovreben;
maSinac ki, Tu studentebs formaluri conda akliaT, disku-
sia kargi meTodia maTSi kritikuli azrovnebis gamomuSavebisa-
Tvis;
diskusia SeiZleba kargi motivatori iyos studentebisaTvis,
da moukideblad moiZion informacia sadiskusio Temaze, rom
uSualod diskusiis dros saTanado informacia hqondeT misi
warmatebuli warmarTvisaTvis;
diskusia leqciis msvlelobis dros kargi meTodia imis Sesa-
mowmeblad, ramdenad gaiges studentebma miwodebuli informa-
cia, ra aris Sesacvleli/dasamatebeli da a.S.;
studentebis monawileobis maRali xarisxi (CarTuloba).
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
Zalian rTulia sajarod gamoTqmul azrze uaris Tqma. disku-
siis Sedegad, is mcdaric rom aRmoCndes, zog adamians SeiZleba
gauWirdes amis aRiareba;
raodenobrivi SezRudva – efeqturi rom iyos, diskusiaSi 12
kacze meti ar unda monawileobdes;
cudad dagegmilma diskusiam SeiZleba bevri dro moiTxovos da
arasasurvel Sedegze gagviyvanos;
SezRudul droSi nakleb savaraudoa sadiskusio Temis yvela
sadavo aspeqtis sruli ganxilva;
diskusia, rogorc wesi, Semoifargleba ori sawinaaRmdego az-
ris//poziciis ganxilviT, maSin rodesac SesaZlebelia arsebob-
des orze meti azri.
studentebis raodenoba
diskusia ver warimarTeba studentTa Zalian did jgufSi – TiToeul
mxareze sasurvelia monawileobdes ara umetes 5-6 studentisa. mniS-
vnelovania, rom mxareebSi studentTa Tanabari raodenoba iyos war-
modgenili.
saswavlo garemo
seminarisgan gansxvavebiT, sasurvelia ̀ mowinaaRmdege~ mxareebi erT-
maneTis pirdapir ganTavsdnen (ix. naxazi 7.5), xolo maswavlebels,
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rogorc diskusiis fasilitators, unda SeeZlos orive jgufTan Ta-
visufali urTierToba.
nax.:7.5 diskusiis dros studentTa ori jgufis
ganawilebis sqema
studentebs unda SeeZloT diskusiis dros saintereso momentebis
CaniSvna an, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, dafis/ekranis gamoyeneba sakuTari
poziciis wardgenisaTvis.
Sesabamisad, diskusiisaTvis optimaluri saswavlo garemo princi-
pulad ar gansxvavdeba seminarisa da leqciis CatarebisaTvis aucile-
beli garemosagan.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
diskusiis Catareba, rogorc wesi, ar saWiroebs gansakuTrebul gare-
mos an damxmare saSualebebs, Tumca sasurvelia tradiciuli dafis
arseboba, diskusiaSi monawile mxareebs rom mieceT sakuTari azrebis
vizualizaciis saSualeba.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
iseve, rogorc seminaris Sefasebisas, aqac SegiZliaT winaswar daa-
muSavoT diskusiis Sefasebis principebi da gaacnoT is studentebs.
rogorc wesi, fasdeba studentebis momzadebis done, aqtivoba, adekva-
turi kiTxvebis dasmisa da kiTxvebze argumentirebuli pasuxis gace-
mis unari. damatebiT SeZleba Sefasdes jgufSi muSaobis unari, drois
menejmenti, koreqtuloba da a.S.
magaliTebi
sfero: eleqtro-samontaJo samuSaoebi
Tema: oTxma studentma miiRo davaleba, gaiyvanon arastandartu-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
li formis sadurglo saxelosnoSi eleqtro-gayvaniloba da gaakeTon
ganaTeba, sadac erTdroulad 12-15 studenti SeZlebs mecadineobas.
mTavari amocanaa rogor davamontaJoT ganaTeba, rom yvela students
Tanabrad gaunawildes sinaTle.
studentebs gansazRvruli aqvT gamosayenebeli masala, CamrTvelebi-
sa da ganaTebis naTurebis raodenoba.
studentebs Soris diskusia warmoiSoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
rogor, ra adgilebSi unda damontaJdes ganaTeba. erTi centralu ri
ganaTeba Werze Tu individualuri ganaTebebi samuSao adgilebis mi-
xedviT. diskusiaSi oTxive studenti iRebs monawileobas.
sabolood, diskusiis Sedegad problema gadaiWra oTxive studentis
azris gaTvaliswinebiT; miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad maT gan-
sxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondaT, gadawyvites, ganaTeba daemontaJe-
binaT fanjrebis mdebareobis, saxelosnos saerTo farTobis, Weris
simaRlisa da samuSao adgilebis ganlagebis mixedviT.
diskusiis SejamebaSi moderatoris rols asrulebda maswavlebeli.
rekomendaciebi:
SearCieT Tema, romelic saintereso iqneba studentebisaTvis
da darwmundiT, rom maT am Temaze sakmarisi codna gaaCniaT;
SegiZliaT studentebs winaswar miuTiToT Sesabamisi liter-
atura sadiskusio Temis damuSavebisaTvis;
mkafiod gansazRvreT diskusiis Catarebis formati: vin da
ramdens laparakobs? ra TanamimdevrobiT? rogor unda davs-
vaT SekiTxvebi? da a.S.;
gansazRvreT ZiriTadi wesebi, mag.:
studentebma erTdroulad ar unda ilaparakon;
unda moxdes poziciebis da ara pirovnebebis ganxilva;
mkafiod gansazRvreT Tqveni roli: pirvel diskusiaze mas-
wavlebeli unda iyos moderatoric da fasilitatoric, mom-
devno diskusiebSi es roli SesaZloa studentebma monacvle-
obiT Seasrulon;
nu iqnebiT dominanturi!;
kargi meTodia, diskusiaSi monawile mxareebs misceT kiTxvaze
pasuxis momzadebis saSualeba, romelic mere jgufis warmo-
madgenelma unda gaaxmovanos;
aucileblad SeajameT boloSi diskusiis Sedegebi am meTodiT
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naswavli masalis ganmtkicebis mizniT. dasawyisSi es maswav-
leblis funqciaa, xolo garkveuli gamocdilebis dagrove-
bis Semdeg es studentebs daavaleT;
uzrunvelyaviT diskusiaSi yvela studentis monawileoba,
waaxaliseT kiTxvebiT SedarebiT pasiuri studentebi;
rogorc diskusiis wamyvani, nu gamoxatavT Tqvens pirad sim-
paTiasa Tu antipaTias mokamaTe mxareebis mier gamoTqmuli
azrebisadmi – Tqveni amocanaa, iyoT neitraluri da yvelas-
Tan erTnairi damokidebuleba gqondeT;
gaxsovdeT, rom, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania disku-
siis unaris gamomuSaveba da mxolod Semdeg kiTxvebze swori
pasuxebis miReba – studentebis faqtobriv codnas ubralo
tradiciuli gamokiTxviTac SeamowmebT;
Sesabamisad, sadiskusio kiTxvebi unda iwyebodes iseTi kiTx-
viTi sityvebiT, rogoricaa `ratom?~ da `rogor?~, vidre si-
tyvebiT `vin?~, `ra?~, `rodis?~;
iyaviT momTmeni, mieciT studentebs sakmarisi dro, argu-
mentebis mosafiqreblad. gaxsovdeT, rom SekiTxvaze reaq-
ciis dro da mo kidebulia kiTxvis sirTuleze; SesaZlebe-
lia mosafiqrebeli drois gansazRvra diskusiis dawyebamde
– esec TamaSis wesebSi unda iyos gawerili da studentebs Ta-
vidanve unda ecnobos.
7. 4 4. problemaze orientirebuli swavleba
ra aris es?
dasavleTis wamyvan saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi bolo 25 wlis
ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba swavlebisadmi gansxvavebuli
midgoma, e.w. Problem Based Learning (PBL) – problemaze orientirebu-
li swavleba, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: ZiriTadi saleqcio
kursis paralelurad tardeba garkveuli problemisadmi miZRvnili in-
terdisciplinaruli seminarebi, rac idealur pirobebs qmnis studen-
tebis erToblivi muSaobisaTvis da ufro metad uwyobs xels farTo
Tvalsawieris mqone maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebas. Teori-
uli seminarebis Semdeg mcire jgufebad gaerTianebul studentebs
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
eZlevaT saSualeba damoukideblad gadaWran imave problematikisadmi
miZRvnili amocanebi. saswavlo garemo maqsimalurad daaxloebulia
maT momaval samuSao pirobebTan. icvleba maswavleblisa da studentis
tradiciuli rolebi: maswavlebeli ar ̀ aswavlis~, am sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT, is studentebs muSaobis mimarTulebas aZlevs, iwvevs
diskusiebis `provocirebas~, exmareba xelsawyoebis gamoyenebaSi, ma-
gram muSaobis procesSi aqtiurad ar ereva da ZiriTadad meTvalyuris
rolSia. PBL qmnis iseT garemos, sadac swavleba ufro didi enTu-
ziazmiT mimdinareobs, vidre saleqcio sistemis dros. es programa
gamoricxavs masalis pasiur miwodebas, aqcentirebulia TviTon aqti-
uri swavlis procesi da ara faqtobrivi informaciis dazepireba. gar-
da amisa, jgufebad muSaoba xels uwyobs studentebSi kolegialobis
grZnobis Camoyalibebas; studenti swavlobs pasuxismgeblobas jgufis
sxva wevrebis mimarT. PBL xels uwyobs problemebis gadaWrisTvis
aucilebeli moqnili strategiebis ganviTarebas, aCvevs studentebs
analizs da damoukidebel azrovnebas.
rodis viyenebT?
problemaze orientirebuli swavleba, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba sa-
ganmanaTleblo programis bolos, rodesac studentebs ukve sakma-
risi Teoriuli da praqtikuli dargobrivi codna gaaCniaT imisaTvis,
rom damoukideblad ganaxorcielon konkretuli proeqti da gadaWran
dasaxuli problema.
Pros & Contras
swavlebis aqamde arsebuli sistemis paralelurad problemaze ori-
entirebuli swavlebis Semotanam ara marto studentTa daintereseba
unda gazardos, aramed leqtorTa momzadebis donec – mudmivad ga-
naxlebadi informaciis miwodeba gulisxmobs internetSi muSaobas da
axali masalebis gacnobas, ukve arsebul monacemebTan maT integrire-
bas da sxvadasxva dargobriv sferos Soris kavSirebis damyarebas.
dadebiTi mxareebi:
studentebi damoukideblad muSaoben;
anviTarebs jgufSi muSaobis unars;
xels uwyobs manamde sxvadasxva sagnis farglebSi miRebuli
codnis konsolidacias;
anviTarebs profesiul unarebs.
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uaryofiTi mxareebi:
swavlebis SedarebiT Zviri meTodia – saWiroebs specialur aR-
Wurvilobas, masalebs.
studentebis raodenoba
problemaze orientirebuli swavleba jgufuri proeqtebis ganxor-
cielebas gulisxmobs. dargis specifikidan gamomdinare, erT proeq-
tze momuSave studentebis raodenoba jgufSi SeiZleba oridan xuTa-
mde meryeobdes.
saswavlo garemo
realur samuSao pirobebTan maqsimalurad daaxloebuli garemo xels
uwyobs profesiuli Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas. Tu saswavlebels ar
aqvs saTanado saxelosnoebi, sasurvelia problemaze orientirebuli
swavleba praqtikis gavlis dros ganxorcieldes uSualod praqtikis
gavlis adgilze, samuSao pirobebSi. cxadia, problemis gadaWrisaTvis
saWiro samuSaos nawili (mag. Teoriuli) SesaZlebelia saswavlebelSic
ganxorcieldes.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
ramdenadac problemaze orientirebuli swavleba maqsimalurad re-
alistur garemoSi unda mimdinareobdes, PBL warmatebuli ganxor-
cielebisTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa kargi materialur-teqnikuri
bazisa da saTanado saswavlo resursebis arseboba. saswavlo resursebi
gulisxmobs wignebs, samecniero Jurnalebs, kompiuterul programebs,
internets, audio-vizualur masalasa da laboratoriul/ saxelosnos
aRWurvilobas.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
cxadia, swavlebis am meTodis danergva studentTa codnis Sefasebis
sistemis Secvlasac gulisxmobs: aqamde arsebuli gamokiTxvis wesisa da
sakurso naSromebis praqtikis paralelurad aucilebelia SemuSavdes
specialuri sistema Problem Based Learning-is procesSi studentTa muS-
aobis SefasebisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso praqtikidan gamomdinare, studentis Sefasebis kri-
teriumebi unda iyos:
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
jgufis muSaobaSi studentis monawileoba da aqtivoba;
studentis wvlili problemis amoxsnaSi;
literaturis damuSavebis xarisxi;
praqtikuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis dros profesiuli unar-
Cvevebi.
Teoriuli codnis Sefasebisas ki ukve damkvidrebuli Sefasebis sis-
tema gamoiyeneba: mravlobiTi arCevnis pasuxebi, praqtikuli kiTxvebi,
interaqtiuli viqtorinebi (kompiuteruli programebis umravlesobas
TviTSefasebis sistema gaaCnia) da a.S.
magaliTebi
mag.: N1mag.: N1
studentebs eZlevaT amocana: unda aigos erTsarTuliani, or oTax-
iani binis centraluri fasadi, romlis reliefi sworia, simaRle 60
sm-ia, sarTulis simaRle 1,80 m-ia, saxuravi 2 m-ia,saxuravis kexis si-
maRle ki 2,6 m-ia. studentebma sakiTxis gadasawyvetad unda gamoiy-
enon naswavli masala, gamoTvalon kibis safexurebis raodenoba, fan-
jrebis ganlageba, dagegmon fasadi da a.S.
mag.: N2mag.: N2
studentebs eZlevT Semdegi sakiTxi gansaxilvelad: avtomobilis
daqoqvisas starteri brunavs, magram Zravi ar iqoqeba. studentebma
unda daadginon problemis gamomwvevi mizezebi da dagegmon proble-
mis aRmosafxvrelad saWiro moqmedebebi.
rekomendaciebi:
SearCieT iseTi problema, romlis gadaWris teqnikuri saSu-
alebebis uzrunvelyofac SesaZlebelia;
iyaviT momTmeni, mieciT studentebs damoukideblad muSao-
bis saSualeba, CaerieT mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi.
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7. 5 5. demonstrirebiT swavleba
ra aris es?
demonstrireba warmoadgens praqtikuli swavlebis formas da gu-
lisxmobs davalebis, proceduris uSualo Sesrulebas, rasac Tan mas-
wavleblis/instruqtoris axsna-ganmarteba axlavs.
demonstracia aris swavlebis teqnika, romelic moicavs zepir ax-
sna-ganmartebas (instruqutaJs) da konkretuli davalebis, amocanis
keTebas faqtebis, procesebisa da koncefciebis axsnis mizniT. is gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania praqtikuli unarebis swavlebisas.
demonstraciis dros auditoria pasiuria, magram SemdgomSi stu-
dentebs uwevT nanaxis damoukideblad Sesruleba. garda amisa, stu-
dentebs unda SeeZloT demonstraciis procesSi SekiTxvebis dasma.
rodis viyenebT?
demonstrirebis meTods mimarTaven praqtikuli unarebis swavlebi-
sas. is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT leqciasTan kombinaciaSi, magram ufro
upriania demonstraciis Catareba praqtikuli mecadineobis win.
demonstrireba aris studentebis mier praqtikuli unarebis aT-
visebis winapiroba: studentebi xedaven gamocdili maswavleblis/in-
struqtoris mier Sesrulebul samuSao proceduras da eZlevaT saSu-
aleba, praqtikaze gaimeoron nanaxi.
demonstrirebisas mniSvnelovania gameorebaTa raodenoba. optimal-
uria samjeradi demonstracia.
pirveli demonstraciis dros studentebs movlenasTan dakavSire-
biT sxvadasxva emocia uCndebaT, es xels uSlis masalis aTvisebasa da
detalebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.
gameorebiTi demonstraciis dros studentebi ukve aqceven yur-
adRebas mniSvnelovan detalebs, masalis daxsomebisaTvis saWiro ni-
uansebs. mag.: qimiis leqciaze maswavlebeli atarebs cdas. cdis das-
rulebis Semdeg erT-erTi studenti kiTxulobs, Tu ra Sedegi miiRes
cdis Sedegad. amitom racionaluria, moqmedebis kargad swavlebis
mizniT cdis ramodenimejer gameoreba, raTa, individualuri gansx-
vavebebis miuxedavad, yvela studentma gaamaxvilos yuradReba mniS-
vnelovan detalebze.
Tu demonstraciis Semdeg studentebs ar miecemaT saSualeba,
gaimeoron nanaxi procesi damoukideblad praqtikuli mecadineobis
dros, es midgoma azrs kargavs. demonstrirebis gameorebaTa raode-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
noba damokidebulia procesis Semadgeneli etapebis, kvanZebis, meqa-
nizmebis raodenobasa da sakiTxis sirTuleze.
mag.: instruqtori sportul darbazSi axdens rgolebze aWimvis de-
monstrirebas; pirvel Cvenebaze studentebSi emocia sWarbobs, ma-
gram misi meored da mesamed Senelebul tempSi gameorebisa da ax-
sna-ganmartebis Semdeg studentebi ukve amCneven ZiriTad niuansebs.
demonstrirebis Semdeg studentebi unda wavaxalisoT, Tavadac sca-
don nanaxis gameoreba Sesabamisi instruqtaJis TanxlebiT.
an mag.: lilvidan saxsnelis saSualebiT, Skivis an kbilana Tvlis
moxsnis xerxs studentebs uCvenebT Cveulebriv samuSao tempSi, Sem-
deg am xerxis calkeuli elementebis saxsnelis momzadebasa da dayene-
bas, saval-xraxniani saxeluris mobrunebas saxsnelsa da TviT Skivis
moxsnas – Senelebul tempSi. es studentebs exmareba yvela detalis
dafiqsirebaSi. amasTanave, ganvmartavT, Tu ratom Zvreba xandaxan sax-
sneli, uCvenebT Skivis pirmodebis adgils da a.S. muSaobis xerxis
gamtkicebis mizniT, damoukidebeli savarjiSos dawyebamde SegiZliaT
ramodenime students SesTavazoT naCvenebi xerxebis gameoreba.
demonstrireba swavlebis e.w 4-etapiani meTodis mniSvnelovani
komponentia; is unar-Cvevebis asaTviseblad gamoiyeneba. mag.: saze-
inklo saqmeSi.
es meTodi eyrdnoba bihevioristul Teorias, romlis mixedviT
swavlebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia varjiSi da swori ukukavSiri;
4-etapiani meTodis gamoyenebisas praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis swav-
leba warmoebs Semdeg oTx etapad: axsna, demonstrireba-Cveneba, im-
itireba da varjiSi.
I etapze instruqtori studentebs uxsnis, ganumartavs, ra unda
gakeTdes. is studntebs gadascems detalur informacias Sesas-
rulebeli samuSaos Sesaxeb;
II etapze ostati studentebs aCvenebs, demonstrirebas axdens,
rogor unda Sesruldes konkretuli samuSao. ostati demonstrire-
basTan erTad akeTebs komentarebsac;
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III etapze moswavleebi cal-calke axdenen demonstrirebuli mo-
qmedebis imitirebas. ostati studentebs aZlevs ukukavSirs Ses-
rulebaze;
IV etapze, mas Semdeg, rac TiTeuli studenti gaigebs Sesrulebis
wesebs da aseve Seasrulebs konkretul samuSaos, axdens am samuSaos
mravaljerad gamoeabas, varjiSs. instruqtori afasebs Sesrulebas.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
SedarebiT advilia studentebis yuradRebis mobilizeba da
SenarCuneba;
demonstracia xels uwyobs gamocdilebis SeZenas;
xels uwyobs manamde aTvisebuli Teoriuli codnis ganmtkice-
bas, ramdenadac ideebisa da koncefciebis TvalsaCino ilus-
tracias warmoadgens.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
cudad momzadebis pirobebSi demonstracia SeiZleba Cavardes;
demonstracia SeuZlebelia//garTulebulia mravalricxovani
auditoriis pirobebSi;
mcirea auditoriis Tanamonawileoba.
studentebis raodenoba
studentebis raodenoba damokidebulia demonstraciis specifikaze.
aucilebelia ZiriTadi principis dacva – demonstracias yvela kar-
gad unda xedavdes, yvelas kargad unda esmodes maswavleblisa Tu
instruqtoris axsna-ganmarteba.
cxadia, SesaZlebelia specialuri video aparaturis gamoyeneba, ro-
melic did ekranze gamoitans demonstraciis process da amiT mniS-
vnelovnad gazrdis auditoriis interess.
sasurvelia demonstraciis dros studentebis raodenoba ar aRe-
matebodes aTs, raTa TiToeul students mieces procesis maqsimalu-
rad kargad naxva-gagebis saSualeba.
74
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
saswavlo garemo
garemo maqsimalurad unda iyos miaxloebuli mocemuli procedu-
ris//moqmedebis ganxorcielebis realur pirobebTan – anu mag.: kerZe-
bis momzadebis demonstrireba unda xdebodes samzareuloSi, liTonis
detalebis gamoCarxva – saamqroSi an specialur saxelosnoSi da a.S.
Tumca SesaZlebelia mTeli rigi procesebis demonstrireba Cveulebriv
saklaso oTaxSi moxdes, Tu es procedura ar saWiroebs usafrTxoebis
gansakuTrebuli wesebis dacvas. magram mainc sasurvelia realurTan
maqsimalurad miaxloebul pirobebSi muSaoba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imasac, rom demonstraciis Semdeg sasurvelia studentebma Tavad
praqtikulad Seasrulon//gaimeoron nanaxi procedura, maSin realur-
Tan miaxloebuli saswavlo garemos mniSvneloba gasagebi xdeba.
demonstraciis dros maswavlebeli//instruqtori muSaobs Sesabami-
si aRWurvilobiT, xolo studentebi mis irgvliv arian ganTavsebuli
ise, rom kargad xedavdnen process da kargad esmodeT maswavleblis
axsna-ganmarteba (nax. 7.6).
nax.: 7.6 demonstraciis dros maswavleblisa
da studentebis ganawilebis sqema.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
demonstracia leqciasTan, seminarsa da diskusiaTan SedarebiT
swavlebis Zviri meTodia, ramdenadac realur samuSao garemos da Se-
sabamis masalebs moiTxovs.
warmatebuli demonstraciisaTvis maswavlebels//instruqtors xelT
unda hqondes yvelaferi, rac saWiroa mocemuli proceduris Cvenebi-
saTvis – masalis/ingredientebis siZviris an xelmiuwvdomlobis Sem-
TxvevaSi dasaSvebia modelebis gamoyeneba. aseve teqnikuri naxazebi an
eleqtrosqemebi, samuSao gegmebi naxazebis saxiT, rukebi; xSirad gan-
sakuTrebiT ZviradRirebul an iSviTad gamoyenebad samuSao process
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iReben videoze da studentebs video-masalas warudgenen – cxadia,
es saSualebas iZleva studentebs ramdenjerme gavumeoroT Cveneba
zedmeti danaxarjebis gareSe, magram saWiroebs sawyiss investicias
video-aparaturis SeZenisaTvis. gasaTvaliswinebelia filmis, video
masalis Cvenebis xangrZlivoba. sakmarisia 5-10 wuTi, raTa studentebi
ar gadaiRalon da ZiriTadi momentebi mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeT.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
demonstracia swavlebis meTodia, romlis drosac aqtiuria mas-
wavlebeli//instruqtori – studentebi am SemTxvevaSi pasiuri damk-
virveblebi arian. studentebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin,
rodesac isini praqtikul davalebas asruleben – anu imeoreben demon-
straciaze nanax samuSao process maswavleblis zedamxedvelobis qveS.
Sesabamisad, vafasebT ara demonstracias, aramed studentebis praq-
tikul unarebs, romelTa gamomuSavebasac demonstraciam xeli unda
Seuwyos. studentis mier praqtiuli samuSao fasdeba Sesrulebis si-
zustis mixedviT. Sefasebis kriteriumebia:
instruqciis dacva;
samuSao procesis usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva;
masalis sworad SerCeva da gamoyeneba;
samuSao procesis droSi swori ganawileba.
magaliTebi
mag.: N1mag.: N1
Tema: saxeloze manJetis mikereba
maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis saxeloze manJetis mikerebas, risT-
visac axdens demonstrirebas Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: manJetis da-
muSaveba, misi zeda nawilis mikereba saxelos bolo ganaWer napirze
da qveda Cakecili nawilis dagviristeba; maswavlebeli studentebs
uCvenebs, rom damuSaveba xdeba ori gviristiT. demonstrirebis Sem-
deg studentebi davalebas damoukideblad asrulben.
aseve, instruqtori axdens imave sakiTxis ufro gamartivebuli pro-
ceduris demonstrirebas: manJetis zeda da qveda mxareebs kecavs
uTos saSualebiT, maT Soris aTavsebs saxelos bolo ganaWer napirs
da amuSavebs mxolod erTi gviristiT, rac ufro ekonomiuria droisa
da resursebis TvalsazrisiT.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
mag.: N2mag.: N2
maswavlebeli studentebTan atarebs urTierTobis kulturis gak-
veTils.
demonstrirebis Tema – organizaciaSi mowveul stumrebTan mdivan-
TanaSemwis pirveli kontaqti.
maswavlebeli uxsnis studentebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi ras eqceva, pirvel
rigSi, yuradReba – saxis gamometyvelebas, Rimils, metyvelebas.
aRniSnulis demonstrirebas maswavlebeli axdens orjer da TiToeu-
li studenti Semdeg imeorebs mas.
rekomendaciebi:
mkafiod gansazRvreT demonstraciis amocana/daniSnuleba
– ra unda iswavlos//risi gakeTeba unda SeZlos studentma
Tqveni demonstraciis Semdeg?;
zustad unda icodeT Tqveni studentebis momzadebis done
– vis utarebT demonstracias? ra sabazo codna gaaCniaT maT
ukve?;
SearCieT demonstraciisaTvis sakiTxi, romelic:
sainteresoa auditoriisaTvis;
exmaureba saswavlo programas;
Seesabameba maswavleblis kompetencias;
saguldagulod moamzadeT demonstracia: xelT gqondeT yvela
saWiro masala da ingredienti (gamoiyeneT is masala, romelic
praqtikaSi ixmareba); gamoscadeT teqnika da aRWurviloba
demonstraciis dawyebamde; moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala,
romelic demonstraciis Sesaxeb axsna-ganmartebas moicavs;
CaicviT saTanado tansacmeli, gamoiyeneT usafrTxoebisaT-
vis saWiro damatebiTi saSualebebi. mag.: usafrTxoebis saT-
valeebi an xelTaTmanebi da a. S.
demonstraciis dawyebamde gaakeTeT mokle Sesavali – ris
Cvenebas apirebT, romel Teoriul masalas exmaureba demon-
stracia;
mihyeviT demonstracias nabij-nabij, axseniT yoveli etapi/
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nabiji, procesi Tu faqti;
moqmedebebi gaimeoreT ramdenjerme;
ilaparakeT garkveviT, rom yvelas kargad esmodes. SeinarCu-
neT auditoriasTan mxedvelobiTi kontaqti;
Tu demonstracia amis saSualebas iZleva, CarTeT studente-
bic demonstraciis garkveul etapze, mag.: kerZis momzadebi-
sas andeT maT produqtebis daWra da a.S.;
demonstraciis dasrulebisas SeajameT Sesrulebuli
samuSao.
7. 6 6. muSaobis dros instruqtaJis miReba
ra aris es?
instruqtaJi aris praqtikuli swavlebis Semadgeneli nawili, rome-
lic gulisxmobs sxadasxva saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT zusti infor-
maciisa da samoqmedo gegmis miwodebas instruqtoris an maswavleblis
mier. instruqtaJi Cveulebriv win uswrebs praqtikuli savarjiSoe-
bis Sesrulebas. instruqtaJis mizania codnis gadacema, romelic sa-
muSao davalebis Sesasruleblad aris saWiro.
rodis viyenebT?
instruqtaJs viyenebT maSin, rodesac gvinda sxvadasxva praqtikuli
unar-Cvevis Camoyalibeba. instruqtaJi aseve moicavs Teoriuli masa-
lis im nawils, romelic mocemuli Cvevis dauflebisTvisaa aucile-
beli.
instruqtaJi Cvulebriv 20-30 wuTi grZeldeba. amitom instruqta-
Jis efeqturad CatarebisaTvis saWiroa miznebis zustad dagegmva da
organizeba.
instruqtaJi praqtikuli swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis Serwymis
specifikuri formaa. mag.: Tu specsagnis pedagogi xsnis teqnologi-
uri procesebis proeqtirebas, maSin mas SeuZlia, rom aCvenos stu-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
dentebs teqnologiuri ruka, romelic am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens
TavlsaCinoebas, anu maswavlebeli iyenebs demonstrirebis meTods.
magram igive ruka amave studentebisaTvis praqtikul mecadineoba-
ze saswavlo-sawarmoo davalebis Sesasruleblad sruliad sxva rols
iTamaSebs. es iqneba ara TvalsaCinoeba, aramed sainstruqcio ruka,
romelSic SesaZlebelia mocemuli iyos sqemebi, naxazebi, suraTebi;
mTlianobaSi igi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc instruqtaJis erT-
erTi forma; instruqtaJi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mecadineo-
bebis struqturuli elementi.
asxvaveben Sesaval, mimdinare da daskvniT instruqtaJs. isini tar-
deba samuSaos dawyebamde, muSaobis dros da muSaobis damTavrebis
Semdeg.
Sesavali da daskvniTi instruqtaJi jgufurad tardeba, xolo mim-
dinare instruqtaJi ufro metad individualurad mimdinareobs.
instruqtaJi mimdinare gegmas hgavs. studentisaTvis aucilebelia
saqmianobis zusti axsna da demonstracia.
Sesavali instruqtaJi yovelTvis erTi moculobis ar aris. stu-
dentis damoukideblad muSaobis dawyebamde saWiroa yvela punqtis
dazusteba.
Sesavali instruqtaJi unda moicavdes Zveli masalis ganmeorebasa da
axlis axsna-dazustebas, gansaxorcielebeli qcevis demonstracias.
Sromis dacvis instruqtaJis dros yuradReba eqceva pirad usa-
frTxoebas, aseve qmedebebs, romlebic Tavidan agvacilebs sawarmoo
procesis darRvevas, xanZars. aucilebelia gadaudebeli daxmarebis
yuTi. Sromis dacvis instruqtaJi aucileblad unda Catardes TiToeu-
li studentisaTvis. Sromis dacvisa da usafrTxoebis teqnikis yovel-
gvari normebis darRveva isjeba kanonis mixedviT. amitom, studentebi
Tavidanve saWiroeben Sromis procesSi dakvirvebiT muSaobas.
Sesavali instruqtaJis dros studentebs unda gavacnoT:
Sesasrulebeli samuSaos Sinaarsi;
samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis saWiro iaraR-samarjvebi,
danadgarebi;
teqnikuri dokumentacia;
samuSao adgilis organizacia;
samuSaos Sesrulebis wesebi da Tanamimdevroba;
samuSaos Sesrulebis xerxebi;
yvelaze gavrcelebuli Secdomebi;
usafrTxoebis teqnika;
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mimdinare instruqtaJi individualurad miewodebaT studentebs,
amitom is yovelTvis gansxvavebulia. mimdinare instruqtaJis dros
igive meTodebi gamoiyeneba, rac Sesavali instruqtaJis dros. mag.:
axsna-demonstracia, zepiri instruqcia. mimdinare instruqtaJi ufro
lakonuria da did dros ar unda saWiroebdes.
mxolod studentis Sromaze sistemuri dakvirvebis saSualebiT aris
SesaZlebeli studentTa Secdomebis dafiqsireba, Sefaseba, mizezebis
dadgena da daxmarebis gzebis ganxorcieleba.
daskvniTi instruqtaJi aucilebelia Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sem-
deg. am dros xdeba ganxilva muSaobis dros daSvebuli Secdomebisa da
miTiTebebis micema Semdgomi mecadineobisaTvis.
mag.: transportze momuSave pirs aucileblad unda hqondes gav-
lili usafrTxoebis teqnikisa da xanZarsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis,
moZraobis wesebis dacvis, eqspluataciis, mgzavrTa gadayvanis in-
struqtaJi. aseve mniSvnelovania usafrTxoebis teqnika sawvavisa da
antifrizis xmarebis, akumulatorTa batariebze muSaobis SemTxvevaSi,
TviTmcleli avtomobilebis amwevi meqanizmiT muSaobisa da dasat-
virT-ganmtvirTavi samuSaoebis dros.
studentTa damoukidebelad muSaobisa da mimdinare instruqtaJis
dros unda CamovuaroT TiToeul students da SevamowmoT, sworad
aris Tu ara SerCeuli samuSao iaraRebi, daculia Tu ara usafrTxoe-
bis zomebi.
daskvniTi instruqtaJis dros saWiroa SevajamoT eleqtro drelze
da saburR Carxze studentTa muSaobis Sedegebi, Sesrulebuli samuS-
aos xarisxi.
studentebis raodenoba
Sesavali da daskvniTi instruqtaJi tardeba mcire zomis jgufebSi;
mimdinare instruqtaJi rekomendebulia, rom yvela studentTan indi-
vidualurad Catardes.
saswavlo garemo
instrutaJi tardeba saswavlo SenobaSi samuSao adgilze an praqti-
kis adgilas saqmianobisaTvis Sesaferisi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
TvalsaCinoeba SesaZloa warmodgenili iyos prezentaciebiT, ro-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
melic moicavs instruqtaJis ZiriTad punqtebs. imave formatSi Sesa-
Zlebelia mag.: ruqebis, sqemebis, diagramebis, cxrilebis da a.S. prezen-
tacia. aseve SesaZloa didi zomis tabulebis gamoyeneba. sasurvelia
studentebisaTvis damzaddes dasarigebeli masalebi.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
instruqtaJis efeqturoba fasdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad ga-
iTvaliswina studentma miRebuli informacia praqtikuli amocanis
Sesrulebisas anu fasdeba praqtikuli samuSao.
magaliTi
ganvixiloT zeinklebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli instruqtaJi.
Tema: meqanizebuli da xeliT burRva.
mecadineobis mizani: studentebisaTvis xelis eleqtro dreliTa
da saburRi CarxebiT muSaobis xerxebis swavleba.
mecadineobisTvis saWiro aRWurviloba: eleqtro dreli, sxvadasx-
va diametris burRi, gasaburRi masala, burRis gasaciebeli siTxe, sa-
burRi Carxi.
samuSaos obieqti: sxvadasxva masalisa da sisqis namzadi.
Sesavali instruqtaJi: gavlili masalis gameorebis Semdeg stu-
dentebs vawvdiT informacias burRis gamoyenebis wesebis Sesaxeb: vu-
konkretebT Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos spiraluri burRi, rogor xdeba
burRis SerCeva kuTxis sididisa da masalis sisalis mixedviT. (mag:
saSualo sisalis foladi da Tuji, TiTberi, brinjao, spilenZi, alu-
mini, magniumis Senadnobi, marmarilo, plastmasi)
saWiroa avuxsnaT studentebs Tu rogor magrdeba namzadi giragSi
xolo burRi vaznaSi, rogori burbuSela miiReba sxvadasxva masalis
burRvis dros. ar unda dagvaviwydes usafrTxoebis wesebis Sexseneba:
rezinis xelTaTmanis, saTvaliT muSaobis aucileblobis, eleqtro gay-
vanilobebis izolaciis, Zabvis Semowmebis Sesaxeb. vakonkretebT, rom
eleqtro burRi mxolod maSin unda CairTos, rodesac naxvretidan
aris amoRebuli. amis Semdeg kargi iqneba Tu instruqtori TviTonve
moaxdens demonstrirebas.
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7. 7 7. konsultireba
ra aris es?
konsultireba es aris studentebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT damatebiTi informaciis miwodeba. konsultacia Sesa-
Zlebelia iyos rogorc individualuri, ise jgufuri.
rodis viyenebT?
konsultirebas SegviZlia mivmarToT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
rodesac calkeuli studentebis codna arasakmarisia da isini
CamorCebian jgufelebs;
problemis gadawyvetis gza Zalian rTulia an davaleba Zalian
mniSvnelovania;
prezentaciebisa da gamocdebis win;
studentebisaTvis konsultirebis daniSvna SesaZlebelia im Sem-
TxvevaSic, rodesac Tema did interess iwvevs da dasmul Se-
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema erTi mecadineobis farglebSi Seu-
Zlebelia.
individualuri konsultaciis Catareba umjobesia sawarmoo praqti-
kis gavlis Semdeg, rodesac praqtikuli mecadineobebis Semdeg stu-
dentebs uamravi SekiTxva ugrovdebaT. yvelaferi es gaanalizebasa
da dazustebas moiTxovs. amasTan individualuri gansxvavebebis gamo
studentebi erTnairad ver iTviseben masalas.
jgufuri konsultaciis Catareba sasurvelia gamocdebis, prezenta-
ciebis win.
konsultirebis Catareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania spec. te-
qnologiis sagnebSi, sadac srulyofilad unda moxdes praqtikuli
samuSaos yoveli operaciis daufleba. operaciebi ki mniSvnelovani
elementebisagan Sedgeba.
konsultaciebis Tema da sixSire mTlianad maswavlebelzea damokide-
buli. kargi iqneba, Tu konsultacia Secdomebisa da xarvezebis gamos-
worebasa da miwodebuli literaturis garCevas daeTmoba.
mniSvnelovania drois faqtoric; Tu konsultireba mecadineobis
Semdeg tardeba (aseT dros studentebi ukve gadaRlili arian), maSin
mxolod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis ganxilva unda moxdes.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
magaliTi
Tema: iatakis mopirkeTeba
mizani: mSeneblebis specialobis studentebs SevaswavloT iatakis
mopirkeTebis ZiriTad elementebi.
es Tema moicavs mTeli rigi sakiTxebis Seswavlas – iatakis saxeobis,
eqsploataciis pirobebis, esTetikis moTxovnebis Sesaxeb. eqsploata-
ciis sakiTxebi TavisTavad kidev iTvaliswinebs meqanikur da Tbo-
datvirTvebs, siTxeebis moqmedebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli
sakiTxebi aucileblad unda iyos ganxiluli leqciaze, aseTi mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxi mainc moiTxovs damatebiT konsultaciebs. saWiroa
damatebiTi informaciis miwodeba, Tu rogor unda Catardes samuS-
aoebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebis SenobebSi (sacxovrebel, sazogadoebriv
Tu saamqro dawesebulebebSi). mocemul SenobebSi filebis eqspluata-
ciis piroba sxvadasxvaa. studentebs muSaoba mouwevT saTavsoebSi,
vestibiulebSi, saSxapeebSi, derefnebSi, kibis ujredSi, saamqroebSi,
sadac mosalodnelia wylisa da sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebis (mJa-
vebi, tuteebi) aqtiuri zemoqmedeba. aseTi rTuli da rigi sxva sam-
Seneblo Temebis srulyofilad asaTviseblad sasurvelia damatebiTi
konsultaciebis daniSvna.
rekomendaciebi:
konsultirebis dros ganixileT is sakiTxebi, romelTa
ar codna xels SeuSlis studentebs axali masalis aT-
visebaSi;
konsultirebisas SeecadeT ar SeexoT sakiTxebs, ro-
melTac leqciebisa da praqtikuli mecadineobebis dros
saerTod ar SexebixarT;
sasurvelia gamocdebisa da prezentaciebis win konsul-
taciebi daniSnoT mTeli jgufisaTvis; sxva SemTxvevaSi
ki individualurad.
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7. 8 8. praqtikuli savarjiSo
ra aris es?
praqtikuli savarjiSo aris swavlebis erT-erTi xerxi, mimarTuli
praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis dauflebisaken. praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis
daufleba mravaljeradi gameorebiTa da sistemuri varjiSiT miiRweva.
mniSvnelovania TiToeuli savarjiSos Semdeg ukukavSiri intruqto-
ris//maswavleblis mxridan.
rodis viyenebT?
praqtikuli savarjiSoebis dagegmva da gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia swav-
lebis yvela etapze. mTavaria misi gonivruli dagegmva. swavlebis saw-
yis etapze varjiSebis raodenoba bevri unda iyos.
Semdgomi savarjiSoebi ki qmedebebis xarisxian Sesrulebaze unda
iyos orientirebuli. aucilebelia savarjiSoebi, romlebic orientire-
buli iqneba moZraobis koordinaciis, Zalis cvlilebebis, moZraobis
traeqtoriis unarebis gavarjiSebisaken. mocemuli unarebi aucilebe-
lia sazeinklo operaciebis: qlibvis, burRvis, moniSvnis dros.
savarjiSoebis mravaljeradi gameoreba dadebiTad moqmedebs cod-
nis donis amaRlebasa da unar-Cvevebis ukeT aTvisebaze. erTi da imave
Temis garSemo sasurvelia sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSoebis Sedgena.
mag.: studenti eufleba gazomviT samuSaoebs. es Zalian sapasuxismge-
blo unaria, vinaidan mocemuli moqmedebis gamoyeneba xdeba sxvadasx-
va saqmianobasa da specialobaSi. mocemuli saqmianobis zusti Ses-
rulebis unarzea damokidebuli sxva Semdgomi qmedeba. mag.: sadurglo
saqmeSi.
rodesac students davalebuli aqvs monacemTa CaniSvna, Sedareba,
gansxvavebebisa da Secdomebis gamovlena, maSin is gazomvis Semdeg
axorcielebs kvlevas da analizs (es ukve laboratoriul-praqti-
kuli savarjiSoa.) am ufro rTuli qmedebebis Sesrulebis siswore
damokidebulia pirvelad gazomvis operaciaze.
praqtikuli savarjiSoebis sistemis Sedgenisas unda gaviTvaliswin-
oT Semdegi faqtorebi: Sromis organizaciuli struqtura, dasaufle-
beli Cvevebis saxeoba da sirTule, saswavleblis materialur-teqnikur
baza, swavlebis forma da instruqtoris kvalifikacia. savarjiSoebi
unda Seesabamebodes sawarmoo praqtikas.
mag.: masalaTmcodneobis saganSi liTonTa Termuli damuSaveba gark-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
veulwilad pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs, magram sawarmoo praqtikis dros
is miaxloebulia sawarmoo saqmesTan. aseve, rodesac mSenebels vaswav-
liT kedlis awyobas, aqcents vakeTebT calkeul detalebze, (aguris
dadebaze, duRabis dasxmaze, kedlis sisworeze), magram TviTon saqmi-
anoba sawarmoo saqmis elements warmoadgens.
praqtikis dros xdeba daufleba jer elementaruli unar-Cvvevebis
da Semdeg maTi nel-nela garTuleba.
mag.:
sazeinklo saqmeSi Tavdapirvelad dasauflebeli unari aris liTo-
nis Cexva da qlibva. mogvianebiT, igive qmedebebi gansazRvruli nake-
Tobis damzadebis dros xdeba sxva ufro rTuli amocanis nawili. e.i.
calkeuli dauflebuli unar-Cvevebi warmoadgens saSualebebs ufro
rTuli qmedebebis aTvisebisaTvis anu TandaTan qmedebebi operaciis
nawili xdeba.
TiTqosda, erTi SexedviT, ioli, praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis formire-
ba da avtomatizmamde dayvana sakmaod rTulia. mxolod swori in-
struqciis, demonstrirebisa da xSiri gavarjiSebis Semdeg aris Sesa-
Zlebeli unar-Cvevebis daufleba. maT dauflebas Semdegi faqtorebi
uwyobs xels:
studentTa asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebani;
studentis daintereseba;
codnis done;
ukve aTvisebuli unar-Cvevebi;
savarjiSos win Catarebuli instruqtaJis efeqturoba;
swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba studentTa gasaaqti-
ureblad;
savarjiSoebis raodenoba.
praqtikuli savarjiSoebis SerCevisas aucileblad unda moxdes
mo cemuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba. pirvel rigSi, mniSvnelovania
swori da kargad formulirebuli instruqtaJi, sadac naTlad iqneba
Ca moyalibebuli praqtikuli qmedebis mizani da amocana. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi studenti ufro Tavisuflad anxorcielebs davalebas.
praqtikul savarjiSoebs win aucileblad unda uswrebdes sabazo
anu Teoriuli codna. rodesac studenti kargad flobs Teoriul
sakiTxebs, maSin praqtikaSi sakmaod gaazrebulad moqmedebs. man icis
qmedebis romeli elementia ZiriTadi da romeli damxmare. kargad aqvs
gaazrebuli saqmianobis mTeli Sinaarsi.
Teoriis miwodebis Semdeg aucilebelia instruqtorma moaxdinos
asa Tvisebeli moqmedebis demonstracia. aqcenti unda gakeTdes moq-
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medebis arsze, mniSvnelovan detalebze.
praqtikuli savarjiSo sam etaps moicavs:
1. codnis SeZena
2. Cvevebis gavarjiSeba.
3. unarebis daufleba.
praqtikuli savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisas pirvel etapze studen-
tis moqmedebebi aris mouxerxebeli; meore etapze studenti zogi-
erT elements ukeTesad asrulebs da sakuTar qmedebebs adarebs sxva
studentebis moqmedebas; mesame etapze ki studenti xedavs Sedegs da
Secdomebic minimumamdea dayvanili.
aseT dros SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mizani miRweulia da stu-
dentma konkretuli operacia daiswavla.
praqtikuli mecadineobisTvis I etapis saWiro savarjiSoebi:
1. savarjiSoebi mimarTuli naxazebis, sqemebis, cxrilebisa da
grafikebis wakiTxva-garCevaze;
2. savarjiSoebi grafikul samuSaoTa unar-Cvevebis gamomu Sa-
vebisaTvis.
3. sa varjiSoebi teqnikur literaturaze muSaobisaTvis.
II etapis savarjiSoebi:
1. savarjiSoebi Sesaswavli masalis sistematizaciaze;
2. savarjiSoebi teqnologiuri procesis SemuSavebisaTvis;
3. savarjiSoebi xelsawyo-iaraRebisa da masalebis SerCevis,
damu Savebis, wesebis SesarCevad;
4. savarjiSoebi spec. teqnologiis gakveTilebisaTvis teqni-
kuri movlenebisa da procesebis axsnisaTvis;
5. grafikuli amocanebi;
6. diagnostikuri savarjiSoebi;
7. savarjiSoebi sxvadasxva sawarmoo situaciaSi gadawyvetile-
bis misaRebad,
SemogTavazebT kidev erT magaliTs sazeinklo saqmianobidan, raTa
gavarkvioT, rogor aris damokidebuli masalis Tvisebaze burbuSe-
lis saxe.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
TiToeul students unda mivceT sxvadasxva masalis sami erTnairi
zomis namzadi (rbili foladi, mtkice foladi da Tuji), vaZlevT
saWrisis formas da Wris namzads. studenti unda daakvirdes Tu ro-
gori burbuSelaa yoveli namzadis wamaxvilebis dros da rogor gav-
lenas axdens dasamuSavebeli masala burbuSelis saxeobaze, Tu qmede-
ba mimdinareobs Wris ucvleli reJimiT. am savarjiSoebis gameoreba
SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva pirobebSi da gansxvavebuli masaliT.
sasurvelia yvelafris cxrilSi Setana.
cxrilis nimuSi
namzadis masala saWrisis geometriuli
forma
Wris reJimi
ukana kuTxe wina kuTxe wamaxvilebis
kuTxe
Wris kuTxe
am tipis savarjiSoebisa da cxrilebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sxva-
dasxva TemasTan dakavSirebiT.
praqtikuli mecadineobebis Catareba SesaZlebelia saklaso oTaxSi,
laboratoriasa da saxelosnoSi.
magaliTi
Tema: mSenebloba – svetis wyobis momzadeba
mizani: mSeneblebis specialobis studentebis gavarjiSeba svetis
wyobis mosamzadebel samuSaoebze.
svetisa da boZebis aguriT aSenebamde studenti gadis mosamzadebel
samuSaoebs. pirveli etapi iwyeba mSrali wyobiT, rodesac studenti
eufleba samarjvebisa da Sveulis xmarebis wesebs. erTdroulad muS-
aobs sami-oTxi studenti, anu Sendeba oTxi sveti. daaxloebiT erTi
saaTis Semdeg icvleba momdevno oTxiT da ase grZeldeba erTi kviris
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ganmavlobaSi. erTi kviris Semdeg viwyebT dabal markiani cementis
xsna riT muSaobas. studentebi aSeneben sxvadasxva saxis svets, aSene-
ben 1,5×1,5-ze aguri 2×2-ze da a.S. aseve aSeneben mrgval svetebs. es
sveti Sendeba natexi aguriT, romelsac samtvrevi CaquCiT amuSaveben,
ise rom gareTa kuTxeebi erTmaneTTan iyos mibjenili. yoveli mwkrivi
aguris dadebisas studentebi SveuliT amowmebs maT siswores. samuSao
dRis, anu saswavlo dRis damTavrebis Semdeg, am svetebsa da saerTod
namuSevars Slian, asufTaveben cementis xsnarisgan da agurs awyoben
Stapelebad.
rekomendaciebi:
praqtikuli savarjiSoebi dagegmeT imgvarad, rom mas yov-
elTvis win uswrebdes sabazo anu Teoriuli codna;
moamzadeT instruqcia, romelSic naTlad iqneba Camoya-
libebuli saqmianobis miznebi da amocanebi;
moaxdineT gansaxorcielebeli moqmedebis demonstrireba;
moqmedeba gaimeoreT mravaljer, sanam srulyofilad ar
moxdeba misi daufleba.
7. 9 9. eqskursia
ra aris es?
saswavlo eqskursia warmoadgens studentTa jgufis mier sawarmos,
dawesebulebisa Tu sxva organizaciis monaxulebas misi saqmianobis
gacnobis mizniT. eqskursiis dros studentebs saSualeba eZlevaT re-
alur garemoSi daakvirdnen samuSao situacias da gaecnon mocemuli
profesiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs.
saswavlo eqskursias swavlebis damoukidebel meTodad ver ganvixi-
lavT, mas ufro metad damxmare, sailustracio funqcia aqvs.
rodis viyenebT?
eqskursiis, rogorc saswavlo RonisZiebis, gamoyenebis Taobaze ori
mosazreba arsebobs:
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
1. eqskursiaze studentebi midian saswavlo kursis dawyebisTa-
nave; eqskursia xels uwyobs arCeuli profesiis ukeT gacnobas,
samuSaos pirobebSi orientacias, aRvivebs interess da zrdis
swavlis motivacias. studentebs eZlevaT saSualeba, darwmund-
nen an xelaxla gaiazron sakuTari arCevanis siswore;
2. eqskursiaze studentebi midian saswavlo kursis dasrulebisas,
rodesac isini ukve saTanado codnasa da unar-Cvevebs floben
da SeuZliaT, realur samuSao garemoSi daakvirdnen profesiis
Taviseburebebs.
eqskursiis Catarebis vadebis SerCeva damokidebulia kursis specifi-
kaze, saswavleblis politikaze da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iseT subieqtur
pirobebzec, rogoricaa eqskursiis maspinZeli organizaciis mzaoba,
miiRos studentTa jgufi.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda gvaxsovdes, rom eqskursia swavlebis
damoukidebeli meTodi araa, mas viyenebT swavlebis sxva, ZiriTadi
meTodebis paralelurad.
saswavleblis farglebs gareT swavlebas garkveuli problemebi ax-
lavs. Sesabamisad aucilebelia eqskursiis detaluri dagegmva, raTa
Tavidan aviciloT gaugebrobebi da maqsimalurad maRal efeqts mi-
vaRwioT. eqskursiis SemTxvevSi es gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria, radganac
is rutinul xasiaTs ar atarebs da, rogorc wesi, semestris ganmav-
lobaSi erTjeradad tardeba.
aucilebelia maspinZel organizaciasTan winaswari SeTanxmeba eqs-
kursiis Catarebis Taobaze:
gansazRvroT eqskursiis zusti dro;
studentebis dasaSvebi raodenoba;
usafrTxoebis moTxovnebi;
specialuri tansacmlis aucilebloba;
adgilze Tanmxlebi piri (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) da a.S.
gaiTvaliswineT eqskursiasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi – rogorc
wesi, es ZiriTadad saswavleblidan eqskursiis adgilze transpor-
tirebasTan dakavSirebuli Tanxebia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, studentebi
winaswar unda iyvnen informirebuli eqskursiis pirobebis Sesaxeb.
studentebis raodenoba
saeqskursio jgufSi studentTa raodenoba damokidebulia im orga-
nizaciis specifikaze, sadac eqskursia imarTeba. garkveul adgilebSi,
mag.: qarxnebis saamqroebSi an laboratoriebSi, sadac usafrTxoebis
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gansakuTrebuli wesebis dacvaa aucilebeli, rekomendebulia studen-
tebis mcire, 5-6 kaciani jgufebis eqskursia. zogadad, jgufSi stu-
dentebis optimaluri raodenoba 10-12 adamiania. rig SemTxvevebSi Se-
saZlebelia am raodenobis gazrda, mag.: Tu eqskursia mxolod mza
na muSevrebis eqspoziciis daTvalierebas gulisxmobs (eqskursia mu-
zeumSi, gamofenaze da a.S.) da ara samuSao procesze dakvirvebas.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
profesiis gacnobis TvalsaCino meTodia – studenti realur
viTarebaSi akvirdeba samuSao process;
saswavlo praqtikis SesaniSnavi winapirobaa;
xels uwyobs studentebis urTierTobas potenciur damsaqme-
blebTan.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
maswavlebeli mTlianad damokidebulia maspinZel organizaci-
aze, Tanmxlebi piris kompetenturobaze, ver (an naklebad) akon-
trolebs garemos;
eqskursia erTjeradi RonisZiebaa, Sesabamisad, arasworad da-
gegmvis SemTxvevaSi an gauTvalisiwnebeli xelisSemSleli piro-
bebis gamo misi efeturoba SeiZleba sakmaod dabali iyos.
saswavlo garemo
eqskursiis saswavlo garemo mTlianad ganisazRvreba im organiza-
ciiT, sadac eqskursia tardeba. es SeiZleba iyos qarxana, mSenebloba,
ferma, laboratoria, saxelosno, sagamofeno darbazi da sxva. sasurve-
lia studentebis winaswar informireba imis Taobaze, Tu ra pirobebi
daxvdebaT maT eqskursiis adgilas, radgan maswavlebels ar SeuZlia
garemos kontroli. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania saTanado qcevisa da
usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva. eqskursiis dagegmvisas gaiTvaliswineT,
saWiroa Tu ara studentebisaTvis specialuri damcavi tansacmeli,
uzrunvelyofs Tu ara maspinZeli organizacia am damatebiT pirobebs,
Tu es saswavleblis pasuxismgeblobaa da a.S.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
eqskursiaze nanaxi da mosmenili infomaciis ukeT damaxsovrebisa da
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
mogvianebiT, miRebuli informaciis gaanalizebis mizniT sasurvelia
mokle CaniSvnebis gakeTeba. Sesabamisad, studentebs SeiZleba dasWir-
deT Casaweri saSualebebi (qaRaldi, kalami), an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
(Tu saswavleblis resursebi amis saSualebas iZleva), foto- da video-
aparatura eqskursiis msvlelobis gadaRebisaTvis.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
ramdenadac eqskursia swavlebis ara ZiriTadi, aramed damxmare
meTodia, gacnobiT xasiaTs atarebs da, rogorc wesi, erTjeradia,
misi Sedegebis calke Sefaseba mizanSewonili ar aris.
magaliTi
studentebi qalisa da mamakacis stilistis programis pirvel leq-
ciaze midian eqskursiaze salonSi;
studentebi eqskursiis dros naxuloben:
salonis mowyobas;
saWiro inventarebsa da masalebs;
akvirdebian sxvadasxva proceduris Catarebas: Tmis davarcxna,
dayeneba, Sroba, Rebva da a.S.
rekomedaciebi:
winaswar dagegmeT eqskursia – moelaparakeT maspinZel orga-
nizacias, idelaur SemTxvevaSi sasurvelia winaswari mosamza-
debeli viziti, raTa maswavlebelma icodes, ra garemoSi mouw-
evs studentebTan erTad yofna;
eqskursiis momzadebisas gaiTvaliswineT:
eqskuriis xangrZlivoba;
transportirebis pirobebi da xarjebi saswavleblidan
eqskursiis adgilamde, Tu studentebis jgufi organizeb-
ulad migyavT; Tu studentebi damoukideblad unda mivid-
nen eqskursiis adgilze, winaswar miawodeT maT maspinZeli
organizaciis zusti misamarTi;
maspinZel organizaciaSi usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyaviT studentebisaT-
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vis damcavi tansacmeli an sxva saSualebebi (mag. saTvalee-
bi, xelTaTmanebi da a.S.);
winaswar miawodeT informacia studentebs eqskursiis gegmis
Sesaxeb – ra unda naxoT, ras unda mieqces gansakuTrebuli yu-
radReba;
gansazRvreT, vin uZRveba eqskursias – maswavlebeli Tu
maspinZeli organizaciis warmomadgeneli? SeaTanxmeT mas-
pinZelTan studentebisaTvis misawodebeli informaciis moc-
uloba da speci fika;
waaxaliseT eqskursiis dros studentebis mxridan SekiTxve -
bis dasma;
eqskursiis dasrulebis Semdeg aucileblad ganixileT misi
Sedegebi – gamohkiTxeT studentebi nanaxi da mosmenili in-
fomaciis Sesaxeb, darwmundiT, rom maT gaiTavises miRebuli
informacia.
7. 10 10. swavlebis jgufuri meTodebi
jgufuri meTodebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba swavlebis yvela safex-
urze. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom studentebi ufro advilad swavloben da
ufro kmayofilebi arian swavlis procesiT, rodesac CarTulebi arian
jgufuri muSaobis procesSi, vidre individualurad.
swavlebis procesSi jgufuri meTodebi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,
rodesac saWiroa sakiTxis sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Seswavla, axali
ideebisa da midgomebis moZebna, rodesac aravin icis sakiTxze swori
pasuxi. aseve, rodesac saWiroa jgufuri muSaobisa da komunikaciis
unarebis gamomuSaveba. jgufuri muSaoba gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo
maSinaa, rodesac problema aqtualuria da studentebisaTvis sain-
tereso.
jgufuri muSaoba ara mxolod konkretul sakiTxze muSaobas gulisx-
mobs aramed jgufis wevrebs Soris urTierTobas – interaqcias. jgu-
furi muSaobisas swored interaqciaa wamyvani mniSvnelobis mqone.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
jgufuri muSaobis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
klasi iyofa mcire jgufebad;
davaleba eZleva mTlianad jgufs da ara mis calkeul wev-
rebs;
jgufi erTianad wyvets da ganixilavs davalebas;
sakiTxis ganxilvis procesSi yvela wevri erTnairad aris Car-
Tuli;
jgufi fasdeba rogorc erTi mTliani, Tumca, aseve SesaZlebe-
lia wevrebi individualurad Sefasdnen.
jgufur muSaobas swavleba/gamocdileba sWirdeba; SesaZlebelia ada-
miani individualurad efeqturad xsnides amocanas, magram jgufSi muS-
aoba uZneldebodes; jgufuri muSaoba specialur unarebs saWiroebs;
esaa mosmena, instruqciis dacva, ukukavSiri, TanamSromloba, azris
gaziareba.
profesiuli ganaTlebis mizania iseTi specialistis momzadeba, ro-
melsac, profesiisaTvis saWiro codnis garda, sazogadoebaSi muSao-
bisa da adaptaciisaTvis saWiro unarebi eqneba; amitom mniSvnelovania
swavlebis jgufuri meTodebis aqtiuri gamoyeneba.
vinaidan jgufi ramdenime adamians aerTianebs, jgufuri muSaobis
dawyebisas saWiroa jgufis muSaobis wesebis da normebis Camoyalibeba,
romelsac jgufis wevrebi daicaven; es normebi unda aregulirebdes
jgufis wevrebs Soris urTierTobas da yvela wevrs Tanabari monaw-
ileobis saSualebas unda aZlevdes; mag.: jgufis yvela wevrs vaZlevT
azris gamoTqmis saSualebas, yuradRebiT vusmenT erTmaneTs, azrs
gamovTqvamT mokled da naTlad da a.S.
jgufur muSaobas sWirdeba kontroli, romelsac jgufis modera-
tori anu fasilitatori axorcielebs; moderatori an fasilitatori
SeiZleba nebismieri adamiani iyos, visac aqvs jgufTan muSaobis ga-
mocdileba. saklaso garemoSi am funqcias maswavlebeli an studen-
tebi asruleben. moderatoris funqciaa xeli Seuwyos jgufis muSao-
bas da amocanis gadaWras; moderatori/fasilitatori ar aris saWiro
sakiTxis eqsperti iyos.
jgufuri muSaoba SeiZleba davyoT 3 etapad: mosamzadebeli etapi,
jgufuri muSaobis etapi da Semajamebeli etapi.
mosamzadebl etapze maswavlebeli arCevs sakiTxs, SeimuSavebs geg-
mas, amzadebs instruqcias, saWiro masalas.
maswavlebeli acnobs jgufs instruqciebs, ra evalebaT studen-
tebs, ra aris muSaobis mosalodneli Sedegi da rodis unda Sewyviton
muSaoba.
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jgufuri muSaobis etapze jgufi muSaobs konkretul sakiTxze da
ganixilavs problemas; am dros maswavlebeli ufro pasiuria da damk-
virveblis rols asrulebs. jgufis wevrebi SeimuSaveben da icaven jgu-
furi muSaobis wesebs. dro imdeni unda iyos micemuli, rom sakiTxis
amowurva SesaZlebeli iyos; Zalian didi dro mosabezrebeli xdeba,
xolo Zalian mcire dro studentebis ukmayofilebas iwvevs, radgan
ver xerxdeba sakiTxis ganxilva.
Semajamebeli etapi: am etapzeve xdeba jgufuri muSaobis Sedegebis
gacnoba, jgufuri muSaobis warmatebebisa da warumateblobis gaana-
lizeba, miRweuli Sedegebisa da jgufuri muSaobis procesis Sefaseba.
jgufuri muSaobis Sedegebis gacnoba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva sax-
iT. mag.: kiTxva-pasuxis formatiT, prezentaciebis saxiT; Semajamebel
etapze jgufi iRebs ukukavSirs jgufis sxva wevrebisa da maswavleb-
lisagan, rac sasurvelia dadebiTi saxiT gakeTdes.
jgufuri muSaobis meTodebidan am TavSi ganvixilavT: rolur Ta-
maSebs, gonebriv ieriSsa da treinings.
7.10.1.roluri TamaSebi
ra aris es?
roluri TamaSebi jgufuri muSaobis erT-erTi formaa; is farTod
gamoiyeneba ganaTlebis sferos yvela safexurze dawyebuli dawyebiTi
ganaTlebiT da umaRlesiT damTavrebuli. am dros studentebi axdenen
davalebis simulacias, asruleben garkveul rols da am gziT iZenen
Teoriul codnasa da praqtikul gamocdilebas.
roluri TamaSebi swavlebis aqtiuri formaa; am dros SesaZlebelia
studentebi ara mxolod gonebrivad, aramed fizikuradac aqtiurebi
iyvnen; sakiTxis ganxilvis garda maT saSualeba aqvT gamoxaton Ta-
vianTi damokidebulebebi, emociebi, rac aadvilebs swavlis process
da masalis aTvisebas. swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT stu-
dentebi ufro advilad swavloben, vidre mxolod masalis wakiTxviT,
mosmeniT an raimeze dakvirvebiT.
rodis viyenebT?
roluri TamaSebi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, Tu saWiroa sakiTx-
is Sesaxeb ara mxolod Teoriuli codnis SeZena, aramed realuri
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis SeZena, unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba. mag.:
roluri TamaSebi efeqturi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gvsurs
mimtanebs, barmenebs an gamyidvlebs gavacnobierebinoT momsaxurebis
sferoSi komunikaciis mniSvneloba da vaswavloT klientebTan urT-
ierToba. roluri TamaSebi aseve Zalian efeqturia socialuri kompe-
tenciebis gasaviTareblad, mag.: gunduri muSaoba, komunikacia, Tanam-
Sromloba da a.S. roluri TamaSebi safuZvlian dagegmvas saWiroebs,
raTa konkretuli samuSaos Sesrulebis gziT zustad miviRoT sa-
surveli Sedegi.
roluri TamaSi-procesi
roluri TamaSebisaTvis davaleba imgvarad unda iyos Sedgenili,
rom studentebi mxolod procesiT ki ar dainteresdnen, aramed SeiZi-
non kidec axali gamocdileba; xSirad studentebi Tavidanve ver ac-
nobiereben roluri TamaSebis aucileblobas da mniSvnelobas. rol-
uri TamaSebis dasrulebis Semdeg maTTvis naTeli unda iyos, Tu ras
emsaxureboda is.
roluri TamaSebis dawyebamde maswavlebelma studentebs unda gaac-
nos Sesaswavli Tema da mokle Sesavali gaakeTos. mag.: ̀ es TamaSi Seexeba
TanamSromlobas; is gagrZeldeba 20 wT-s, ris Semdegac ganvi xilavT da
SevajamebT Sedegebs; Cven dagvWirdeba monawileebi da damkvirveble-
bi; vis surs monawileoba miiRos TamaSSi da vis surs damkvirvebeli
iyos?~
Semdeg saWiroa klasi davyoT jgufebad, risTvisac SesaZlebelia
sxva dasxva meTodis gamoyeneba.
monawileebis jgufebSi ganawilebis xerxebi
arsebobs jgufebSi monawileTa gadanawilebis sxvadasxva xerxi.
SesaZlebelia jgufi davyoT winaswar Sedgenili siis mixedviT; aseT
SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli akontrolebs jgufis Semadgenlobas.
SesaZlebelia monawileebs vTxovoT daiyon survilisamebr
jgufebad.
SedarebiT martivia SemTxveviT ganawilebis xerxi. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi jgufebis raodenobis mixedviT vTxovoT monawileebs gaiT-
valon. gaTvlis Semdeg pirveli nomrebi warmoqmnian pirvel jgufs,
meore nomrebi _ meores da a.S.
daWrili baraTebis meSveobiT ganawileba. viRebT imdeni feris
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patara baraTs, ramdeni jgufis Seqmnac gvsurs; Semdeg TiToeuli
feris imden baraTs vWriT, ramdeni adamianic aris jgufSi; daWrili
baraTebi patara kalaTaSi iyreba. monawileebi kalaTidan daWrili
baraTis TiTo naWers iReben da erT jgufSi erTi feris mflobelebi
jgufdebian. feradi baraTebis nacvlad SeiZleba safosto baraTebis
gamoyeneba. aseve SesaZlebelia monawileebi davyoT weliwadis droe-
bis, qveynebis, dabadebis dReebisa da a.S mixedviT.
amis Semdeg monawileebs vacnobT instruqcias, Tumca SesaZlebelia
jer instruqcia gavacnoT studentebs da Semdeg davyoT jgufebad,
gansakuTrebiT Tu monawileebi TavianTi surviliT irCeven jgufis
wevrebs.
instruqcia sasurvelia iyos werilobiTi. instruqcia detalurad
aRwers TamaSis mizans, Sesrulebis dros, rac SezRuduli aris xolme,
TamaSis ganmavlobaSi Sesasrulebel rols, TamaSis wess, saWiro ma-
salebis gamoyenebiT unda iyos martivi eniT dawerili, gasagebi da
konkretuli.
rogorc wesi, maswavlebeli jgufuri muSaobis procesSi neitral-
uria; is asrulebs damkvirveblis rols. Tu maswavlebels surs stu-
dentebs dakvirvebis unari ganuviTaros, SesaZlebelia jgufis wevrebs
Soris gamoyos damkvirveblebi. dakvirvebis Sedegebs studentebi iweren
winaswar SemuSavebul oqmSi. dakvirvebisas SeuZlebelia yvelafers da-
vakvirdeT; dakvirvebis sagani unda iyos konkretuli qceva. dakvirve-
ba unda Caiweros damkvirveblis oqmSi.
Semdegi etapi uSualod TamaSis msvleloba aris; studentebi as-
ruleben rolebs instruqciis Sesabamisad. roluri TamaSebis Sede-
gi pirdapir ukavSirdeba jgufis wevrebis procesSi CarTulobasa da
dadebiTi atmosferos SenarCunebas. amitom, jgufis pasiuri wevrebi
unda wavaxalisoT, raTa monawileoba miiRon procesSi.
roluri TamaSebis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebi asruleben mo-
qmedebas da gamodian rolidan; isini gamoTqvamen mosazrebebs, ra Se-
iZines/iswavles da gamoxataven emociebs, Tu rogor grZnoben Tavs.
monawileebi afaseben jgufis muSaobis Sedegebs, imis mixedviT Tu ra
iswavles, ra iyo pozitiuri da negatiuri muSaobis procesSi; ganx-
ilva unda iyos pozitiuri da mxolod Sinaarssa da process unda Se-
exebodes da ara pirovnebebs, monawileebs, maT Tvisebebs da a.S.
amis Semdeg damkvirveblebi gamoTqvamen TavianT komentarebs jgu-
fis muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
bolo etapze xdeba Sedegebis Sejameba da jgufis muSaobis dakav-
Sireba TamaSis miznebTan.
studentebis raodenoba
roluri TamaSebis dros sasurvelia jgufi Sedgebodes 6-8 wevrisa-
gan; ufro naklebi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi jgufis wevrebs SesaZlebe-
lia jgufis gancda ar hqondeT; xolo Tu raodenoba 8-10 wevrs aRe-
mateba, SesaZlebelia jgufi daiSalos mcire jgufebad. mag.: Seiqmnas
mcire zomis, 2-3 kaciani jgufebi imis gamo, rom am adamianebs aqvT
msgavsi interesebi, moswonT erTmaneTi da a.S.
Pros & Contras
roluri TamaSebis dadebiTi mxareebi:
swavlebis procesSi roluri TamaSebis gamoyenebas mTeli rigi pozi-
tiuri mxareebi aqvs. dadebiTi mxareebi ZiriTadad swavlebis procesSi
jgufurad muSaobas ukavSirdeba.
roluri TamaSebi xels uwyobs monawileebs Soris informaciis
gacvlas, studentis CarTulobas swavlis procesSi;
roluri TamaSebi xels uwyobs sakiTxis Rrma Seswavlas sx-
vadasxva perspeqtividan, sxvadasxva monawilis xedvidan;
roluri TamaSis dros xdeba unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba; da mo-
kidebulebebis Secvla;
roluri TamaSi realuri situaciis simulaciaa; monawile ebs
saSualeba aqvT sxvebis TandaswrebiT gamoxaton TavianTi da-
mokidebuleba:
xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiTobis ganviTarebas; zrdis motiva-
cias;
saxalisoa;
xels uwyobs masalis safuZvlianad damaxsovrebas, radgan am
dros xdeba ara mxolod informaciis gadamuSaveba, aramed emo-
ciuri gancdac;
monawileebi Secdomis daSvebisas mkacr kritikas ar iReben.
roluri TamaSebis uaryofiT mxareebi :
bevri pozitiuri mxaris garda rolur TamaSebs Tavisi uaryofi-
Ti mxareebic aqvs: dadebiTi mxareebis msgavsad roluri TamaSebis
uaryofiTi mxarec kvlav ZiriTadad jgufis fenomens ukavSirdeba.
esenia:
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jgufis yvela wevri jgufSi SeiZleba ver grZnobdes Tavs kom-
fortulad; adamianebs zogjer uWirT davalebis simulacia,
emociebisa da damokidebulebebis sxvebis TandaswrebiT Tavi-
suflad gamoxatva.
roluri TamaSisas SesaZlebelia TamaSSi mxolod nawili Caer-
Tos;
rolur TamaSebs sWirdeba dro; gansakuTrebiT didi dro sWir-
deba Sejamebis etaps, rom yvela monawilem gamoxatos Tavisi
da mokidebuleba; (jgufuri muSaobis Semdeg yvela monawiles
unda hqondes kmayofilebis gancda);
vinaidan roluri TamaSis dros gansxvavebuli azrebi warmoiSo-
ba, SeiZleba jgufis wevrebma erTmaneTs ver gaugon da jgufis
wevrebs Soris negatiuro urTierTganwyoba warmoiSvas;
SesaZlebelia jgufis wevrebs gauWirdeT rolidan gamosvla;
roluri TamaSebi ar gamodgeba didi jgufebisaTvis swavlebis
meTodad;
rTulia yvela wevrze dakvirveba da Sefaseba.
saswavlo garemo
radganac roluri TamaSis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa realuri situ-
aciis simulaciis gziT profesiuli unarebis gamomuSaveba, amitom
TamaSis garemoc maqsimalurad unda iyos miaxloebuli realur situa-
ciasTan. mag.: Tu studentebma unda ganasaxieron sastumroSi klien-
tebis registraciis procesi, sasurvelia, rom saklaso oTaxSi aveji
ise gadavawyoT, rom is sastumros registracias daemsgavsos.
roluri TamaSebis dros sasurvelia jgufis wevrebi imdagvarad
iyvnen ganlagebuli, rom yvela maTgani Tavisuflad monawileobdes
procesSi.
instruqciebis gadacemisas sasurvelia monawileebi isxdnen wreSi
da yvelas hqondes jgufis danarCen wevrebTan urTierTobisa da in-
formaciis dazustebis saSualeba. rolebis gansaxierebis procesSi
studentebs unda hqondeT Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSualeba.
maswavlebels unda hqondes SeumCneveli pozicia.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
roluri TamaSebisas SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT teqnikuri saSuale-
bebi: diagramebi, plakatebi, video/audio saSualebebi.
aseve monawileebs SesaZlebelia dasWirdeT feradi baraTebi da
markerebi CaniSvnebis gasakeTeblad.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
SesaZlebelia roluri TamaSis procesi CaviweroT video kameriT
da jgufuri muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg gamoviyenoT jgufis Sesa-
faseblad, an rolis Sesrulebis dasaxvewad; aseT SemTxvevaSi roluri
TamaSebis Casatareblad dagvWirdeba damatebiTi damxmare saSuale-
bebi: multimedia, proeqtori, videokamera.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
jgufuri muSaobisas SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT jgufis wevrebis ro-
gorc individualuri, aseve jgufis, rogorc mTlianis, Sefaseba.
individualuri Sefaseba xdeba Sefasebis kriteriumebisa da am kri-
teriumebis Sesrulebis xarisxis mixedviT.
jgufuri muSaobis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs SesaZlebelia
vTxovoT TviTSefasebis gakeTeba mokle esses saxiT, romelSic asax-
uli iqneba misi, rogorc monawilis Zlieri da susti mxareebi, misi
procesSi CarTuloba, miRebuli gamocdilebis analizi. Sefasebis es
meTodi ufro akademiuri sferosaTvis gamodgeba.
SesaZlebelia roluri TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs vTxo-
voT ara esses dawera, aramed sakuTari Tavisa da monawileebis Se-
faseba mokle kiTxvaris mixedviT.
SesaZlebelia aseve gamoviyenoT dakvirvebis meTodi; dakvirvebis
sagani, mizani winaswar unda iyos gansazRvruli; SesaZlebelia davak-
virdeT monawileebis procesSi CarTulobas, sxva wevrebTan urTier-
Tobas, dasaxuli amocanis Sesrulebis xarisxs da a.S.
sasurvelia Tu dakvirvebis Cawera jgufis muSaobis dros moxdeba.
Sefasebis mizniT aseve rekomendebulia komentarebis gakeTebac.
magaliTebi
roluri TamaSis dros SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT Semdegi saxis
situaciebi:
sastumroSi Camovida turistebis 15 kaciani jgufi, dajavSnis
programa ar muSaobs da registrators uwevs samuSaos eqstrem-
alur pirobebSi Sesruleba; turistebi moiTxoven dauyonebliv
momsaxurebas da sasurvel nomrebSi ganTavsebas.
stilistTan mosul klients unda originaluri, magram araeq-
stravagantuli varcxnilobis gakeTeba SezRudul droSi.
myidveli sTxovs konsultants daxmarebas tansacmlis sazaf-
xulo koleqciis SerCevaSi, Tumca zustad ar icis risi yidva
unda.
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miRebaze winaswar Caweris gareSe modis adamiani menejerTan da
mdivans sTxovs masTan SeSvebas, Tumca menejeri dakavebulia;
ofisis wesebis mixedviT, menejerTan Sexvedramde saWiroa wi-
naswar SeTanxmeba.
rekomendaciebi
roluri TamaSisaTvis winaswar moamzadeT konkretuli Tema
Tu problema;
Temis Sesabamisad moamzadeT detaluri werilobiTi//zepiri
instruqcia;
TiToeuli etapisaTvis gansazRvreT saWiro dro;
moamzadeT garemo roluri TamaSebisaTvis;
moamzadeT saWiro masalebi;
SeimuSaveT dakvirvebis sqema da forma;
moamzadeT monawileebi da damkvirveblebi – auxseniT maT sa-
kuTari roli da situacia;
jgufs mieciT Tavisuflad muSaobis saSualeba; amave dros
SeecadeT jgufi darCes sakiTxze koncentrirebuli;
yuradRebiT daakvirdiT monawileebs; SesaZlebelia gamoi-
yenoT rogorc formaluri, aseve araformaluri dakvirveba;
samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg yvela wevrs mieciT azrisa da da-
mokidebulebis gamoxatvis saSualeba;
darwmundiT, rom monawileebi `gamovidnen~ rolebidan da
`daub rundnen~ realobas;
damkvirveblebs sTxoveT Seafason procesi;
hkiTxeT monawileebs, Tu ra iswavles roluri TamaSidan;
monawileebTan erTad SeajameT jgufis muSaoba;
jgufis wevrebs mieciT konkretuli da gasagebi ukukavSiri.
7.10.2. gonebrivi ieriSi
ra aris es?
gonebrivi ieriSi warmoadgens jgufuri SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis
meTods, romlis mizania konkretuli problemis gadasaWrelad maqsi-
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
maluri raodenobis ideebis generireba da ganxilva.
rodis viyenebT?
gonebrivi ieriSi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gvinda gansax-
ilvel sakiTxze rac SesaZlebelia bevri ideisa da mosazrebis Seg-
roveba da jgufTan konsensusis safuZvelze sasurveli raodenobis
ideebis gamoyofa. gonebriv ieriSs maSin viyenebT, rodesac aravin
icis sakvlev Temaze swori pasuxi; yoveli gonebrivi ieriSis Sedegi
unikaluria.
gonebrivi ieriSis yvela idea, cxadia, rom saboloo SedegisaTvis
ar aris mniSvnelovani; ideebis Segrovebis Semdeg xdeba am ideebis
dajgufeba prioritetebis mixedviT da ramodenime yvelaze Rirebuli
ideis gamokveTa.
gonebrivi ieriSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva meTodebTan kombinire-
buli saxiT. mag.: rodesac gvinda diskusiis Temis SerCeva an jgufis
Sekvra.
gonebrivi ieriSis procesi
gonebrivi ieriSis procesi
sak maod martivi aris:
Tavdapirvelad xdeba go-
nebrivi ieriSis miznis
mok led gacnoba;
monawileebis gacnoba;
klasis SemTxvevaSi, ro-
desac yvela erTmaneTs
icnobs, gacnoba saWiro
ar aris;
jgufis wesebis Camoyali-
beba; SeTanxmeba jgufTan,
rom muSaobis procesSi
jgufi daicavs am wesebs;
rolebis ganawileba. gonebrivi ieriSis Casatareblad saWiroa sami
tipis rolis ganawileba:
wamyvani,romelsac moderators/fasilitators uwodeben;
Camweri;
jgufis wevrebi.
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gonebrivi ieriSi mihyavs moderators an fasilitators;
aseT adamians unda esmodes jgufis dinamika da unda hqon-
des jgufTan muSaobis gamocdileba. mas unda SeeZlos kar-
gi mosmena, ukukavSiris micema da monawileebis waxali seba
ideebis misawodeblad. man xeli unda Seuwyos procesis mim-
dinareobas, rom rac SeiZleba meti idea da mosazreba Sea-
grovos.
Camweris rols xSirad Tavad moderatori asrulebs; mas
evaleba yvela ideisa da mosazrebis gadatana TvalsaCinod,
formatze. mas yvela monawile unda xedavdes.
monawileebs gonebriv ieriSSi monawileobis misaRebad spe-
cialuri momzadeba ar sWirdebaT; maT unda esmodeT gansax-
ilveli sakiTxi.
ideebis Segroveba; gonebrivi ieriSis dros drois mokle Su-
aledSi didi raodenobis ideebi unda SevkriboT. drois limiti
winaswarvea gansazRvruli – davuSvaT 20-25 wT; SesaZlebelia
drois gasvlis Semdeg 5 wuTis kidev damateba.
idebis wakiTxva, ise rom jgufis yvela wevrisaTvis gasagebi
iyos;
ideebis dajgufeba msgavsebis mixedviT;
SeTanxmeba ideebis gaerTianebasa da gacxrilvaze. jgufis wev-
rebi aZleven xmas TiToeul ideas, rom sabolood sasurvel ra-
odenobamde davideT; davuSvaT 10 ideidan Tavdapirvelad vto-
vebT 5 ideas, Semdeg – sams da bolos – ors;
moderatoris mier saboloo prioritetebis gacnoba;
gonebrivi ieriSis procesisa da Sedegis Sefaseba.
studentebis raodenoba
jgufis zoma aris 6-10 adamiani; Tu jgufi Zalian pataraa, monawilee-
bi kargaven msjelobis motivacias da Tu Zalian didia, maSin iqmneba
qvejgufebi da monawileebi erTmaneTs aRar usmenen.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
gonebrivi ieriSis meTods mTeli rigi dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs;
esaa:
gonebrivi ieriSi efeqturi meTodia, radgan grovdeba rac Sei-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
Zleba bevri idea da mosazreba;
monawileebs exmareba, dainaxon problema sxva perspeqtividan;
SemoqmedebiTia;
xels uSlis konfliqts, radgan ar xdeba ideebis Segrovebis
procesSi mosazrebebis Sefaseba da ganxilva;
monawileebi kmayofili arian, radgan yvelas aqvs erTidaigive
statusi da uflebebi;
iafia; cota masala sWirdeba;
SesaZlebelia sxva meTodebTan kombinirebulad gamoyeneba.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
SeiZleba jgufis yvela wevrma ar miiRos monawileoba
procesSi;
didi droa saWiro, gansakuTrebiT ideebis gacxrilvis dros.
saswavlo garemo
saswavlo garemo didad ar gansxvavdeba diskusiisa da seminaris
dros gamosayenebeli garemosagan; monawileebi sxedan wreSi, SesaZle-
belia magidis irgvliv, moderatori dgas jgufis win ise, rom yvela
mxridan kargad Cans. is an Camweri Canawers akeTebs dafaze.
garemo unda iyos maqsimalurad komfortuli da ar Seicavdes bari-
erebs.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
aucilebelia flirCarti (an dafa flirCartis ararsebobis SemTx-
vevaSi), romelzedac gakruli gveqneba jgufis muSaobis wesebi; aseve
saWiroa meore flirCarti, romelzedac feradi fanqrebiT CamovwerT
ideebs; an feradi baraTebi, romelsac gavakravT dafaze da TiToeul-
ze davwerT TiTo ideas.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
gonebrivi ieriSis Sesafaseblad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT dak-
virvebis meTodi; formaluri dakvirvebisas Canawerebs vakeTebT winas-
war Sedgenili oqmis mixedviT. araformaluri dakvirveba amgvari oq-
mis Sedgenas ar saWiroebs.
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magaliTi
axladdaarsebuli organizacia studentebs ukveTavs originaluri
veb-gverdis gakeTebas;
studentebi mimarTaven gonebriv ieriSs.
gonebriv ieriSSi monawileobs 5 studenti;
gonebrivi ieriSi 40 wT. ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba;
gonebrivi ieriSis Temebia: veb-gverdis sqemebi, forma, dinamika
da a.S.
rekomendaciebi:
SearCieT gansaxilveli Tema;
dagegmeT, vin iqnebian monawileebi;
gansazRvreT procedura da samuSao gegma;
gansazRvreT mosalodneli Sedegi;
Sedegi gaacaniT monawileebs;
momzadeT garemo;
moamzadeT yvela saWiro masala;
yvela monawiles mieciT saSualeba monawileoba miiRos pro-
cesSi;
darCiT maqsimalurad neitraluri da jgufis wevrebis mimarT
pozitiuri.
7.10.3. treningi
ra aris es?
treningi aris garkveuli sakiTxis irgvliv codnis, unar-Cvevebi-
sa da kompetenciebis SeZenis jgufuri procesi, romelic efuZneba
sistemur wvrTnisa da ukukavSiris miRebas.
treningi aris swavlebis interaqtiuli meTodi, romlis dros ada-
miani treningis sxva monawileebTan erTad afasebs sagnebsa da mov-
lenebs, ayalibebs mosazrebebs, Sexedulebebs da iviTarebs garkveul
unar-Cvevebsa da damokidebulebebs.
rodis viyenebT?
treningi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saWiroa unar-Cvevebis
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
gamomuSaveba. trenings SesaZlebelia win uZRodes leqcia, saubrebi,
diskusia, axsna-ganmarteba da a.S.
unarebis ganviTareba sistematur wvrTnas saWiroebs, amitom mniS-
vnelovania garkveuli operaciebis gameoreba da TandaTanobiT dax-
vewa.
unarebis SeZena sam etaps moicavs: codnis SeZena, wvrTna da unar_
Cvevebis SeZena; rodesac studenti ukve uSecdomod asrulebs dava-
lebas da aRar akontrolebs sakuTar moqmedebas, es niSnavs, rom man
ukve SeiZina es konkretuli unari.
treningis msvlelobisas sxvadasxva meTodi gamoiyeneba, rac xels
uwyobs monawileebis daiteresebas da yuradRebis koncentrirebas;
mag.: ganxilvebi, saubari, prezetaciebi, TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba
da a.S.
treningis procesi
treningis procesi gulisxmobs jgufis wamyvans anu mwvrTnelisa
da treningis monawileebs Soris urTierTobas – urTierTTanamSrom-
lobas.
mwvrTneli warmarTavs da akontrolebs jgufis muSaobas; umetes
SemTxvevebSi, treningi mwvrTnels mihyavs. saklaso garemoSi mwvrTne-
lis funqcias maswavlebeli asrulebs.
yovel trenings aqvs konkretuli mizani –raimis Sesrulebis, keTebis
unarisa da kompetenciis gaumjobeseba, romelsac mwvrTneli ayali-
bebs. mizani formulirdeba imis mixedviT, Tu visTvis da ra Sedegebis
misaRebad tardeba treningi.
mwvrTneli miznis Sesabamisad SeimuSavebs satreningo gegmas; geg-
maSi Sedis treningis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli da Tematur-Sinaar-
sobrivi sakiTxebi.
treningis SinaarsTan dakavSirebul gegmaSi kargad unda gamoikve-
Tos is sakiTxebi da prioritetebi, romlis miRwevasac mwvrTneli
cdilobs. gegma unda iyos realuri da miRwevadi. zogjer SesaZlebe-
lia treningis msvlelobisas gegmis cvlileba gaxdes saWiro.
treningis organizaciul – teqnikuri gegma gulisxmobs Tu sad da
rodis Catardeba treningi.
trenerma winaswar unda dagegmos treningisaTvis saWiro resursebi:
dawyeba-damTavrebis dro, Sesvenebebis raodenoba da xangrZlivoba,
treningis CatarebisaTvis saWiro auditoria, treningisaTvis saWiro
aRWurviloba, monawileebisaTvis dasarigebeli masalebi da msmenelTa
raodenoba.
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mas Semdeg, rac mwvrTnels kargad aqvs Camoyalibebuli mizani da
gegma, man unda izrunos procesis efeqtur Catarebaze.
mwvrTnelma unda Seqmnas Ria da pozitiuri garemo. is pozitiurad
unda iyos ganwyobili monawileebis mimarT da monawileebs urTierT-
mxardaWerisa da pativiscemis magaliTi unda misces.
treningis dawyebisas mwvrTnelma unda gaarkvios monawileebis
molodini da izrunos am molodinis dasakmayofileblad. vinaidan
treningi sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia, xSirad is 6 sT grZeldeba,
amitom treningi iyofa sesiebad; sesiebs Soris saWiroa Sesvenebebis
sworad dagegmva da ganawileba; rogorc wesi, erTi Sesveneba aris
xolme 45 wT, an erTi saaTi; danarCeni Sesvenebebi ufro xanmoklea,
15-30 wT. mcire Sesvenebebis nacvlad SesaZlelia gamoviyenoT mokle
savarjiSoebi, romelic monawileebs gantvirTvaSi daexmareba.
treningis dasrulebis Semdeg xdeba Sefaseba. Sefasebis Sedegebma
unda gaCvenoT, Tu ramdenad iqna miRweuli treningis Sedegebi da Tu
ara, ratom.
amis Semdeg, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvnebi, aris Tu ara saWiro trenin-
gis modifikacia. Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba miiRoT gadawyvetileba
Semdegi treningebis Sesaxeb.
studentebis raodenoba
treningis Casatareblad studentebis optimaluri raodenobaa 12-15
monawile.
Pros & Contras
trenings mTeli rigi dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs:
advilia swavla keTebis procesSi;
xels uwyobs sakiTxis safuZvlian Seswavlas da unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebas;
zrdis motivacias;
saxalisoa;
xels uwyobs socialuri unarebis ganviTarebasa da Camoyalibe-
bas;
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
SesaZlebelia yvela wevri ver grZnobdes Tavs komfortulad
jgufSi;
105
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
SesaZlebelia gamoikveTos lideri (liderebi), romelic warmar-
Tavs process, rac jgufis sxva wevrebs pasiurs xdis;
ar gamodgeba didi zomis jgufebisaTvis swavlebis meTodad;
sWirdeba didi dro;
rTulia Sefasebis procesi.
saswavlo garemo
treningis dros monawileebi sxedan wreSi, mwvrTnels aqvs Tavisu-
flad gadaadgilebis saSualeba. monawileebs ki erTmaneTTan Tavisu-
flad urTierTobis; mwvrTnels yvela kargad unda xedavdes da misi
saubari yvelas unda esmodes; amasTanave yvela kargad unda xedavdes
vizualur masalebs, ekrans.
Tu treningis msvlelobisas saWiroa mcire jgufebad dayofa, unda
uzrunvelvyoT yvela jgufisaTvis saWiro adgili da aRWurviloba.
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
sasurvelia satreningo masala power point-is formatSi momzaddes;
treningis Temidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia saWiro gaxdes videoma-
salis, mokle rgolebis Cvenebac; aseT SemTxvevaSi dagvWirdeba pro-
eqtori, ekrani da leptopi.
SesaZlebelia treningi gadaviRoT video kameraze da Semdeg gamov-
iyenoT monawileTa Sesafaseblad an Sesrulebis dasaxvewad. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi dagvWirdeba video kamera.
treningis msvlelobisas aseve saWiroa dafa, flirCarti, didi for-
matis qaRaldebi, feradi fanqrebi.
sasurvelia monawileebs winaswar davurigoT treningis msvlelobi-
sas saWiro masalebi- e.w hendauTebi. aseve, qaRaldebi, saweri kalami,
bloknoti, saqaRalde.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
Sefaseba SesaZlebelia Catardes rogorc treningis msvlelobisas,
aseve dasrulebis Semdegac.
Sefasebis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
TviTSefaseba: SegviZlia monawileebs vTxovoT Seafason treningis
Sedegi, procesisa da miRebuli gamocdilebis mixedviT. TviTSefaseba
SesaZlebelia vawarmooT sesiis an treningis mimdinareobis dros da
dasrulebis Semdeg;
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testireba: imis gazomva, moxda Tu ara monawileebis mier treningis
dros dagegmilis Seswavla. codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SeZenis Sefaseba
SedarebiT advilia. gacilebiT rTulia damokidebulebebis cvlile-
bebis gazomva.
dakvirveba: SesaZlebelia monawileTa Sefaseba dakvirvebis gziTac.
magaliTi
jgufis zoma – 15-20 monawile
dro – 75-90 wT
masala: yoveli jgufisaTvis 4 wyvili sxvadasxva feris asawyobi
konstruqciebi, 1 saxazavi, sufTa furclebi da fanqrebi;
trenerisTvis ki markerebi da flipCarti.
mizani: dagegmvis da jgufSi TanamSromlobis unarebis ganvi-
Tareba.
etapebi:
1. jgufs vyofT 5-6 wevrian mcire jgufebad. yoveli jgufisaT-
vis SevarCevT 1 damkvirvebels.
2. 2-3 adamians varCevT JiurisaTvis, romlebic daakvirdebian
jgufis muSaobis process.
jgufs vaZlevT Semdeg instruqcias `Tqven geZlevaT 40 wT,
aagoT Tqveni xelT arsebuli masalebiT koSkis maketi, romelic
unda iyos maRali, originaluri da myari; samuSaos das rulebis
Semdeg Tqvens namuSevars Seafasebs Jiuri. Jiuri iqneba obieq-
turi. Tqveni namuSevari Sefasdeba Semdegi kriteriumis mixed-
viT: ramdenad myaria koSki, maRali da originaluri~.
3. jgufis wevrebs eZlevaT mcire dro dasvan SekiTxvebi, magram
ar eZlevaT araviTari damatebiTi miniSneba, rogor aagon koS-
ki;
4. damkvirveblebs eZlevaT Semdegi instruqcia: CaiwereT pro-
cesi Semdegi maniSneblebis mixedviT:
ra dro dasWirda dagegmvas?
ra dro daaxarjes monawileebma maketis aSenebas?
ra dro dasWirda saboloo samuSaos Sesrulebas?
aseve jgufis dinamikis Sesaxeb monacemebi: vin gamoxatavda
iniciativas, rogor ganawilda samuSao, yvela monawileobda
procesSi Tu mxolod nawili ?
5. rodesac instruqcia gasagebia, fasilitatori niSnavs dros da
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
jgufebs sxvadasxva oTaxSi agzavnis samuSaod.
6. sanam monawileebi asruleben samuSaos, Jiuri adgens cxrils,
romelic ase gamoiyureba
jgufi
1
jgufi
2
jgufi
3
kriteriumi
simaRle
simyare
originaloba
saerTo jami
qulebis miniWeba moxdeba 10 qulian skalaze, sadac 1 yvelaze
cudi Sefasebaa da 10 saukeTeso. qulebis minimaluri odenobaa
10 da maqsimaluri 30.
yovel gadacilebul wuTze jgufi kargavs 1 qulas.
8. jgufebis samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg Jiuri afasebs namuSe-
vars kriteriumis mixedviT.
9. treneri yvela monawiles abrunebs jgufSi – damkvirveblebsac
da Jiurisac. ganixilaven Sejibris, jgufis dinamikasa da Ji-
uris mier momzadebul saboloo angariSs.
rekomendaciebi yuradRebiT SearCieT satreningo Tema da zustad gansazRvreT
treningis mizani;
CamoayalibeT gegma: Tematuri da materialur-teqnikuri;
SeadgineT sesiis detaluri gegma da miuTiTeT treningis meT-
odologia da resursebi;
dagegmeT kursis Sinaarsi (saswavlo programa);
gansazRvreT samuSao dro da saWiro resursebi; maqsimalurad
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gamoiyeneT xelT arsebuli wyaroebi da resursebi;
gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi faqtorebi: drois resursi; monawile-
Ta (codnis) done; jgufis zoma;
moamzadeT monawileebisaTvis saWiro masalebi;
SeimuSaveT Sefasebis sqema;
jgufSi SeecadeT, imuSaoT mravalferovnad;
SeecadeT, rom Tqveni programa iyos moqnili;
gamoiyeneT jgufTan muSaobis da Sefasebis sxvadasxva meTodi;
daaintereseT monawileebi;
akontroleT rom jgufSi ramdenime wevri ar gaxdes dominan-
turi;
jgufSi SeqmeniT dadebiTi atmosfero; aqcenti gaakeTeT imaze
ra da rogor unda gaakeTon monawileebma da ara imaze, ra ar
unda gaakeTon maT;
treningi daasruleT dadebiTi ganwyobiT;
dasrulebis Semdeg yvela monawiles mieciT azris gamoTqmis
saSualeba.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
Sefaseba swavlebis procesis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Sefaseba niS-
navs rogorc dakvirvebas studentis miRwevaze, ise daskvnis gakeTebas
misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli momzadebis Sesaxeb. Sefaseba rTuli
procesia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac es codnis Sefasebas exeba.
maswavlebeli akvirdeba students da akeTebs daskvnebs, ramdenad kar-
gad Tu cudad icis man Tema//sagani. amasTanave, sagulisxmoa is, rom
maswavlebeli yvelafers verc daakvirdeba da verc gamoikiTxavs,
amitom studentis momzadebis doneze swori daskvnis gakeTeba rom
SeZlos, sworad unda SearCios ras, rodis da rogor (ra meTodis
gamoyenebiT) daakvirdes.
ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba
arsebobs Sefasebis ori forma: ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvre-
li. ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba swavlis proceszea orientirebuli, gan-
msazRvreli ki – Sedegze.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, rogorc termini miuTiTebs, studentis
ganviTarebazea mimarTuli. ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba maswavlebels ex-
mareba saswavlo procesis dagegmvaSi, xolo students miRwevebTan
dakavSirebiT ukukavSiris miRebaSi.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas savaldebulo ar aris qulis dawera;
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis tipiuri formaa studentis mier Catare-
buli samuSaos Sesrulebaze komentaris gakeTeba, romelSic asaxuli
unda iyos mis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis done da rekomendaciebi swav-
lis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis mizania studentis miRwevis zusti Sefa-
seba. maSin, rodesac ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba SesaZlebelia `arafor-
maluri~ iyos, ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba yovelTvis `formaluria~ da
qulis daweras saWiroebs. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba tardeba testis,
prezentaciis, proeqtebis safuZvelze.
orive tipis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia iyos mimdinare (swavlebis pro-
cesSi mimdinareobdes) an Semajamebeli (semestris an saswavlo wlis
dasrulebis Semdeg xdebodes); rekomendirebulia mimdinare Sefasebis
gamoyeneba Semajamebel SefasebasTan erTad.
orive tipis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia iyos mimdinare (swavlebis pro-
cesSi mimdinareobdes) an Semajamebeli (semestris an saswavlo wlis das-
S e f a s e b a
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rulebis Semdeg xdebodes); rekomendirebulia mimdinare Sefasebis gamo-
yeneba Semajamebel SefasebasTan erTad.
cxrili 8.1. ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba
ganmaviTarebeli ganmsazRvreli
mimdinare yoveldRiuri davalebebis Ses-
ruleba, gakveTilSi CarTuloba,
proeqtis romelime etapi an sxv.
am SemTxvevaSi vuxsniT studen-
tebs rogor gaaumjobeson Sedegi.
yoveldRiuri dava-
lebebis Sesruleba,
gakveTilSi CarTuloba,
proeqtis romelime etapi
Semajamebeli raime Temis, drois monakveTis,
proeqtis bolos miRebuli sityv-
ieri Sefaseba, komentari.
raime Temis, drois mon-
akveTis, proeqtis bolos
miRebuli niSani.
wyaro: erovnuli saswavlo gegma (gv. 15; 2008)
mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebeli sistematurad iyenebdes orive ti-
pis Sefasebas: ganmsazRvrels da ganmaviTarebels. Tumca, sasurvelia,
rom ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis wili ufro meti iyos, vidre ganmsazRvre-
lis.
semestris manZilze studenti SesaZlebelia Sefasdes sxvadasxva meTo-
dis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa
a) daswreba; e) proeqtebi;
b) saSinao davalebebis momzadeba; v) prezentaciebi da a.S.
g) gamocda//testireba;
TiToeul komponents gansazRvruli xvedriTi wili aqvs saerTo Sefa-
sebaSi. mag.: daswrebas SeiZleba saerTo Sefasebis 10% mivaniWoT, przen-
tacias 15% da a.S.
amJamad profesiul ganaTlebaSi rekomendebulia 100 quliani Se-
fasebis sistemis gamoyeneba. Sefasebis savaldebulo komponentia das-
wreba, romelsac saerTo Sefasebis 10-20% eTmoba da saboloo gamocda,
romelsac 30-40% eTmoba; darCenili nawili gansazRvrulia Sualeduri
(mimdinare) SefasebisaTvis, romelic SesaZlebelia nebismieri formiT
Catardes; Sualeduri Sefasebis SerCeva damokidebulia sagnis mizansa da
specifikaze.
ar arsebobs Sefasebis erTi standartuli sqema; Sefaseba damokide-
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
bulia misaRwev mizanze, Sefasebis obieqtze, Tumca mniSvnelovania,
rom nebismieri Sefaseba akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobebs:
• sandooba;
• validuroba;
• standartuloba;
• praqtikuloba;
• gamWvirvaloba.
Sefaseba sandoa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi erTi-
daigivea, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin rodis afasebs studentis codnasa
da unarebs. mag.: Sefaseba sando iqneba, Tu sxvadasxva maswavlebeli
studentis erTsadaimave pasuxs an raimes Sesrulebul davalebas erT-
nairad Seafasebs an erTi maswavlebeli erTsadaimave pasuxs sxvadasxva
dros erTnairad Seafasebs.
cxadia, Znelia absoluturad sando Sefasebis sistemis uzrunvelyo-
fa; Sefasebis sandoobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva faqtori: stu-
dentis ganwyobebi, motivacia, fizikur garemoSi cvlilebebi (tempera-
tura, ganaTeba), Sefasebis proceduris cvlileba (dro, instruqciebi,
davalebis formulireba), maswavleblis subieqturi faqtorebi; rode-
sac maswavlebeli studentis codnasa da Sesrulebas afasebs, darw-
munebuli unda iyos, rom masala sworadaa SerCeuli, meTodi adekva-
turia, sandooba ki maRali.
strategiebi, romelic zrdis Sefasebis sandoobas:
Sesafasebeli davaleba formulirebuli unda iyos naTlad da
gasagebad;
Sefasebisas gamoyenebuli unda iyos sxvadasxva instrumenti,
romlebic erTmaneTs avseben;
Sefasebis sqema unda iyo konkretuli da specifikuri;
unda gakontroldes yvela faqtori, romelic Sefasebis san-
doobas amcirebs;
studentebi unda Sefasdnen msgavs pirobebsa da situaciaSi;
maswavlebeli unda iyos maqsimalurad miukerZoebeli.
Sefasebis validurobas sxvanairad Sefasebis mizanTan Sesabamiso-
bas uwodeben; es gulisxmobs: Sefasebis instrumentiT ramdenad zus-
tad da adekvaturad fasdeba is codna da unarebi, romelsac Sefaseba
isaxavs miznad. rodesac SefasebiT studentis codna da unarebi araz-
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ustad izomeba, niSnavs imas, rom Sefasebas validobis problema aqvs.
mag.: Tu Sefasebis amocanaa inteleqtis gazomva, xolo realurad Cven
studentis mxolod faqtobriv codnas vzomavT, maSin Sefaseba ara-
validuri anu mizanTan Seusabamobaa; Tu damamTavrebel gamocdaze
SerCeuli teqsti an davaleba ufro rTulia, vidre studentma semes-
tris ganmavlobaSi SeiZina, maSin Sefaseba kvlav validobis proble-
maze mianiSnebs. an davuSvaT students vTxovT raimes gakeTebas, imis
nacvlad, rom werilobiTi davaleba SevasrulebinoT, an piriqiT.
strategiebi, romelic zrdis Sefasebis validobas:
maswavlebelma unda SearCios studentis SesaZleblobebis
maqsimalurad adekvaturi davalebebi (rac man kursis ganmav-
lobaSi iswavla);
maswavlebelma unda SearCios codnisa da unarebis maqsimalu-
rad adekvaturi Sefasebis forma.
Sefasebis standartizacia miuTiTebs Sefaseba ramdenad msgavs Si na-
arssa da formats gulisxmobs da ramdenad msgavsia qulebis miniWebis
principi yvela studentisaTvis. praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba stan-
dartizebuli testebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela studenti fasde-
ba erTidaimave formatiT, proceduriTa da Sefasebis sqemiT. Tumca,
zogjer saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT studentebis individualuri Sesa-
Zleblobebi da maTi fiziuri Tu fsiqiuri janmrTelobis donec; mag.:
unarSezRuduli, problemuri studentebis Sefasebisas SesaZlebelia
saWiro gaxdes Sefasebis sqemis an proceduris Secvla.
Sefasebis praqtikuloba gviCvenebs, ramdenad mosaxerxebeli da ia-
fia Sefasebis instrumentisa da procedurebis gamoyeneba.
praqtikuloba moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: ramdeni droa saWiro in-
strumentis Sesaqmnelad; ramdenad SesaZlebelia drois mocemul mo-
mentSi sxvadasxva studentebis Sefaseba; ramdenad Zviria Sefasebis ma-
sala; ramdenad advilia studentebis Sefaseba davalebebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg da a.S.
Sefaseba gamWvirvale anu Riaa im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sefasebis
meqanizmebi da kriteriumebi winaswar aris studentebisaTvis cnobili;
SesaZlebelia, rom studentebma Tavadac miiRon monawileoba Sefasebis
kriteriumebis SemuSavebaSi; saswavlo kursis dawyebisas maswavlebel-
ma studentebs unda gaacnos Sefasebis sqema, romlis gamoyenebasac is
apirebs.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
8. 1 1. Sefasebis sqemebi
yovelTvis, rodesac studentis Sefasebas vapirebT, dgeba prob-
lema, rogor gavigoT, ra kriteriumis gamoyenebiT SevafasoT studen-
tis codnis done.
Sefaseba konkretuli sqemis safuZvelze unda xdebodes; sqema asax-
avs im kriteriums, romlis safuZvelzedac students vafasebT; mag.:
sakiTxis codna, analizi, Sesrulebis xarisxi, da a.S. Sefasebis kri-
teriumis SerCevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT swavlebis mizani da dava-
lebis forma.
SesaZlebelia ganvasxvavoT ori tipis Sefaseba: Sefaseba, romelic
daxuruli pasuxebis SerCevas gulisxmobs da Ria forma, romelic pa-
suxis Seqmnas gulisxmobs; cxadia pirveli maTgani werilobiTia, xolo
meore SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc werilobiTi, aseve zepiri an raime
qmedebis Sesrulebas saWiroebdes.
pasuxebis SerCeva pasuxebis Seqmna
• mravlobiTi
arCevani
• swori/mcdari
• Sevseba
• esse
• portfolio
• proeqti
• kvleva
• zepiri prezentacia
• demonstrireba
• debatebi
• diskusia
• proeqti
magaliTebi
1. ra raodenobis nimuSia saWiro yurZnis Saqar-mJavianobis anal-
izisaTvis erT nakveTSi? (SearCieT erTi pasuxi)
1 100 kg; 3 2 kg;
2 500 kg; 4 10 kg.
2. rTvelis dawyebis vada ganisazRvreba yurZnis Saqrianoba-mJa-
vianobiT. 1 diax 2 ara
3. aqroladi mJavebis raodenoba matulobs --------- gradusze du-
Rilis dros (CasviT Sesabamisi pasuxi).
1 15 3 25
2 20 4 30
cxrili 8.2. Sefasebis sqemebi
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se
ba
8.1.1. Sefasebis sqemebi daxuruli kiTxvebisaTvis
yvelaze martivi saxis Sefasebis sqema daxuruli kiTxvebisas gamoi-
yeneba; es faqtobrivad pasuxebis CamonaTvalia, romelTagan studenti
arCevs kiTxvis adeqvatur pasuxebs. SesaZlebelia saWiro iyos arsebu-
li variantebidan erTi an ramdenime pasuxis SerCeva, swori da mcdari
pasuxebis gamoyofa, pasuxebis SeTanxmeba, pasuxebis dalageba raime
principiT da gamotovebuli adgilebis Sevseba.
umetes SemTxvevaSi swor pasuxs erTi qula miewereba, Tumca, xSirad
maswavlebeli gansazRvravs, ramdeni qula miakuTvnos swor pasuxs;
aseTi davalebebi advili da swrafi Sesafasebelia. Sefasebis es sqema
tipuria testebis dros (ixileT testebi, Tavi 8.2.1).
8.1.2 Sefasebis sqemebi Ria davalebebisTvis
Ria Sefasebis sqema gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac winaswar ar aris
gansazRvruli kiTxvaze pasuxebi. kerZod, jgufuri muSaobis, Temis,
zepiri pasuxis, prezentaciis Sesafaseblad. gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom
Ria davalebebis Sefaseba ufro rTulia, vidre daxurulis; aseT Se-
fasebaze SesaZlebelia gavlenas axdendes maswavleblis gamocdileba,
gemovneba, sakiTxis sirTule da a.S.
sasurvelia Ria saxis davalebebi imdagvarad iyos Sedgenili, rom
pasuxis gacemisas students uxdebodes ara mxolod informaciis gax-
seneba, aramed Sefaseba, analizi, sinTezi.
Ria saxis davalebebis Sesafaseblad sqemebis Sedgena sakmaod rTu-
li da Sromatevadia.
1. werilobiTi sqemebi
werilobiTi sqemebi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saWiroa
gamosaTvleli samuSaos Catareba. mag.: sxvadasxva sazeinklo opera-
ciis Sesruleba, naxazebis kiTxva, sabuRaltro aRricxva, elteqnika
da a.S. aseve argumentireba, dasabuTeba da a.S.
mag.: kombinirebul sakvebSi antibotikebis raodenobis (mg/kg) gansaz-
Rvra; Teslbrunvis sqemis Sedgena; memcenareobis calkeul dargebze
marJinaluri mogebebis gaangariSeba.
`werilobiTi sqemebis~ sandoobisa da standartizaciis miRweva uf-
ro advilia, vidre `Sesrulebis sqemebis~, amitom ufro praqtikulic
116
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
aris; Tumca, davalebis mixedviT, xSirad `Sesrulebis sqema~ ufro
validuria, vidre `werilobiTi~.
2. zepiri sqemebi
zepiri Semowmeba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT maSin, rodesac Sesaswavli
masalis ZiriTad Sinaarss Seadgens Teoriuli sakiTxebi; aucilebelia
gamoavlinoT studentTa codna kursis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis mixedviT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia Ria kiTxvebi gamoiyeneba.
mag.: macivrebisa da kondicionerebis SemkeTebeli specialobis stu-
dentTaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ozondamSleli nivTiere -
bebis codna da maTi atmosferoSi gafrqvevis Sedegebis codna.
maswavlebeli svams aseT Ria SekiTxvas – `SegiZliaT daasabuToT,
ratom aris saWiro garemosaTvis saSiSi qimikatebis xmarebidan amo-
Reba?~
studentis pasuxi am kiTxvaze SesaZloa iyos: `imitom, rom es niv-
Tierebebi iwveven ultraiisferi radiaciis gazrdas, ramac SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos mcenareebze, zRvis florasa da faunaze, zo-
gierTi kulturis mosavlinobaze. mag.: lifsitebi, romlebic okeanis
ze dapiridan ramdenime metriT qveviT ikvebebian, SeiZleba ultraiis-
feri gamosxivebisadmi mgrZnobiareni aRmoCndnen. metic, qimikatebma Se-
iZ leba gamoiwvios ultraiisferi gamosxivebidan damcavi fenis gaqro ba,
rac cocxali organizmebisaTvis damRupveli aRmoCndeba~.
es Ria kiTxvaa, magram igive kiTxva SeiZleba iyos daxuruli da stu-
dentma upasuxos `diax~ an `ara~, rac cxadia, studentis msjelobaze
ver mogvawvdis informacias da aseT SemTxvevaSi ararekomendebulia.
es davaleba aseve SeiZleba gamoviyenoT werilobiTi davalebisaTvis.
3. Sesrulebis sqemebi
im SemTxvevaSia mizanSewonili, rodesac vafasebT studentis ganvi-
Tarebis dones im unar-Cvevebis mixedviT, romelsac igi flobs: kom-
pleqsur unarebs, maRali donis kognitur unarebs, rogoricaa prob-
lemis gadaWra, kreatuloba (SemoqmedebiToba), kritikuloba.
mag.: gvsurs SevafasoT studentis mier tansacmlis kvanZis damu-
Saveba; davuSvaT jibis an sayelos. cxadia, SefasebisaTvis unda ga mo-
viyenoT `Sesrulebis sqema.~
Sesrulebis Sefasebisas maswavlebelma SesaZlebelia Seafasos ro-
gorc saboloo Sedegi, aseve Sesrulebis procesi;
saboloo Sedegi unda asaxavdes studentis codnisa da momzadebis
117
Se
fa
se
ba
dones. procesze dakvirvebis gziT maswavlebelma SesaZlebelia daskv-
na gaakeTos studentis maRali donis kognitur unarebze, rac zemoT
aris miTiTebuli.
4. kombinirebuli Sefaseba
xSirad SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ara erTi romelime sqema, ara med
kombinirebuli sqemebi. Sefasebis kombinirebuli meTodi gansakuTre-
biT praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis Sesrulebis dros aris mniSvnelovani; am
dros studenti zepirad CamoTvlis yvela gansaxorcielebel qmedebas,
maT Tanamimdevrobas, gamosayenebel iaraR-samarjveebs, gansazRvravs
SesaZlo Sedegs da Semdeg konkretuli unarebis demonstrirebas ax-
dens. mag.: kervis specialobis Seswavla moiTxovs rogorc Teoriul,
ise praqtikul codnas. amitom Teoriuli gamokiTxvis dros rekomen-
debulia, rom studentma praqtikuladac ganaxorcielos sakeravi man-
qanis meSveobiT garkveuli operaciebi.
kombinirebuli Semajamebeli Semowmeba mag.: mebaTqaSeebisaTvis Sei-
Zleba gamoviyenoT aseTi saxiT.
studentebs vTxovT samuSaos Sesrulebamde saWiro iaraR-samarjvee-
bis dasaxelebasa da SerCevas, maTi daniSnulebis axsnas, saWiro masa-
lebis SerCevas, baTqaSis tipis SerCevasa da axsnas, ratom irCeven am
tips da ra moculoba dasWirdebaT konkretuli samuSaos Sesrulebi-
saTvis; mxolod amis Semdeg vTxovT studentebs Seudgnen muSaobas.
Tu zepiri gamokiTxvisas Cven studentebis codnas vafasebT, samuSaos
Sesrulebisas vafasebT unar-Cvevevebs. mag.: iaraR-samarjveebis mox-
mareba (sabaTqaSe niCabi, aqandaz-niCabi, CamCa, saxexela, kuTxe saniSe-
bi, xis sagluvebi, funji, momxvewi, liTonisa da xis niSnulebi, kuTxis
Targi da sxva), baTqaSis momzadeba, baTqaSis miznobrivad gamoyeneba,
samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxi.
8. 2 2. Sefasebis meTodebi
swavlebis procesSi sxvadasxva Sefasebis meTodi gamoiyeneba. Se-
fasebis yvela meTods saerTo mizani aqvs – maTi saSualebiT grovdeba
informacia studentebis miRwevebis Sesaxeb da, aqedan gamomdinare,
igegmeba swavlebis Semdgomi etapi. meores mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani
gansazRvrul situaciaSi ufro efeqturia, vidre sxva meTodi. gan-
vixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
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swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
8.2.1 testi
ra aris es?
testi cdas, gamocdas niSnavs. is farTod gamoiyeneba ganaTlebis
yvela safexurze rogorc Sefasebis erT-erTi obieqturi da swrafi
meTodi.
rodis viyenebT?
testireba gamoiyeneba pirovnuli Taviseburebebis, inteleqtis koe-
ficientis an codnis donis Sesamowmeblad. profesiuli ganaTlebis
sferoSi testi ZiriTadad codnis Sesamowmeblad gamoiyeneba.
arsebobs standartizebuli da pedagogis mier Sedgenili tes-
tebi.
standartizebuli testebi profesionalebis mieraa Sedgenili. mo-
cemuli testi eyrdnoba normas, standarts, anu garkveuli jgufisaT-
vis saSualo maCvenebels. TiToeuli adamianis mier miRebuli rezul-
tatis Sedareba xdeba dadgenil normasTan, standartTan.
standartizebuli testi Sedgeba testuri davalebebisa da instruq-
ciisagan, romelSic miTiTebulia testis mizani (ras zomavs es testi),
norma – garkveuli asakobrivi Tu sxva tipis jgufisaTvis, cxrilisa-
gan, ris mixedviTac xdeba konkretuli adamianis rezultatis Sedar-
eba testis normasTan.
standartizebuli testebi gamoiyeneba adamianis inteleqtis, pirov-
nuli Taviseburebebis, profesionalTa kompetenturobis (mag.: peda-
gogebis an iuristebis), studentebisa da moswavleebis miRwevebis gas-
azomad arsebobs testebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba garkveuli saswavlo
kursis dawyebis win da dasrulebis Semdeg, raTa ganisazRvros ramde-
nad warmatebulad moxda kursis daZleva.
pedagogebis mier Sedgenili testebi aris davalebaTa erToblio-
ba, romlis meSveobiTac mowmdeba studentTa codnis done, maT mier
profesiuli unarebis floba.
arsebobs Semdegi tipis pedagogiuri testebi:
1. normaze orientirebuli da kriteriumze orientirebuli;
2. homogenuri da heterogenuli;
3. mimdinare, Semajamebeli, misaRebi da sakvalifikacio;
normaze orientirebuli pedagogiuri testi SesaZleblobas iZleva
SevadaroT erTi studentis monacemebi sxva studentebis monacemebs,
xolo kriteriumze orientirebuli pedagogiuri testi ki SesaZle-
119
Se
fa
se
ba
blobas iZleva SevafasoT Tu ra doneze aqvT studentebs aTvisebuli
programiT gaTvaliswinebuli masala.
homogenuri pedagogiuri testi mxolod erTi sagnis davalebebi-
sagan Sedgeba. homogenuri pedagogiuri testi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
normaze, ise kriteriumze orientirebuli. saswavlo procesSi yvelaze
xSirad swored homogenuri testi gamoiyeneba.
heterogenuri pedagogiuri testi ramdenime sagnis davalebebs
moicavs. amitom, mis SigniT SesaZloa Sediodes ramodenime homogen-
uri testi (am tipis pedagogiuri testis gamoyeneba SesaZloa misaRebi
an sakvalifikacio gamocdis, testirebis dros).
mimdinare testirebas mimarTaven saswavlo procesis mimdinareo-
bis dros. mimdinare testi SeiZleba Sedgenili iyos erTi an meti pe-
da gogis mier. am saxis testi Zalze mniSvnelovania. misi meSveobiT
SesaZlebelia studentTa codnis donis sistematuri gakontroleba,
studentebSi swavlis motivaciis, damoukideblad muSaobis unaris ga-
momuSaveba.
Semajamebeli testi gamoiyeneba SedarebiT didi moculobis cod-
nis Sesamowmeblad, garkveuli Temis, an drois monakveTis (semestris,
saswavlo wlis) dasrulebisas.
aseTi tipis testis Sedgena Zalzed mniSvnelovania. am tipis tes-
ti unda gamoirCeodes maRali validobiTa da sandoobiT (ix. testis
validoba da sandooba) mis SedgenaSi unda monawileobdnen sakmaod ga-
mocdili pedagogebi. umjobesia, rom am tipis testebi erTi discipli-
nis farglebSi iyos centralizebuli da standartuli. Semajamebeli
testebi ZiriTadad homogenuri da kriteriumze orientirebulia.
misaRebi testireba –gamoiyeneba studentebis sawavlebelSi Cari-
cxvis dros. testireba SesaZloa erT an ramodenime saganSi tarde-
bodes.
misaRebi testirebis dros ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba homogenuri, nor-
maze orientirebuli an heterogenuli, normaze orientirebuli testi
(mag.: unar-Cvevis testi).
sakvalifikacio testireba tardeba swavlis garkveuli etapis das-
rulebis Semdeg. am tipis testis meSveobiT xdeba imis gansazRvra,
Tu ramdenad Seesatyviseba TiToeuli studentis codnis done spe-
cialistis kvalifikaciis miniWebis standartiT gansazRvrul dones.
testirebis mizani unda iyos specialistebis momzadebis donis ama-
Rleba. es testi SemuSavebuli unda iyos pedagogebis, meTodistebis,
fsiqometrikosebis mier. aseTi tipis testirebac umjobesia central-
izebuli iyos.
120
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
sakvalifikacio testi unda gansazRvravdes studentis profesiu li
codnis donesa da profesiuli unarebis flobas.
vinaidan testis mizani codnis donis gansazRvraa, amitom te-
stirebisas studenti garkveul qulas agrovebs. swored miRebuli qu-
lis mixedviT xdeba studentisaTvis niSnis dawera.
testi ZiriTadad werilobiTi saxisaa, Tumca arsebobs araverbal-
uri saxis testic. mag: xelovnebis, saxelobo an sportis sferoSi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianma praqtikulad unda Seasrulos garkveuli
moqmedeba. mag.: moqsovos gobeleni an ganaxorcielos rTuli ileTi.
werilobiTi testis ori saxe arsebobs: obieqturi testi da esse
obieqturi testi Sedgeba SekiTxvebisagan, romelic martiv pasuxs
moiTxovs: ~ki~ an `ara~, an alternatuli mtkicebulebebisagan.
magaliTi
1. megabaiti aris informaciis sazomi umciresi erTeuli?
1 ki 2 ara
2. ra principiT beWdavs lazeruli printeri?
1 kartrijis saSualebiT;
2 specialuri nemsebiani detalis daxmarebiT;
3 specialuri melniT;
4 rkinaze amotvifruli mza asoebis daxmarebiT.
esse ki aris testis saxe, romelic vrcel pasuxs moiTxovs (unda Cai-
weros msjeloba, sazepiro, an sulac mokle Sinaarsi). esses meSveobiT
SesaZlebelia azrovnebis procesebis (analizis, sinTezis, Sefasebis
unaris), warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unaris gamovlena da ganviTareba.
magaliTad, prezentaciis kompiuteruli sistemis (Microsoft Power-Point) daniSnuleba da SesaZleblobebi
testuri davalebebis Sedgena
testuri davalebebis Sedgenisas
aucilebelia testuri proeq tis Sed-
gena. testuri proeqti mo icavs te-
stirebis Temebs, SekiTxvebis arss,
SekiTxvebis raodenobas calkeuli
TemisaTvis. aucileblad gasaTval-
iswinebelia sagnis specifika.
kargia, roca testuri proeqti
testuri proeqtitesturi proeqti aris testis
Sedgenisas aucileblad gasaT-
valiswinebeli punqtebis Ca-
monaTvali. kargi testuri
proeqti unda iZleodes in-
formacias testirebis Temis,
SekiTxvebis tipisa da swav-
lebis miznis Sesaxeb.
121
Se
fa
se
ba
eyrdnoba benJamen blumis taqsonomiis Teorias. SemogTavazebT tes-
turi proeqtis martiv formas, romelic am Teorias eyrdnoba. (mag-
aliTad, TemisaTvis operaciuli sistema Windows, 4 davaleba exeba
codnis Semowmebas, 3 davaleba gagebas, Tu ramdenadaa masala gaaz-
rebuli, 3 davaleba ki praqtikuli amocanaa da a.S)
davalebaTa raodenoba TiToeuli mizanTa klasisaTvis
davalebebi codna gageba gamo-
yeneba
analizi sinTezi Sefase-
ba
operaciuli sistema
Windows4 3 3 2 2 1
saWiro informaciis
moZieba Internet Ex-plorer-is gamoyenebiT
3 3 2 2 2 1
eleqtronuli fos-
tiT sargebloba
Outlook express
3 3 2 2 2 1
sul 10 9 7 6 6 3
kargi testi unda iyos validuri da sando.
validuria testi im SemTvevaSi, Tu is zomavs im movlenas, ris gas-
azomadac viyenebT mas. mag.: informaciuli teqnologiebis testSi ar
unda Sediodes SekiTxva sadurglo nakeTobebis damuSavebis Sesaxeb.
Tu saswavlo kursis 40% eTmoboda garkveuli informaciis gadacemas,
da 60% praqtikuli davalebebis Sesrulebas, testi ise unda iyos Sed-
genili, rom misi 40% amowmebdes mocemuli informaciis codnas.
meore aucilebeli faqtori aris sandooba. sandooba mdgomareobs
testis rezultatebis mudmivobaSi. mag: Tu inteleqtis testSi 170
studentma saSualod 95 qula daagrova da erTi kviris Semdeg 85, ma-
Sin mocemuli testi sando ar yofila.
Tu gvinda, rom Cven mier Sedgenili testi iyos sando, Semdegi faq-
torebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT:
I faqtori – gasazomi obieqtis arastabiluroba. swavlebis pro-
cesSi igulisxmeba, rom moswavleebi ukeT iswavlian masalas, daeufle-
bian romelime disciplinas. amitom sando testSi aucileblad unda
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli mosalodneli cvlilebebi.
122
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
II faqtori – SemTxveviToba. warmoidgineT testi, romelic 20 kiTx-
visagan Sedgeba, da masze SesaZlo pasuxi aris `ki~ an `ara~. masalis
ar codnis SemTvevaSic sworad gacemuli pasuxebis albaToba aris 1:2;
anu SeiZleba adamianm, sworad upasuxos 50%-s, Tu is SemTxveviTad
Semoxazavs pasuxebs. magram, aseve SesaZloa fortunam ar gagiRimoT
da mxolod 3 SekiTxvaze gasceT swori pasuxi. testis sandoobis gaz-
rda SesaZlebelia mxolod SekiTvebis raodenobis gazrdiT. did Ser-
Cevaze fortunis gavlena mcirdeba.
III faqtori davalebaTa sirTule. saSualo sirTulis davalebebisa-
gan Semdgari testi ufro sandoa, vidre testi, romelSic sxvadasxva
sirTulis, araerTgvarovani davalebebia mocemuli.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
testi iZleva SesaZleblobas sistematurad vakontroloT da
SevamowmoT TiToeuli studentis codnis done;
testiT SegviZlia SevafasoT rogorc Teoriuli codna, ise in-
teleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi da praqtikuli unarebi;
testi ufro obieqturia, vidre zepiri gamokiTxva, vinaidan
Tavisufalia pedagogis mxridan romelime studentis mimarT
subieqturi damokidebulebidan;
testirebis Catareba SegviZlia erTdroulad did SerCevaze,
droSi ekonomiuria;
testirebis dros yvela studenti Tanabar pirobebSia, yvelas
erTnairi moTxovna aqvs wayenebuli.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
testi informacias gvaZlevs arsebuli codnis Sesaxeb, magram
ar gvaZlevs srul suraTs adamianis SesaZleblobebis, poten-
cialis Sesaxeb. amitom kargi iqneba testis Sevseba informa-
ciis sxva wyarodan: kerZod zepiri gamokiTxvis, prezentaciisa
an qce vaze dakvirvebis meSveobiT.
aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom testis Sede-
gze avlena SeiZleba moaxdinos studentis motivaciam an mis ma
emociurma mdgomareobam.
123
Se
fa
se
ba
rekomendaciebi:
testis Sedgenamde aucileblad SeimuSaveT testuri proeqti;
testis sirTule unda Seesatyvisebodes studentT codnis-
dones;
testis davalebebi unda iyos Zalian konkretuli. Tu testis
mizani aris xatvis unaris Sefaseba, maSin davaleba unda iyos
raimes da xatva;
testi-esse mimarTuli unda iyos azrovnebis rTuli proces-
ebis (analizis, sinTezisa da Sinaarsis Sefasebis unaris) gamo-
savlenad;
esse unda Seesatyvisebodes gavlil masalas;
alternatiuli mtkicebulebebis miwodebis SemTvevaSi swori
unda iyos mxolod erTi mtkicebuleba;
mtkicebulebebi unda iyos mokled, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli;
sasurvelia testis SekiTxva ar iyos mtkicebulebis formiT
Camoyalibebuli, es arTulebs swori pasuxis SerCevas;
alternatiuli mtkicebulebebis SemTxvevaSi araswori pasuxe-
bi erTnairad unda hgavdes swor pasuxs;
aucilebelia testirebis Semdeg studentebTan erTad swori
da araswori pasuxebis garCeva;
Tu testi bevri davalebisagan Sedgeba, mis dasawerad didi dro
unda iyos gamoyofili;
studentebs weris dawyebis win unda miewodoT sruli informa-
cia testis Sevsebis wesisa da gamoyofili drois Sesaxeb.
8.2.2. zepiri gamokiTxva
ra aris es?
zepiri gamokiTxva tradiciulad yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyene-
ba codnis Sesamowmeblad da gulisxmobs maswavleblis mier dasmul
SekiTxvebze studentis pasuxs.
zepiri gamokiTxvis mizania studentis azrovnebis stimulacia. sax-
elobo ganaTlebis doneze sxvadasxva dargis specialistebma unda
Seasrulon samuSao, romelic moiTxovs faqtebis, monacemebisa da
meTodebis analizsa da interpretacias, rac Tavis mxriv azrovnebis,
gansjis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
124
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
rodis viyenebT?
zepiri gamokiTxvis gamoyeneba SeiZleba rogorc semestris ganmav-
lobaSi Sualeduri Sefasebisas, aseve saboloo semestruli Sefasebi-
sas, Tumca yvelaze ufro xSirad Sefasebis es forma yoveldRiur
saswavlo procesSi gamoiyeneba.
ase magaliTad, zepir gamokiTxvas viyenebT, rodesac:
gvinda SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad gaigo studentma leqciaze/
praqtikumze axsnili masala;
rodesac praqtikuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas gvinda gavigoT, Tu
ramdenad esmis students mis mier Sesrulebuli moqmedebebi,
Tu gvinda movisminoT konkretuli qmedebebis axsna-ganmarte-
ba;
zepiri gamokiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT seminaris da disku-
siis stimulaciisaTvis;
zepiri gamokiTxva xSirad Sefasebis Tanmxlebi formaa mag.:
prezentaciis an dakvirvebis dros, rodesac Semfasebeli dam-
atebiTi kiTxvebis dasmiT cdilobs daazustos studentis pa-
suxi;
zepiri gamokiTxva kargi meTodia studentebis donis gansaz-
RvrisaTvis – jgufSi studentebi SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavde-
bodnen erTmaneTisgan gamocdilebiTa da saganmanaTleblo sta-
tusiT. maswavlebelma unda daadginos studentebis codnis
do ne mecadineobis dawyebamde da amisaTvis zepiri gamokiTxva
yvelaze ufro swrafi da iafi meTodia, mag.: weriT testTan
SedarebiT.
zepiri gamokiTxva efeqturia, Tu kiTxvebi kargad aris gaazrebu-
li da momzadebuli da swored Camoyalibebuli. zepiri gamokiTxviT
SeiZleba rogorc faqtobrivi codnis, aseve studentis azrovnebis
Semowmeba.
zepiri gamocda, rogorc codnis semestruli Sefasebis forma. pro-
fesiuli ganaTlebis specifikidan gamomdinare, cotaa iseTi sagani,
romlis codnis Semowmebis saboloo formad mxolod zepiri gamocda
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. am dros, rogorc wesi, zepiri gamokiTxva SeiZle-
ba kombinirebuli iyos Sefasebis sxva formebTan.
saboloo gamocdis dros zepiri gamokiTxva SeiZleba niSnavdes bi-
leTSi mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas. maswavlebelma winaswar
unda moamzados bileTebi. bileTSi kiTxvebis raodenoba damokidebu-
lia sagnis specifikaze.
125
Se
fa
se
ba
Tu studenti erTi sakiTxis irgvliv unda saubrobdes, maSin am Sem-
TxvevaSi zepiri gamokiTxva prezentacias emsgavseba, im gansxvavebiT,
rom studenti winaswar konkretulad am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisaTvis
ar momzadebula. am dros studentma SeiZleba damxmare saSualebebic
gamoiyenos, rogoricaa dafaze naxazis Sesruleba da a.S. Sesabamisad,
es `sufTa~ saxis zepiri gamokiTxva veRar iqneba.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
zepiri gamokiTxva Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro iafi me-
Todia;
zepiri gamokiTxva marTalia moiTxovs maswavleblis mxridan
drois xarjvas kiTxvebis momzadebisaTvis, magram Tavad Se-
fasebis procesi SesaZloa SedarebiT mokle droSi ganxor-
cieldes – mag.: weriTi gamocdisgan gansxvavebiT, studentis
pasuxebi iqve fasdeba;
zepiri gamocda studentebs Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs da am-
denad, codnis Semowmebis yvelaze ufro `demokratiuli~ meTo-
dia, gamomdinare iqidan, rom zepiri komunikaciis unari yvelas
aqvs: anu zepiri gamokiTxvis dros students ar sWirdeba sxva
gansakuTrebuli unarebi, rogoric SeiZleba dasWirdes mag.:
demonstrirebis an jgufuri proeqtis dros;
zepiri gamokiTxva xels uwyobs verbaluri komunikaciis ganvi-
Tarebas;
zepiri gamokiTxva dagexmarebaT gauRviZoT studentebs in-
teresi da motivacia, Seiswavlon Tqveni sagani;
zepir kiTxvebze studentebis pasuxebi kargi indikatoria imisa,
Tu ramdenad sworad iyo saswavlo procesi dagegmili Tqven
mier, ramdenad sworad iyo miwodebuli masala. Sesabamisad, ze-
piri gamokiTxva leqciasa Tu praqtikumze dagexmarebaT gansaz-
RvroT momdevno mecadineobis Sinaarsi da sirTule.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
zepiri gamokiTxva SesaZloa sakmaod subieqturad CaiTvalos,
radganac Sefasebis procesSi da mis Sedegad garkveuli `pro-
duqti~ ar iqmneba. anu sxva Semfasebels ar SeeZleba mogviane-
biT gamocdis Sedegebis/miRebuli Sefasebis obieqturobis gad-
amowmeba, ise rogorc es SeiZleba moxdes weriTi gamocdis
126
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
an portfoliosa da proeqtis SemTxvevaSi. Sesabamisad zepiri
gamokiTxvis sandooba SedarebiT dabalia.
magaliTebi
Tema: svetebis mopirkeTeba.
zepiri gamokiTxvis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia Teoriuli codnis Ses-
amowmeblad, konkretuli samuSaos dawyebis win; amisaTvis SesaZlebelia
SekiTxvebis momzadeba TiToeuli Sesasrulebeli elementisaTvis.
kiTxvebi:
rogor ganisazRvreba waxnagebis adgilmdebareoba?
rogor magrdeba filebi Senobis oTxive mxares da svetebis
saerTo rigTan? ra xelsawyoebi da samarjvebi gamoiyeneba
am dros?
rogor xdeba TabaSir-duRabis Suquris dayeneba?
rogoria cement-qviSis duRabis Tanafardoba?
rekomendaciebi:
Tavi aarideT erTi tipis kiTxvebis dasmas – SeecadeT zepiri
gamokiTxviT SeamowmoT rogorc faqtobrivi codna, aseve
azrovnebis unari;
konkretuli codnis Sesamowmeblad dasviT konkretuli
kiTxvebi;
Zalian dakonkretebuli kiTxvebis garda dasviT iseTi kiTxve-
bic, romlebic studentis mier sagnis zogad codnasa da gaaz-
rebas giCvenebT;
nu SeamowmebT mxolod faqtebis codnas, SeecadeT mosTxo-
voT students faqtebisa da movlenebis axsna. faqtebis dam-
axsovreba jer kidev ar niSnavs maT gaazrebas. dasviT kiTxve-
bi, romlebic students aiZuleben, iazrovnos;
saswavlo kursis dasawyisSi ufro martivi kiTxvebiT unda dai-
wyoT gamokiTxva, xolo semestris ganmavlobaSi kiTxvebi ukve
SeiZleba daitvirTos” Sesabamisi terminologiiT da dargis
specifikuri `JargoniT~.
127
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ba
8.2.3. prezentacia
ra aris es?
prezentacia ewodeba Sesrulebuli praqtikuli an Teoriuli pro-
eqtis Sedegebis wardgenis process.
prezentacia xSirad sajaro gamosvlis formatiT tardeba da mas
SesaZloa uSualod Semfaseblebis garda farTo auditoriac daes-
wros.
rodis viyenebT?
ramdenadac prezentacia Sesrulebuli proeqtis wardgenas gulisx-
mobs, misi gamoyeneba studentis codnisa da unarebis SefasebisaTvis
SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac students sakmarisi gamocdileba
eqneba dagrovili proeqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis. Sesabamisad praqti-
kuli proeqtis prezentacia sasurvelia semestris an saganmanaTleb-
lo programis bolos, maSin rodesac Teoriuli proeqtis prezentacia
Teoriuli/Sesavali kursebis dasrulebis Semdegac Sefasebis adekva-
tur formas warmoadgens. TavisTavad Teoriuli proeqtis prezentacia
SinaarsiTa da daniSnulebiT praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba studentis
mier seminarisaTvis momzadebuli masalisgan, Tu ar CavTvliT am ma-
salis moculobas. praqtikuli proeqtis SemTxvevaSi ki studenti (an
studentTa jgufi) gansazRvravs da gegmavs Sesasrulebel samuSaos,
Tavad axorcielebs mas – anu asrulebs praqtikul qmedebebs, qmnis
garkveul produqts, aanalizebs da ganazogadebs monacemebs da mx-
olod amis Semdeg waradgens miRebul Sedegebs prezentaciis saxiT.
mTavari sakiTxi, romelic gaTvalisiwnebuli unda iyos prezentaci-
is gamoyenebisas: ras vafasebT – Sesrulebul proeqts Tu prezenta-
ciis teqnikas? cxadia, fasdeba orive aspeqti, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi
(Sesrulebuli proeqti; detalebi ix. `Tavi 8.2.7: jgufuri da indi-
vidualuri proeqti~), aseve uSualod prezentaciis unarebi. saswavlo
kursis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebelma unda gansazRvros
prioritetebi da Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
rodesac maswavlebeli prezentacias Tavisi sagnis Sefasebis formad
gansazRvravs, man, garda amisa, sxva sakiTxebic unda gaiTvaliswinos:
prezentaciis Sinaarsi unda asaxavdes saswavlo kursis Sinaarss
da Seesabamebodes swavlis Sedegebs; Sesabamisad azri ar aqvs
prezentaciis gamoyenebas maSin, Tu saswavlo kursis SinaarsiT
128
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli prezentaciis unarebis gamomuSaveba,
an kursis masala ar Seesabameba prezentacias.
prezentaciis pedagogiuri efeqti izrdeba maSin, Tu audito-
riac dainteresebulia prezentaciis SinaarsiT da mzadaa, yur-
adRebiT moisminos da miiRos axali informacia.
Tanamedrove prezentacia, rogorc wesi, mzaddeba eleqtronul
formatSi (power point) da saWiroebs damxmare teqnikur saSu-
alebebs: kompiuters, proeqtors, ekrans da a.S. Sesabamisad,
Tu studentebs ar aqvT sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoy-
enebis gamocdileba, an saswavlebels ar gaaCnia saTanado aR-
Wurviloba, prezentaciis Catareba azrs moklebulia. rig Sem-
TxvevebSi dasaSvebia kompiuteruli teqnikis magier sxva saxis
sademonstracio masalebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa tabulebi
da naxazebi.
rogor movamzadoT prezentacia
prezentaciis organizeba
prezentacia sami nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1. Sesavali – es nawili prezentaciaze gankuTvnili saerTo
drois daaxloebiT 20%-s Seadgens;
2. ZiriTadi nawili - es nawili prezentaciaze gankuTvnili saer-
To drois daaxloebiT 70%-s Seadgens;
3. daskvna - es nawili prezentaciaze gankuTvnili saerTo drois
daaxloebiT 10%-s Seadgens;
Sesavali prezentaciis aucilebeli nawilia. am nawilis mizania
auditoriis interesisa da yuradRebis miqceva, pirveladi kon-
taqtis damyareba. momxsenebelma Sesavali nawiliT unda daainte-
resos msmeneli da ganawyos mosmenisaTvis.
Sesaval nawilSi unda Sediodes Semdegi sakiTxebi:
vin aris momxsenebeli;
prezentaciis tipi – sainformacio, instruqciuli, problemis
gadaWraze mimarTuli da a.S.;
ZiriTadi saprezentacio Temebis CamonaTvali;
prezentaciis gegma;
ZiriTadi nawili prezentaciis yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo nawi-
lia. sasurvelia, rom prezentaciis Temebis raodenoba Zalian bevri
129
Se
fa
se
ba
ar iyos; rekomendirebulia maqsimum sami Temis gamoyeneba. gamoiy-
eneT sailustracio magaliTebi im debulebebis dasamtkiceblad,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT rTulad aRsaqmelia auditoriisaTvis.
grafikuli ilustraciebi, saubris toni, qcevis manera – yovelive
es mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens auditoriaze.
daskvniT nawilSi xdeba prezentaciis Sejameba, Tu ras emsaxure-
boda prezentacia; SesaZlebelia am nawilSi Sediodes rekomenda-
ciebi Tu es prezentaciis mizania;
gamoiyeneT Semdegi principi, samjer gaimeoreT saTqmeli, anu au-
ditorias uTxariT, ris Tqmas apirebT; uTxariT saTqmeli; SeajameT
rac ukve uTxariT.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
prezentacia uviTarebs studentebs iseT zogad unarebs, ro-
goricaa komunikacia, sakuTari azris/poziciis wardgena, argu-
mentireba da dacva, diskusiis warmarTva da a.S.;
prezentaciis Sefaseba damatebiT dros ar saWiroebs da prezen-
taciis dasrulebisTanavea SesaZlebeli;
prezentaciis dros damatebiTi kiTxvebis dasmis saSualeba aqvs
ara marto maswavlebels da formalur Semfasebels, aramed Ta-
vad auditorias.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
prezentacia saWiroebs specialur teqnikur aRWurvilobas, Se-
sabamisad Sefasebis SedarebiT Zviri meTodia;
maswavlebelma/instruqtorma studentebs winaswar unda Seas-
wavlos prezentaciis teqnika da misces praqtikis saSualeba
– es meTodi seriozul momzadebas saWiroebs da Sesabamisad
damatebiT dros iTxovs.
magaliTebi
prezentacia SesaZlebelia momzaddes Semdegi saxis sakiTxebze:
Tanamedrove morwyvis sistemis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare-
ebi sademonstracio nakveTis magaliTze;
tixruli minanqris istoria da tradiciebi saqarTveloSi;
TeTri Rvinomasalebis warmoebis evropuli teqnologiis upi-
ratesoba da nakli tradiciul teqnologiasTan SedarebiT da
a.S.
130
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
rekomendaciebi:
sakmarisi dro dauTmeT prezentaciis teqnikis swavlebas, vidre
mas Sefasebis formad gamoiyenebT;
mieciT studentebs seminarze prezentaciis praqtikis saSualeba;
winaswar SeqmeniT prezentaciis Sefasebis skala da gaacaniT is
studentebs: prezentaciis romeli aspeqti (mag.: gamoyenebuli
wya roebi, wardgenili masalis sisrule, diskusiis unari, saubris
manera, prezentaciis vizualuri mxare da a.S.) ramdeni quliT iqne-
ba Sefasebuli – es dazogavs Tqven dros da, amasTanave, uzrunve-
lyofs Sefasebis obieqturobas.
8.2.4. dakvirveba da demonstrireba
ra aris es?
demonstrireba gulisxmobs auditoriis winaSe praqtikuli samuS-
aos Sesrulebas Sefasebis mizniT1. demonstrirebis dros warmoCenili
codnisa da unarebis Sefaseba gulisxmobs Semfaseblis mxridan dak-
virvebas.
dakvirveba gamoiyeneba rogorc mimdinare, ise Semajamebeli Se-
fasebis forma. dakvirvebas, garda Sefasebis daniSnulebisa, didi peda-
gogiuri mniSvnelobac aqvs: yoveldRiur saswavlo reJimSi gamocdili
maswavlebeli da instruqtori mudmivad akvirdeba students ise, rom
arc erTi mxare am process Sefasebad ar aRiqvams. dakvirvebis meSveo-
biT maswavlebeli adgens studentis Tvisebebs, mis damokidebulebas
swavlisadmi, specialur saWiroebebs, rac mas SemdgomSi individual-
uri midgomis gansazRvraSi exmareba.
dakvirvebamde aucilebelia students SevuqmnaT samuSao garemo.
davalebis micemis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT Tu ra masala da iaraR
-samarjveebi mogvepoveba saxelosnoSi. aseve aucilebelia winaswar
kvalificirebuli instruqtaJis miwodeba da saqmianobisaTvis sakma-
risi drois gamoyofa.
1. demonstrireba aseve swavlebis meTods warmoadgens, ix. `demonstrirebiT swav-
leba~.
131
Se
fa
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ba
arsebobs ori saxis dakvirveba; formaluri da araformaluri;
formalur dakvirvebas winaswar SemuSavebuli kriteriumebi sWird-
eba; maswavlebeli students akvirdeba kriteriumebis mixedviT da
afasebs TiToeuli kriteriumis Sesrulebis xarisxs.
araformalur dakvirvebas amgvari gegma ar sWirdeba; maswavlebeli
aseT dakvirvebas yovelTvis awarmoebs klasSi; mag.: araformaluri da-
kvirvebiT maswavlebeli igebs, rom erT students uadvildeba minan-
qris tixrebis damzadeba da muSaobs sufTad, maSin rodesac meore
studenti kargad arCevs ferebs, mesame studenti nakleb yuradRebas
aqcevs usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvas da a.S..
winamdebare TavSi dakvirvebas ganvixilavT rogorc formalur Se-
fasebas.
rodis viyenebT?
saxelobo ganaTlebaSi studentis mier praqtikulad Sesrulebul
samuSaoze dakvirveba studentis profesiuli kompetenciis Sefasebis
yvelaze ufro adekvaturi meTodia: instruqtori uyurebs, ramdenad
swored asrulebs studenti samuSaos. Tavis mxriv studenti, asru-
lebs ra samuSaos, axdens programis farglebSi SeZenili codnisa da
unarebis demonstrirebas.
dakvirveba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba praqtikuli unarebis Sefasebi-
saTvis, Tumca cxadia, rom studenti praqtikul unarebs ver SeiZens
garkveuli Teoriuli safuZvlis gareSe, anu dakvirveba Teoriuli
sabazo codnis Sefasebis iribi, arapirdapiri formac aris.
mag.: sanam studenti Seasrulebs kompleqsur samuSaos kedlis file-
biT mopirkeTebaSi, man winaswar unda gansazRvros kedlis simaRle,
filebis xarisxi, rogori garemosTvis aris gankuTvnili es filebi,
SearCios damxmare masala. dakvirveba unda moxdes rogorc TiToeul
am elementze, ise mTeli muSaobis procesze.
praqtikuli unarebis demonstrireba students SeuZlia mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac is am codnas SeiZens Sesabamisi saswavlo procesis far-
glebSi. rogorc wesi, demonstrirebisaTvis saWiro unarebis gamo-
muSaveba praqtikuli mecadineobis dros xdeba.
arian studentebi, romlebsac uWirT Teoriuli codnis gadatana
praqtikaSi. mag.: studentma SeiZleba uproblemod daxazos parale-
luri SeerTebis eleqtruli wredi, magram gauWirdes samontaJo da-
faze gamzadebuli detalebis pirobebSi sqemis awyoba. amitom praq-
tikuli muSaobis dros studenti mudmivad saWiroebs dakvirvebas;
132
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
dakvirvebiT gamovlenili Secdomebis analizi aucilebelia moxdes
instruqtaJTan SesabamisobaSi.
praqtikuli saqmianobis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis struq-
turis Tanamimdevrobas. mTavaria studenti am Tanamimdevrobas mi-
hyvebodes. studentTa muSaobaSi Tanamimdevrobis darRveva xSirad
seriozul sirTuleebs iwvevs. Tu gavaanalizebT Secdomebs saswavlo
praqtikis mimdinareobisas, rac instruqciiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tana-
mimdevrobis darRveviT aris gamowveuli, zogierT studentTan Sesa-
Zlebelia weriTi instruqciis micema dagvWirdes.
gansakuTrebiT Znelad midis praqtikuli saqmianoba saswavlo praq-
tikis pirvel periodSi, radganac studentebs xSirad aviwydebaT an
saerTod ar asruleben damxmare operaciebs. mag.: ar iTvaliswineben
Carxebze brunTa ricxvis gansazRvras, uzustod asruleben moniSvnis
operaciebs, zustad ar sazRvraven Wris siRrmes, ver akontroleben
zomebs da a.S. maTi yuradReba gadatanilia mTlianad im qmedebebis
ganxorcielebaze, romlebic aucilebelia Sedegis misaRwevad. am Sem-
TxvevaSi instruqtors ar unda gamorCes msgavsi uzustobebi da unda
daarwmunos studenti, rom sawarmoo procesi mxolod ZiriTadi op-
eraciebisagan ar Sedgeba. dakvirvebidan gamomdinare, zogierT SemTx-
vevaSi SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT trenaJori. mag.: avtomobilis Zravis
Seswavlis dros.
im sferoebSi, sadac mxolod dakvirveba araa sakmarisi Sefasebi-
saTvis, SeiZleba misi kombinireba Sefasebis sxva meTodebTan, mag.
zepir gamokiTxvasTan, raTa maswavlebeli darwmundes, rom students
kargad esmis mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos arsi, usafrTxoebis
wesebi da a.S.
iseve, rogorc Sefasebis nebismieri sxva formis dros, dakvirvebi-
saTvisac aucilebelia Sefasebis mkafio kriteriumebis arseboba, vi-
naidan studentebma SesaZlebelia mTavar sakiTxad an elementad CaT-
valon sul sxva ram da ZiriTadi ki gamotovon. sandooba miiRweva
ma Sin, Tu yvelasaTvis gasagebia, ras akvirdebian, ra fasdeba da ro-
gor, ra da rogor unda Seasrulos studentma, rom gamomcdeli mis
kompetenturobaSi darwmundes.
rekomendebulia dakvirvebis oqmis SemuSaveba da Sevseba Sefasebis
procesSi. sasurvelia studentis demonstraciis dafiqsireba videoze,
Tumca es dResdReisobiT naklebad realurad migvaCnia. magram sa-
sargebloa demonstrirebis Semdeg studentTan erTad Canaweris naxva
da masTan erTad daSvebuli Secdomebis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi)
garCeva.
133
Se
fa
se
ba
risi demonstrireba SeuZlia students da ras SeiZleba davakvir-
deT?
rogor muSaobs studenti, ramdenad swrafad da swored, Tanamim-
devrulad, usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT asrulebs is konkretul sa-
muSaos, ramdenad swored arCevs konkretuli samuSaosaTvis saWiro
masalas, ekonomiurad xarjavs Tu ara mas, da a.S.
SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT martivi Sefasebis sqema, sadac krite-
riumis Sesruleba/ ar Sesruleba iqneba aRniSnuli, an ufro rTuli,
rac Sesrulebis xarisxis Sefasebas gulisxmobs. mag.: pirvel SemTx-
vevaSi studenti agebs an ver agebs filebs kedelze; meore SemTxveva-
Si ki vafasebT ramdenad kargad an cudad agebs studenti filebs.
kriteriumi studenti
Astudenti
Bstudenti
CmuSaobs swrafad V V
muSaobs sworad V V
icavs samuSaos Tanamimdevrobas V V
samuSao masalas arCevs sworad V V V
masalas xarjavs ekonomiurad V
icavs usafrTxoebis wesebs V
qulaTa maqsimaluri raodenobaa 6
an xarisxis Sefaseba, sadac 1 niSnavs yvelaze dabal, uaryofiT Se-
fasebas, xolo 5 yvelaze maRals.
kriteriumi studenti
Dstudenti
Estudenti
F
muSaobis tempi 5 3 4
muSaobs siswore 5 2 4
samuSaos Tanamimdevrobis dacva 5 2 4
samuSao masalis arCeva 4 3 4
masalis ekonomiurad xarjva 4 3 4
usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva 5 3 4
sul 28 16 24
qulaTa minimaluri raodenobaa 6, maqsimaluri 30
134
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
jgufuri mecadineobis dros rTulia TiToeul studentze dakvir-
vebis ganxorcieleba, magram mTavaria ar dakargoT maTze vizualuri
kontaqti.
jgufuri dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceva muSaobis temps,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT calkeuli Seferxebebi da
davexmaroT maT aRmofxvraSi. sasurvelia mecadineobis damTavrebis
Semdeg studentebs gavacnoT dakvirvebis Sedegebi, romlebsac ufro
ganzogadebiTi xasiaTi eqneba. analizi keTdeba mTlianobaSi jgufis
muSaobidan gamomdinare da, aseve, daSvebul Secdomebzedac.
jgufuri muSaobis dros dakvirvebas ufro xSirad mimarTvaven yvela
studentisaTvis erTsadaimave Temaze. es iqneba sxvadasxva sazeinklo
operaciebi (qlibva, burRva, miCrCilva da a.S.), daSla-awyobiTi samuS-
aoebi, saamSeneblo Tu sxva Temebi. aranakleb sainteresoa dakvirveba
jgufur muSaobaze, rodesac ramodenime studenti CarTulia jgufur
muSaobaSi da garkveul davalebas asrulebs. mag.: saamSeneblo TaRis
Sesruleba. am davalebis calkeuli elementebi studentebs gavlili
aqvT wina mecadineobebze da maswavlebeli/instruqtori awarmoebs
Semajamebel dakvirvebas Seswavlili masalis erTobliobisa, sadac da-
kvirveba mimdinareobs saamSeneblo masalebis SerCevaze, yalibis dadg-
maze da TaRis zust gaangariSebebze.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
yvelaze efeqturad afasebs studentis praqtikul unarebs;
mimdinare Sefasebis yvelaze martivi formaa, ar moiTxovs dam-
atebiT dros;
efeqturia saswavlo kursis swavlebis meTodikis daxvewisaT-
vis;
dakvirvebisas mowmdeba studentis ara marto praqtikuli un-
arebi, aramed mis mier manamde aTvisebuli Teoriuli codnac
– Teoriis codnisa da gaazrebis gareSe studenti praqtikul
samuSaos sworad ver Seasrulebs.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
sakmaod Zviri meTodia, radgan did dros saWiroebs da resurss
demonstrirebisaTvis:
sakmaod rTulia jgufSi yvela studentze erTdrouli dak-
virveba – maswavlebelis mxridan Sefasebis es meTodi garkveul
praqtikas/ gamocdilebas saWiroebs.
135
Se
fa
se
ba
magaliTebi
mag.: N1mag.: N1
studentebi amzadeben keramikul larnaks; damzadebis dros stu-
dentze dakvirveba warmoebs Semdegi mimarTulebiT:
ra niSniT SearCevs studenti Tixas;
rogor masas moamzadebs;
rogoria misi xelis mtevnisa da TiTebis moZraoba da mdeba-
reoba;
gamowvis temperaturis SerCeva da xangrZlivoba;
namzadis saboloo saxismicema da moxatva;
yuradRebiT dakvirvebis safuZvelze instruqtors eqmneba warmod-
gena studentis momzadebis Sesaxeb.
mag.: N2mag.: N2
sadurglo specialobis jgufSi instruqtori akvirdeba rogor aiT-
visa jgufma `kuTxuri SeerTeba erTmagi kodiT~.
am samuSaos Sesrulebis dros studentma unda gamoiyenos moniSvnis
xerxebi, kodebisa da budeebis Caxerxva, amotexva.
instruqtoris dakvirvebis mizania: ramdenad sworia moniSvnis xe-
rxebi, xerxvisa da amotexvis ileTebi, xerxebis sworad Sesruleba.
Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi Semowmdeba kuTxedis gamoyenebiT.
dakvirvebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos Semdegi Secdomebi: moniS-
vna SecdomiTaa Sesrulebuli, budeebi arasworadaa Caxerxili an amo-
texili da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeerTeba sizustes moklebuli da
uxarisxo iqneba.
rekomendaciebi:
CainiSneT dakvirvebis dros yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, nu
endobiT Tqvens mexsierebas!
winaswar SeimuSaveT dakvirvebis oqmi – es gagiadvilebT muS-
aobas da dazogavs Tqvens dros! yovel studentze SegiZli-
aT individualuri oqmi awarmooT, sadac winaswar geqnebaT
gansazRvruli dakvirvebis dros Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeble-
bi, rogoricaa mag.: masalis gamoyeneba, drois menejmenti,
usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva da a.S.
gaacaniT studentebs winaswar Sefasebis kriteriumebi da aux-
136
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
seniT dakvirvebis arsi;
studentTa muSaobis dros yovelTvis iyaviT maTi mxedvelo-
bis areSi;
saqmianobis Seferxebis dros mieciT students swori mimarTu-
leba.
8.2.5. saSinao davaleba komentarebi
ra aris es?
saSinao davaleba warmoadgens saswavleblis farglebs gareT mas-
wavleblis miTiTebiT studentis mier damoukideblad Sesrulebul
samuSaos. saSinao davaleba, rogorc wesi, ufro xSirad Teoriul xa-
siaTs atarebs, gulisxmobs ra garkveuli masalis zepir an weriT
momzadebas, da SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneba praqtikuli samuSaoe-
bis Sesasruleblad (ix. qvemoT). saSinao davalebis Semowmeba mimdin-
are Sefasebis klasikuri formaa.
saSinao davaleba zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi Sefasebis tradici-
uli da albaT yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli meTodia, magram
mas aseve iyeneben saxelobo ganaTlebaSi, da ara marto Teoriuli sa-
gnebis SefasebisaTvis.
SeiZleba gamovyoT saSinao davalebis sami ZiriTadi tipi:
praqtika – saswavlebelSi naswavli masalis gameoreba da gan-
mtkiceba;
momzadeba – saswavlebelSi Sesasrulebeli samuSaosaTvis (ro-
gorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli) masalebis Segroveba;
proeqt(eb)i2 – didi moculobis praqtikuli samuSao, romelic
xels uwyobs studentis profesiul daostatebas.
rodis viyenebT?
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saSinao davaleba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT nebi-
smieri Teoriuli sagnis SefasebisaTvis. praqtikuli sagnebis SemTx-
vevaSi saSinao davalebis gamoyeneba aseve dasaSvebia, magram cxadia,
2 proeqtebi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli am wignis 9.2.7 TavSi.
137
Se
fa
se
ba
rom aucilebeli winapiroba, rom iyos saswavleblis gareT (maT Soris
studentis saxlSi) am praqtikuli samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebis arseboba. garkveuli tipis praqtikuli samuSaos SemTxveva-
Si es warmoudgenelia – studentebs saxlSi ver eqnebaT saTanado
Carxebi, dazgebi da sxva specifikuri aRWurviloba, maSin rodesac rig
SemTxvevebSi – mag.: qsova, kerva da a.S. praqtikuli saSinao davalebis
Sesruleba saxlis pirobebSic SesaZlebelia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
Teoriuli sagnebis SemTxvevaSic saSinao davalebas ver gamoviyenebT,
Tu studentebs ar aqvT saxelmZRvaneloebi da saswavlo masala, an
xeli ar miuwvdebaT saTanado informaciaze.
ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT
saSinao davalebis Sinaarsi da forma mkafiod unda iyos gansaz-
Rvruli maswavleblis mier. arsebobs bevri gansxvavebuli mosazreba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori da ra moculobis saSinao davaleba unda Sea-
srulos studentma swavlis procesSi.
ra saxis samuSao unda Seasrulos studentma damoukideblad? wai-
kiTxos sxvadasxva saxis literatura da Semdeg zepiri gamokiTxvis
formatSi `Caabaros~ maswavlebels gakveTili? Seasrulos weriTi sa-
muSao Txzulebis an testis saxiT? yvela individualur SemTxveva-
Si maswavlebelma unda gansazRvros saSinao davalebis saxe, sagnis
specifikidan gamomdinare. saSinao davaleba unda emsaxurebodes stu-
dentSi konkretuli tipis codnisa da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, mag.:
sxvadasxva wyaroSi saWiro informaciis moZieba da referireba, ter-
minologiis daswavla da a.S. erTi sagnis farglebSi SesaZloa semes-
tris ganmavlobaSi maswavlebelma sxvadasxva tipis saSinao davaleba
gamoiyenos.
aseve mkafiod unda iyos Camoyalibebuli saSinao davalebis Sefa-
sebis kriteriumebi. ras vafasebT, mag.: weriTi davalebis SemTxvevaSi?
naSromis moculobas, informaciis gamoyenebuli wyaroebis mraval-
ferovnebas Tu pasuxebis sisrules? studentebma winaswar unda icod-
nen Sefasebis kriteriumebi, rac maT daexmarebaT saSinao davalebis
adekvaturad momzadebaSi.
saSiano davaleba dakargavs Tavis pedagogiur mniSvnelobas, Tu
maswavleblma is ar ganixila studentTan erTad. student(eb)is mier
momzadebuli davalebis Semowmeba SeiZleba moxdes maTTan erTad an
marto, magram nebismier SemTxvevebSi studentebma unda icodnen, ra-
tom miiRes esa Tu is Sefaseba mocemuli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis
– anu maswavlebelma maT unda detaluri komentarebi miawodos, sad da
138
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
ra tipis Secdoma iyo daSvebuli, rogoria swori pasuxi, risi gakeTeba
SeiZleboda ukeT da a.S. SesaZloa es gakeTdes sxvadasxva studentis
namuSevrebis Sedarebis meSveobiTac. maswavleblis mier komentarebi
SeiZleba Sesruldes werilobiT an zepirad. kvlevebiT dasturdeba,
rom maswavleblis mxridan detaluri komentarebis miwodeba studen-
tebis akademiur miRwevebs mniSvnelovnad zrdis im SemTxvevebTan Se-
darebiT, rodesac maswavlebeli mxolod amowmebs, magram ar `arCevs~
saSinao davalebas.
saSinao davalebis moculoba gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sagan-
manaTleblo programis dagegmvis dros, kerZod semestris ganmavloba-
Si. saswavlo kursebis raodenoba damokidebuli unda iyos imaze, Tu
ramden dros daxarjavs studenti saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze. anu
maswavleblebs unda esmodeT, rom saSinao davalebis Sesruleba iseve
warmoadgens studentis saswavlo datvirTvas, rogorc misi daswreba
formalur mecadineobebze.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
xels uwyobs studentebis damoukidebel muSaobas;
xels uwyobs studentebSi iseTi zogadi unarebis gamomuSave-
bas, rogoricaa TviTdisciplina, samuSaos dagegmva, drois ga-
nawileba, informaciis moZieba, analizi da sinTezi da a.S.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
maswavlebeli uSualod ver akontrolebs saSinao davalebis
Sesrulebas – anu fasdeba produqti da ara samuSao procesi;
saSiano davalebis Sesrulebisas arsebobs garkveuli riski, rom
studenti arakeTilsindisierad moiqceva – anu samuSaos sxvas
gaakeTebinebs an gadawers (plagiatoba);
saSinao davalebis Semowmeba did dros moiTxovs – maswavlebe-
li yuradRebiT unda gaecnos jgufSi yoveli studentis dava-
lebas da saTanado (weriTi an zepiri) komentarebi daurTos.
magaliTebi
kompoziciis Seqmna minanqris nakeTobis dasamzadeblad;
samSeneblo naxazebze pirobiTi grafikuli aRniSvnebis swavla;
139
Se
fa
se
ba
rekomendaciebi:
davaleba unda Seesabamebos studentis mier naswavl masalas;
miawodeT studentebs saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis mkafio
instruqcia;
winaswar gaacaniT studentebs davalebis Sefasebis krite -
riu mebi;
gauwieT konsultacia studentebs saWiroebis mixedviT dava-
lebis Sesrulebamde da aseve Sesrulebis procesSi;
SeaCvieT studentebi pasuxismgeblobiT moekidon saSinao
davalebas – mudmivad SeamowmeT is da miawodeT studentebs
saTanado komentarebi;
gansakuTrebiT weriTi davalebis dros yuradReba unda mi-
eqces plagiatobas – Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli studen-
tis mier wignidan an internetidan masalis gadmowera;
nurasdros gamoiyenebT saSinao davalebas, rogorc dasjis
saSualebas.
8.2.6. portfolio
ra aris es?
klasikuri ganmartebiT portfolio warmoadgens Semsruleblis na-
muSevarTa erTobliobas.
saganmanaTleblo praqtikaSi portfolio aris studentis namu-
Sevrebis (nimuSebi, proeqtebi da a.S.) Tematuri nakrebi, romelic asax-
avs mis profesiul ganviTarebas drois garkveuli periodis ganmav-
lobaSi.
portfolioSi warmodgenili studentis namuSevrebi saganmanaTle-
blo programasa da Sesabamisi profesiis specifikas asaxavs. portfo-
lioSi SeiZleba moTavsdes rogorc uSualod namuSevari, aseve misi
foto- an video-gamosaxuleba eleqtronul formatSi. mag. : port-
folioSi SeiZleba Sediodes studentis mier moqsovili gobeleni,
Sekerili tansacmeli, xis an metalis nakeTobebi, aseve studentis
mier SemuSavebuli veb-gverdebi an sxva saxis eleqtronuli produq-
cia, dekorirebuli kerZebis nimuSebi da a.S. portfolio SeiZleba
140
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
moicavdes informacias yvela im proeqtis Sesaxeb, romelSic stu-
dents monawiloeba miuRia damoukideblad an jgufis SemadgenlobaSi,
maT Soris sawarmoo praqtikis dros da a.S.
rodis viyenebT?
ramdenadac portfolio ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis erT-erTi for-
maa, misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, rodesac studenti ukve
garkveulad daxelovndeba praqtikuli samuSaoebis SesrulebaSi da da-
moukideblad asrulebs saganmanaTleblo programiT gaTvaliswinebul
davalebebs. portfolios meSveobiT fasdeba studentis codna da un-
arebi, SeZenili ara erTi romelime konkretuli saswavlo kursis,
aramed mTeli saganmanaTleblo programis farglebSi. Sesabamisad
portfolios gamoiyeneba programis dasrulebisas ufro efeqturia.
Tu saganmanaTleblo programis struqtura profesiuli unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebas etapobrivad iTvaliswinebs, maSin SesaZlebelia port-
folios gamoyeneba yoveli etapis dasrulebisas – am SemTxvevaSi na-
muSevrebis Sedareba saSualebas mogvcems SevafasoT studentis dax-
elovnebis/daostatebis progresi programis ganmavlobaSi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom portfolioSi moTavsebuli namuSevrebis
Sefasebis kriteriumebi Zalian mkafiod unda ganisazRvros subieq-
turobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi portfolio
ar warmoadgens Sefasebis erTaderT saboloo formas – rogorc wesi,
portfolio gamoiyeneba Sefasebis sxva formebTan erTad.
rogor movamzadoT portfolio
portfolio, rogorc Sefasebis meTodi, saqarTvelos profesiu-
li ganaTlebisaTvis SedarebiT axali realobaa. viTvaliswinebT ra am
sferoSi gamocdilebis naklebobas, gTavazobT portfolios momza-
debis ZiriTadi etapebisa da Taviseburebebis mokle mimoxilvas.
portfolios momzadebis etapebi:
I etapi – dagegmva
maswavlebelma sakuTari sagnis/saswavlo kursis silabusis Sedgeni-
sas kargad unda gaiazros, ramdenad adekvaturi iqneba portfolios
gamoyeneba sagnis farglebSi naswavli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Se-
fasebisaTvis. Tu portfolios viyenebT ara erTi konkretuli kur-
sis, aramed mTeli saganmanaTleblo programis Sedegebis SefasebisaT-
vis, maSin programis koordinatorma yvela monawile maswavlebelTan
141
Se
fa
se
ba
erTad unda SeaTanxmos portfolios gamoyenebis sakiTxi. ZiriTadi
kiTxva, romelsac unda mivaqcioT am dros yuradReba, aris: saswavlo
kursis/programis farglebSi miRebuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis rom-
eli aspeqtis SefasebisaTvis gvaklia adekvaturi meTodebi? ramde-
nadaa SesaZlebeli portfolios meSveobiT am naklis Sevseba?
Tu gadawyda, rom mocemuli kursis/saganmanaTleblo programis swav-
lis Sedegebis SefasebisaTvis portfolio adekvaturi formaa, maSin
maswavlebelma unda izrunos imaze, rom studentebs aswavlos port-
folios Sedgena.
maswavlebelma unda auxsnas studentebs mkafiod da detalurad,
ras niSnavs portfolio, romeli da ra raodenobiT namuSevrebi unda
iqnes SerCeuli, ra da rogori kriteriumebiT Sefasdeba da a.S.
sakvanZo kiTxvebia:
rogor unda SearCios studentma namuSevrebi;
rogor (rogori TanamimdevrobiT, ra struqturiT) unda war-
moadginos isini studentma
II etapi – portfolios Seqmna
es etapi gulisxmobs Sesrulebuli Tematuri namuSevrebis Tavmoy-
ras, romlebic adekvaturad asaxaven studentis mier SeZenil codnasa
da gamomuSavebul profesiul unarebs, maT mier dasaxuli swavlis
Sedegebis miRwevis dones. portfoliosaTvis namuSevrebis Segrovebi-
sas unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi aspeqtebi:
risTvis iqmneba portfolio? ras unda asaxavdes portfolio:
studentis saboloo profesiul kompetencias? maSin portfo-
lioSi mxolod saukeTeso namuSevrebi unda Sevides. Tu port-
folio studentis profesiul zrdas unda asaxavdes, maSin is
na muSevrebi unda SeirCes, romlebic qronologiurad gviCvenebs
studentis mier gamocdilebis SeZenas, daostatebis xarisxis
matebas.
studenti marto adgens portfolios, Tu maswavleblis ze da-
mxedvelobiT? ramdenad didia maswavleblis monawileobis xa-
risxi da rogor aisaxeba es portfolios Sefasebaze? am Sem-
TxvevaSi sxvadasxva midgomebi arsebobs – Tu portfolios
vi yenebT saganmanaTleblo programis dasasruls da is erT-
gvarad `sadiplomo naSromis~ rols asrulebs, maSin sasurve-
lia studentma maqsimalurad damoukideblad imuSavos. xolo
Tu portfolios viyenebT programis mimdinareobisas, maSin
142
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
dasaSvebia maswavleblis ufro aqtiuri Careva portfolios
Sedgenis procesSi.
vin aris auditoria, vinc unda Seafasos portfolioSi warmod-
genili namuSevrebi? SefasebaSi monawileobas mxolod maswav-
leblebi iReben, Tu gareSe mowveuli eqspertebi (mag. potenci-
uri damsaqmeblebi) an farTo auditoria (mag. xalxuri rewvis
programebis SemTxvevaSi)?
III etapi – portfolios Sefaseba
portfolioSi yvela namuSevari unda eqvemdebarebodes winaswar
gan sazRvruli da SeTanxmebuli kriteriumebiT Sefasebas. Sefasebis
kriteriumebi cnobili unda iyos studentebisaTvis, rac maT portfo-
lios Sedgenas gauadvilebs.
sasurvelia, winaswar SemuSavdes Sefasebis skala, sadac konkretu-
lad iqneba gawerili, Sesrulebuli samuSaos romeli komponenti
ram deni quliT fasdeba. isic unda ganisazRvros, Sefaseba mxolod
na muSevrebis daTvalierebiT Semoifargleba, Tu saWiro iqneba stu-
dentis mxridan damatebiTi axsna-ganmartebebi, rom Semfasebelma sru-
li suraTi Seqmnas mocemul produqtze. rogorc wesi, portfolios
Sefasebisas students uwevs Tavisi namuSevrebis Sesaxeb informaciis
miwodeba zepiri gamokiTxvis formatSi. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi aisaxeba
Sefasebis saboloo qulaze.
Sefasebis erT-erTi forma SesaZloa iyos namuSevrebis gamofena –
am meTods xSirad mimarTaven iseTi programebis farglebSi, rogori-
caa dizaini, xalxuri rewva da a.S. gamofenaSi monawileoba students
SesZens sazogadoebasTan, klientebTan urTierTobis gamocdilebas,
rac mas momavalSi profesiul saqmianobasa da karierul winsvla-
Si unda daexmaros. SefasebisaTvis dasaSvebia gamofenis kombinireba
prezentaciasTan – anu studentebs unda SeeZloT sakuTari naSromebi-
sa da maTi Seqmnis istoriis wardgena. gamofena SesaZloa Ria iyos
yvela dainteresebuli pirisTvis, magram formaluri Sefaseba Sida Tu
gare specialistebis mier unda ganxorcieldes SeTanxmebuli krite-
riumebis mixedviT.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
portfolioSi warmodgenili namuSevrebi uSualod asaxavs stu-
dentis profesiul kompetencias;
143
Se
fa
se
ba
portfolio Sefasebis holisturi meTodia – anu fasdeba mTe-
li swavlis Sedegi, studentis codna da unarebi;
portfolio gviCvenebs studentis winsvlas/progress swavlis
procesSi, Tu mas programis mTeli xangrZlivobis manZilze
viyenebT;
portfolios Sedgena ukve TavisTavad swavla da gamocdilebaa
– am dros studentma unda gaiazros naswavli masala, SearCios
Sesabamisi namuSevari – anu Seafasos sakuTari naSromi da
saukeTeso/adekvaturi aarCios; amiT portfolio xels uwy-
obs studentebSi TviT-refleqsiis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac
studenti Tavad arCevs Sesabamis namuSevars, anu aqvs adgili
TviTSefasebas;
portfolio exmareba students momaval dasaqmebaSi, samsax-
uris moZebnaSi – portfolioSi mocemuli masala SeiZleba gax-
des studentis/kursdamTavrebulis savizito baraTi, misi kom-
petenciis ilustracia, garkveulwilad misi reklamac, riTac
damkveTs/ potenciur damsaqmebels gauadvildeba Sefaseba;
portfolio kargi instrumentia saswavlo programis/proce-
sis SesaZlo naklovanebebis dasadgenad – Tu studentebis
na muSevrebSi msgavsi tipis xarvezebi iqneba aRmoCenili, es
naT lad miuTiTebs programis an swavlebis meTodikis arasru-
lyofilebaze;
portfolio amavdroulad maswavleblebis ganviTarebis saSu-
alebac aris. portfolioSi Semavali namuSevrebis specifika,
raodenoba, Tanamimdevroba; Sefasebis kriteriumebi unda dadg-
indes saganmanaTleblo programaSi CarTuli yvela pedagogis
mier, ramdenadac portfolio mTeli programis ganmavlobaSi
SeZenili kompetenciis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba – Sesabamisad
is xels uwyobs pedagogiuri personalis erTobliv, gundur
muSaobas.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
arsebobs garkveuli riski, rom portfolios meTodiT Sefaseba
araobieqturi iyos – Sefaseba niSnavs dadgenil standartTan
Sedarebas da gazomvadi kriteriumebis meSveobiT unda xor-
cieldebodes. portfolioSi moTavsebuli namuSevrebis Sefa-
sebisas fasdeba ara marto teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, aramed
studentis kreatiuloba (SemoqmedebiToba) da niWi, rac subi-
eqturobis saSiSroebas qmnis; mag.: studentis mier moqsovili
144
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
gobelenis Sefasebisas obieqturad SeiZleba Sefasdes qsovis
teqnika, qsovaze daxarjuli dro, is, Tu ramdenad ekonomi-
urad iqna gamoyenebuli masala, da a.S. maSin rodesac gobe-
len ze gamosaxuli siuJeti da ferTa SerCeva ukve rTulad
eqvemdebareba obieqtur Sefasebas. portfolio xarisxobrivi
Sefasebaa, amitom rTuli da xSirad sadavoa qulebis meSveobiT
studentis mier Sesrulebuli namuSevris Sefaseba. radganac
saganmanaTleblo praqtikaSi ufro xSirad raodenobriv mid-
gomas iyeneben, sasurvelia portfoliosTan erTad yovelTvis
Sefasebis sxva meTodebic gamoviyenoT.
portfolios momzadeba did dros moiTxovs da detalurad
gaweril mosamzadebel instruqcias saWiroebs – studentma
unda icodes, ra tipis namuSevari, ra raodenobiT unda moaT-
avsos portfolioSi da a.S.
portfolios Sefaseba aseve did dros moiTxovs;
xSirad problemuria portfolios sakuTrebis sakiTxi – vin
flobs portfolioSi warmodgenil namuSevrebs: studenti Tu
profesiuli swavlebis centri? am sakiTxTan dakavSirebulia
meore, wminda teqnikuri saxis problema – sad da ramden xans
unda Seinaxos saswavlebelma studentebis namuSevrebi, Tu isi-
ni mas ekuTvnis? es sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi, saswavleblis Sida
politikiT ganisazRvreba.
rekomendaciebi:
mkafiod gansazRvreT portfolios daniSnuleba;
aswavleT studentebs portfolios Sedgena - ra da ra raode-
nobiT unda iqnes moTavsebuli portfolioSi, rogor unda
SeirCes adekvaturi namuSevrebi, ra drois ganmavlobaSi unda
Seiqmnas portfolio da a.S.
gamoiyeneT portfolio Sefasebis sxva formebTan erTad;
SezRudeT portfolioSi moTavsebul namuSevarTa raodenoba;
portfolioSi mocemuli yvela namuSevari unda eqvemdebare-
bo-des winaswar gansazRvruli da SeTanxmebuli kriteriume-
biT Sefasebas.
145
Se
fa
se
ba
8.2.7. jgufuri da individualuri proeqti
ra aris es?
proeqti gulisxmobs originaluri produqtis Sesaqmnelad an konk-
retuli Sedegis misaRwevad gaweul samuSaos, romelic Tavis mxriv
moicavs dagegmvas, xSirad kvlevas, uSualod Sesrulebasa da ward-
genas.
saganmanaTleblo praqtikaSi proeqti niSnavs student(eb)is mier
Sesrulebul samuSaos, romelic erTi mxriv uzrunvelyofs Teori-
ulad miRebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebas da Sesabamisi unarebis
ganviTarebas, xolo meore mxriv, gamoiyeneba rogorc kompetenciis
Sefasebis meTodi.
proeqtSi monawile pirTa raodenobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben indi-
vidualur (erTi Semsrulebeli) – da jgufur (ramdenime Semsrule-
beli) proeqtebs.
studenturi proeqtebis SemTxvevebSi garkveul pirobebSi pro-
eqtebis Sesruleba dasaSvebia xelmZRvanelis zedamxedvelobis qveS.
jgufuri proeqtis dros mniSvnelovania Sesasrulebeli samuSaos
ganawileba jgufis wevrebs Soris; individualuri proeqtis SemTxveva-
Si samuSaos mTeli speqtri sruldeba mxolod erTi studentis mier.
rodis viyenebT?
proeqti, rogorc wesi, Semajamebeli Sefasebis formas warmoadgens
da uCvenebs, Tu ramdenad daeufla studenti saswavlo kursiT an mTe-
li saganmanaTleblo programiT gaTvaliswinebul codnasa da unar-
Cvevebs. amitom proeqti gamoiyeneba kursis an programis dasrulebi-
sas, rogorc saboloo Sefaseba. radganac proeqtSi Sesasrulebeli
samuSaoebi sxvadasxva tipis codnasa da unarebs moiTxovs, rogorc
wesi, proeqtiT fasdeba ara calkeuli saswavlo kursi, aramed mTeli
saganmanaTleblo programa – anu praqtikuli proeqtis Sesrulebi-
saTvis studentma unda gamoiyenos programis farglebSi sxvadasxva
saswavlo kursebSi SeZenili codna da gamocdileba. cxadia, proeqtis
gamoyenebis aucilebeli winapirobaa student(eb)is uzrunvelyofa
saWiro masalebiTa da Sesabamisi samuSao adgiliT.
Tavisi daniSnulebiT da masStabiT proeqti, rogorc Sefasebis for-
ma, uaxlovdeba portfolios – orive SemTxvevaSi studentma unda
war moadginos dasrulebuli namuSevari. ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
portfolio swored sxvadasxva proeqtis nakrebs warmoadgens.
146
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
jgufuri proeqtis Taviseburebani
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gvmarTebs, rodesac Sefasebis for-
mad jgufur proeqts viyenebT, imitom rom misi warmatebuli ganx-
orcieleba, garda studentebis profesionalizmisa, maTgan garkveul
socialur simwifesac moiTxovs.
jgufur proeqts viyenebT, rodesac:
proeqtis moculoba imdenad didia, rom erTi studenti mas ver
gaswvdeba;
Tu saswavlebelSi praqtikuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiro
resursebi mwiria da yovel individualur students ver vuz-
runvelyofT saTanado masalebiT;
Tu gvinda, rom studentebma erTmaneTisganac iswavlon;
Tu mocemuli profesia isedac moiTxovs jgufur muSaobas
– maSin programis farglebSi aucilebelia jgufSi muSaobis
ara marto praqtikuli, aramed socialuri unarebis ganviTare-
bac da proeqti mniSvnelovania realuri profesiuli praqtikis
momzadebisaTvis.
jgufur proeqts iSviaTad an saerTod ar iyeneben, Tu studentebi
erTmaneTs jer kargad ar icnoben; rogorc ukve aRiniSna, jgufur
proeqtSi muSaoba socialuri unarebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. Tumca
saswavleblis saganmanaTleblo politika SeiZleba swored proeqtis
farglebSi iTvaliswinebdes studentebisaTvis iseTi zogadi unarebis
gamomuSavebas, rogoricaa pasuxismgebloba, komunikacia jgufis wev-
rebTan, lideroba, drois menejmenti da a.S.
maswavlebeli yuradRebiT unda moekidos jgufis formirebas. arse-
bobs sxvadasxva pedagogiuri midgoma, romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi
dadebiTi da uaryofiiTi mxareebi aqvs:
1. jgufSi sxvadasxva unarebisa da kompetenciis studentebis
ga erTianeba – idealur SemTxvevaSi, sustma da CamorCenilma
studentebma Zlieri da warmatebuli studentebis gverdiT mu-
Saobis procesSi bevri ram SeiZleba iswavlon praqtikulad
araformalur garemoSi;
2. SedarebiT susti studentebis gaerTianeba erT jgufSi, raTa
zedamxedvelma meti dro dauTmos maTTan muSaobas;
3. studentebis mier jgufis damoukidebeli formireba – am dros
jgufSi erTiandebian megobrebi da es garkeveulwilad am-
artivebs jgufis muSaobas.
jgufur proeqtze muSaobis mTavari sirTule mdgomareobs jgufis
wevrebis SefasebaSi: xSirad proeqtis Sesruleba erTi-ori studentis
147
Se
fa
se
ba
`zurgze gadadis~, maSin rodesac danarCenebi ubralod sargebloben
miRebuli SedegiT. an SesaZlebelia, rom jgufis mxolod erTi wevris
pasiurobam daazaralos danarCenebis muSaoba. SemfaseblisaTvis Za-
lian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu vin ra wvlili Seitana jgufis muS-
aobaSi, Tu process mudmivad ar akvirdeboda. Sesabamisad, upriania
Tavidanve maswavlebelTan erTad ganisazRvros jgufis yoveli wevris
funqcia mocemuli proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi da rogorc mTeli jgu-
fis, aseve misi yoveli individualuri wevris muSaobis Sefasebis kri-
teriumebic.
jgufuri proeqtis Sefasebis savaraudo pirobebi:
Tu proeqti amis saSualebas iZleva, SeiZleba jgufis yvela
wevrs erTi da igive tipis samuSao gaunawildes – maSin aRar
dagvWirdeba Sefasebis gansxvavebuli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba.
jgufi iRebs saerTo Sefasebas, romelic, amavdroulad, misi
yoveli wevris Sefasebacaa.
yvelaze ufro radikaluri SemTxvevaa, rodesac jgufi iRebs
saerTo Sefasebas, da mere misma wevrebma unda gansazRvron,
vis ramdeni qula ekuTvnis. es SeiZleba sakmaod konfliqturi
meTodi gamodges da amitom misi gamoyenebisas maswavlebelma es
safrTxe unda gaiTvaliswinos. SesaZloa es meTodi ar Seesabam-
ebodes profesiuli swavlebis centris Sefasebis politikas.
samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg jgufi waradgens angariSs, romlis
safuZvelzec iwereba saerTo Sefaseba, romelic yvela wevr-
is individualuri Sefasebis vTqvaT 60%-s Seadgens. saboloo
niSnis darCenili 40% ki damokidebulia ukve individualur
gamokiTxvaze, studentis mier miwodebul axsna-ganmartebaze
da a.S.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi Sefasebis wesi da pirobebi winaswar unda ec-
nobos studentebs.
jgufuri proeqtis dawyebisas aucilebelia saerTo Sexvedris mowy-
oba an werilobiTi detaluri instruqciebis momzadeba da studentebi-
saTvis gacnoba. Tu proeqti xangrZlivi an mravaletapiania, upriania,
drodadro sakoordinacio Sexvedrebis mowyoba, sadac studentebs
eqnebaT saSualeba gaiazron Catarebuli samuSao, dasaxon samomavlo
etapebis Sesrulebis gegma, daekiTxon xelmZRvanels/maswavlebels da
a.S. igive midgoma SeiZleba ganxorcieldes individualuri proeqtis
SemTxvevaSic.
148
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT
TavisTavad proeqtis SesrulebisaTvis garkveuli dro unda iyos
gamoyofili – saswavlebelma Tavad unda gansazRvros, saganmanaTle-
blo programis ra nawils dauTmobs student(eb)is mier proeqtis Ses-
rulebas.
Tavidanve gasarkvevia xelmZRvanelis roli, misi monawileobis saz-
Rvrebi, ramdenad aqvs ufleba Caerios procesSi da a.S.
Sefasebisas unda winaswar iyos cnobili, ra fasdeba:
dasrulebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb warmodgenili angariSi?
proeqtis Sedegebis prezentacia?
Seqmnili produqti (Tu amas proeqtis specifika iTvalisi-
wnebs)?
samuSaos msvleloba dakvirvebis gziT Tu yvelaferi erTad?
aqac sxvadasxva midgoma arsebobs da saswavlebelma Tavad unda
gansazRvros proeqtebis Sefasebis sakuTari strategia.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
saxelobo ganaTlebaSi proeqti Semajamebeli Sefasebis yvelaze
ufro adekvaturi meTodia;
saukeTesod amzadebs students realuri profesiuli saqmiano-
bisaTvis;
profesiuli unar-Cvevebis garda, xels uwyobs zogadi unarebis
ganviTarebas.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
Sefasebis sakmaod ZviradRirebuli meTodia;
saWiroebs did dros rogorc Sesrulebis aseve Sefasebi-
saTvis.
magaliTi
sfero: eleqtroSeduReba
mizani: eleqtroSeduRebis sferoSi armaturis SeduRebis meTodebis
praqtikulad gamoyeneba.
davaleba: eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba
davaleba sruldeba studentTa 4 kaciani jgufis mier saamqroSi an
saamSeneblo moedanze.
149
Se
fa
se
ba
samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis saWiro aqtivobebi:
samuSaos tipis gansazRvra;
eleqtrodebis SerCeva SesaduRebeli konstruqciebis daniS-
nulebisa da foladis tipis mixedviT;
saSemduReblo-teqnologiuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba arse-
buli pasportis mixedviT;
SeerTebis tipisa da nakeris mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT;
eleqtrodis SerCeva (foladis simtkicisa da plastikurobis,
bzaris warmoqmnisadmi mdgradobis mixedviT).
Sefasebis kriteriumi:
aqtivoba;
miRweuli Sedegi;
Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi;
muSaobis koordinirebuloba.
rekomendaciebi:
yuradRebiT SearCieT saproeqto Temebi – Tema saganmanaTle-
blo programis Sinaars unda Seesabamebodes da students unda
gaaCndes am Temis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro codna da unarebi.
mkafiod gansazRvreT proeqtis Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
Tu studentebi proeqts Tqveni saswavleblis farglebs gareT
asruleben (mag. praqtikis gavlis adgilas, sxvadasxva partnio-
rebis sawarmoSi da a.S.), gaxsovdeT, rom isini Tqvens saswavleb-
els warmoadgenen. moamzadeT studentebi amisaTvis, radganac
maT saswavleblisaTvis kargi an cudi reklamis gakeTeba Se-
uZliaT.
150
terminTa ganmarteba
akomodacia _ ganviTarebis procesi, romlis dros garemos zegavleniT
xdeba adamianis qcevis Secvla.
analogiuri reaqciis kanoni _ Torndaikis kanoni, romlis mixedviT
roca adamiani xvdeba axal situaciaSi, pirvel rigSi mimarTavs
im qcevas, romelsac mimarTavda msgavs situaciaSi.
aqtiuri mosmena _ procesi, romelic niSnavs ara mxolod informaciis
gagebas, aramed imis gagebasac, Tu rogor da ra emociiT ambobs
informacias adamiani.
araverbaluri komunikacia _ komunikacia sityvebis gareSe, fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiTa da qceviT.
aRqmis audialuri stili _ aRqmis stili, rodesac adamians uadvildeba
axali informaciis miReba audialaruli saxiT (rodesac masalas
ismens) – saubrebiT, diskusiiT, dialogebiT.
aRqmis kinesTetikuri stili _ aRqmis stili rodesac adamians uadvil-
deba axali informaciis miReba Sexebis gziT, rodesac raimes
akeTebs, Wris, agebs, awyobs an asrulebs rols.
aRqmis vizualuri stili _ aRqmis stili, rodesac adamians uadvildeba
axali informaciis miReba vizualuri saxiT (rodesac xedavs) _
suraTebiT, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT.
asimilacia – ganviTarebis procesi, romlis dros bavSvi Tavisi gamoc-
dilebis Sesabamisad agrZelebs qcevas.
asociaciuri daswavla – daswavlis umartivesi forma, rodesac warsu-
li gamocdilebis gavleniT erTi movlena asiciaciurad, gauc-
nobierebad, ukavSirdeba meores.
biheviorizmi – qcevaTmecniereba, romelic swavlis procesSi adamianis
qcevaSi cvlilebas Seiswavlis.
gandevna _ adamianisaTvis usiamovno, matramvirebeli mogonebebisa da
movlenebis daviwyeba.
ganpirobeba _ daswavlis tipi, rodesac kavSiri myardeba stimulsa da
reaqcias Soris.
ganwyobis, anu damokidebulebis kanoni _ Tordaikis kanoni, romlis
mixedviT adamiani iqceva misi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da
Camoyalibebuli damokidebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
garegani motivacia _ motivaciis tipi, rodesac adamiani ZiriTadad saqmi-
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
151
anobs garegani jildos misaRebad: Seqeba, fuladi jildo, ser-
Tifikati da a.S.
damaxinjeba _ daviwyebis forma, rodesac informaci ar aris gamqrali
mexsierebidan, Tumca SeiZleba damaxinjdes an airios sxva mo-
gonebebTan.
daxuruli SekiTxva – SekiTxvis tipi, romlis pasuxebi winaswar gansaz-
Rvrulia.
dominanturi elementebis kanoni _ Tordaikis kanoni, romlis mixedviT
problemur situaciaSi organizmi reagirebs gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovan (dominantur) elementebze.
efeqtis kanoni _ Tordaikis kanoni, romlis mixedviT xdeba im qcevis
gameoreba, daswavla, romelsac Tan axlavs `kmayofilebis mdgo-
mareoba~.
verbaluri komunikacia – komunikacia sityvebis gamoyenebiT.
vizualuri stili – aRqmis stili, rodesac adamians uadvildeba axali
informaciis vizualuri saxiT miReba _ suraTebiT, diagramebiT,
cxrilebiT da a.S.
informaciis wyaro – komunikaciis procesSi informaciis gamcemi
mxare.
informaciuli modeli – kognituri Teoria, romelic adamianis Semec-
nebiT procesebs kompiuteris funqcionirebas adarebs.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba _ daswavlis tipi, romlis dros Tavda-
pirvelad neitraluri stimuli avtomaturad reaqciis gamomwvev
stimulTan dawyvilebis Semdeg organizmis analogiur reaqcias
iwvevs.
kognicia _ Semecneba, informaciis gadamuSavebis operaciaTa nairsaxe-
oba.
kognitivizmi _ midgomaa, romelic SemecnebisaTvis saWiro procesebs aR-
qmas, mexsierebas, yuradRebas, azrovnebas Seiswavlis.
kognituri Teoria – swavlis Teoria, romelic swavlis procesSi kogni-
turi procesebis gavlenas Seiswavlis.
komunikacia _ adamianebs Soris urTerTobis procesi, romlis mizania
informaciis gadacema.
konstruqtivizmi – midgoma, romelic swavlis procesSi aqcents ake-
Tebs moswavleze, studentze da ara maswavlebelze.
metaSemecneba _ zrdasruli adamianis unari, akontrolos sakuTari Sem-
ecnebiTi procesebi.
152
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul gana TlebaSi
modeli _ adamiani, romelsac socialuri qcevis dasaswavlad akvir-
debian.
modelireba _ modelze dakvirvebis gziT garkveuli moqmedebebis an qce-
vis aTvisebis procesi.
motivacia _ impulsi, romelic ubiZgebs adamians garkveuli miznis misaR-
wevad ganaxorcielos mizanmimarTuli qceva.
motivaciis aqtivacia _ gare stimulebis saSualebiT pirovnebaze zegav-
lenis moxdena, rac mas ubiZgebs garkveuli qmedebebisaken.
motoruli reproduqcia _ gonebaSi warmodgenili qcevis moqmedebaSi
gadatana.
mravali reaqciis kanoni _ Tordaikis kanoni, romlis mixedviT, rode-
sac adamiani gadaawydeba problemas, romlis gadasaWreladac mas
ara aqvs mza qceva, is mimarTavs mraval gansxvavebul qcevas manam,
sanam erT_erT maTgans saWiro Sedegi ar mohyveba.
mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teora _ Teoria, romlis mixedviT adami-
ans 8 saxis gansxvavebuli inteleqti aqvs: lingvisturi, logikuri
da maTematikuri, sivrciTi, musikaluri, kinesTetikuri, inter-
personaluri, intrapersonaluri, naturalisturi; rogorc wesi,
adamians erTi maTgani yvelaze ganviTarebuli (dominanturi)
aqvs.
mzaobis kanoni _ Tordaikis kanoni, romlis mixedviT nebismieri reaq-
ciis daswavla ardaswavla adamianis mzaobazea damokidebuli.
negatiuri dasja _ pozitiuri stimulis moSoreba arasasurveli qcevis
Semdeg.
negatiuri ganmtkiceba _ ganmtkiceba, romelic arasasiamovno stimulis
mocilebas gulisxmobs.
operantuli ganpirobeba _ daswavlis tipi, romlis dros qcevis ganmeo-
reba anu daswavla damokidebulia qcevis Sedegze.
pedagogiuri mizani _ gegma studentebis mosalodnel miRwevebis Sesaxeb
(gakveTilis, kviris, semestrisa an wlis ganmavlobaSi).
pozitiuri dasja _ dasjis tipi, rodesac usiamovno stimuli gamoi-
yeneba arasasurveli qcevis aRkveTis mizniT.
pozitiuri ganmtkiceba_ ganmtkiceba, romelic dadebiTi stimulebis
gazrdas, damatebas gulisxmobs.
proaqtiuri Seferxeba – daviwyeba, rodesac Zvelad naswavli masala ax-
lad aTvisebulis gaxsenebas uSlis xels.
153
reaqcia _ fsiqikuri an organuli procesi, qceva, romelic stimuliTaa
gamowveuli.
retroaqtiuri Seferxeba – daviwyeba, rodesac axlad naswavli masala
Zvelad aTvisebulis gaxsenebas uSlis xels.
Ria SekiTxva _ SekiTxvis tipi, romlis pasuxebi winaswar gansazRvruli
ar aris.
sensoruli mexsiereba – mexsierebis sacavi, romelSic SegrZnebebi ina-
xeba: mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, taqtiluri;
Sinagani motivacia _ motivaciis tipi, rodesac adamians Tavad siamovnebs
moqmedeba garegani jildos miRebisda miuxedavad.
stimuli _ nebismieri garemo faqtori, romelic SeiZleba aRqmuli iqnes
grZnobis organoebiT.
swavla _ axali informaciis, codnis, Cvevebis, damokidebulebebisa da gan-
wyobebis SeZena.
swavlis Sedegi – ganacxadi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra icis da risi gakeTeba Seu-
Zlia students mocemuli saswavlo kursis dasrulebis Semdeg.
taqsonomia _ klasifikacia, romelic obieqts Tu movlenas aRwers mar-
tivi kategoriidan rTulisaken.
yuradReba – garemoSi garkveuli stimulebisa da movlenebis SemCnevis
da sxvebis ugulvelyofis unari.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba _ mexsierebis tipi, romelic informacias xan-
grZlivi drois manZilze inaxavs – kvirebi, Tveebi, wlebi.
xanmokle mexsiereba anu muSa mexsiereba_ mexsierebis tipi, romelic
masalas ramodenime wamis ganmavlobaSi inaxavs.
humanisturi fsiqologia – fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, romelic swav-
lobs adamianis unikalobasa da `me~_s formirebas.
humanisturi Teoria _ Teoria, romelic swavlis procesSi gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas pirovnul, individualur gansxvavebebs ani-
Webs
gamoyenebuli literatura
erovnuli saswavlo gegma. (2008). erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Se-
fasebis centri. Tbilisi.
`profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. (2007). saqarT-
velos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro. Tbilisi.
sawarmoo swavlebis ostatebisa da spedisciplinebis pedagogebis swav-
lebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis seminaris programa. (2002). perso-
nalis kvalifikacia specialobiT `profesiuli pedagogika~; teqnikuri
TanamSromlobis proeqtis farglebSi. berlini
swavlebisa da swavlis axali midgomebi. saxelmZRvanelo maswavleblebi-
saTvis (I etapi). (2003). saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminis-
tro. Tbilisi.
saxelobo sagnmanaTleblo standarti. (2008). saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa
da mecnierebis saministro. Tbilisi.
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Краиг, Г.,& Бокум, Д. (2004). Психология Развития 9-ое издание. Питер
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